In amd processors, which means hdz. AMD processors. Deciphering the designation of Intel i-series processors

A note-record that explains what the marking of the processor from intel and amd means, thanks to it you will understand the meaning of numbers and letters in, for example, such processor models as Intel Core i7 3700K, AMD FX8350, AMD A10 5800. This information can be useful when choosing and buying that or other configuration of a computer / laptop.

Intel processor marking

1. Processor Series:
   • i7 - top-end processors, support all Intel technologies, have four cores and are equipped with more L3 cache than other series
   • i5 - the middle price segment; processors can be dual-core and quad-core, as a rule, they do not support Hyper-Threading, Virtualization Technology and Trusted Execution
   • i3 - the youngest series, produced only in a dual-core version and the minimum L3-cache relative to other series of processors
2. Generation processor series, each generation also has a textual code name:
   • 1st generation - Nehalem - Current. Process - 45 nm. Release: November 2008 and Westmere - Teak. Process - 32 nm. Release: January 2010
   • 2nd generation - Sandy Bridge. Current. Process - 32 nm. Release: January 2011
   • 3rd generation - Ivy Bridge. Teak. Process - 22 nm. Release: April 2012
   • 4th generation - Haswell. Current. Process - 22 nm. Release: June 2013
   • 5th generation - Broadwell. Teak. Process - 14 nm. Output: end of 2014
3. Processor position in series - the higher the number, the faster the processor. Mainly clock speed dependent
4. Processor version:
   • K - with the protection against overclocking removed
   • X - high-performance processors, no multiplier limit
   • M - mobile processor
     • MX - Extreme Mobile Processors
     • MQ, QM - 4-core mobile processors
   • HQ - mobile processor with high performance graphics
   • Q - quad core processor
   • P - processor without automatic overclocking and locked integrated GPU
   • S - energy efficient processor with a focus on performance, with reduced power consumption with lower frequencies
   • T - high energy efficient processor with a focus on low power consumption and significantly lower frequencies
   • L - energy efficient processors
   • E - availability of option for embedded systems
     • QE - 4-core embedded processors
     • ME - Embedded Mobile
     • LE - Performance Optimized Embedded Processors
     • UE - Energy Optimized
   • U - Ultra Low Power Processors for Ultrabooks
   • Y - Extremely Low Power Processors for Ultrabooks
   • R - processors in BGA package and with better graphics performance

1. Series name
2. The number of cores in the processor
3. Architecture:
   • 2 - Bulldozer
   • 3 - Piledriver
4. The position of the model in the family is mainly frequency dependent. The higher the number, the faster the processor

Those users who have just started overclocking probably paid attention to the statistics of overclocking of a particular computer component, presented in the press or on the forums. The interest in this topic is understandable: your own experiments do not always give the same result as described on specialized sites. In order not to rely on luck when choosing a CPU, you should study the factors on which the overclocking potential depends.

First, let's figure out why overclocking becomes possible at all. The fact is that none of the modern manufacturers has separate lines for the manufacture of processors with a given clock frequency. CPUs are simply manufactured using a certain technology (say, 0.09-micron), and already at the moment they "leave the assembly line" the most interesting begins. Take AMD Athlon 64, for example: Venice-based processors are manufactured at the Fab30 factory in Dresden. In the process of "assembly" testing is carried out, and not the entire batch, but only its parts. The test is first carried out at the maximum frequency for a given core (for example, 2.4 GHz), and if the selected sample passes all tests, then all processors from this series are marked and released for sale with the corresponding rating (in this case, Athlon 64 3800+) ... If a failure occurs during testing, the processor clock frequency is reduced and the next test cycle begins, and so on until the test batch passes all the procedures, after which the devices are assigned an appropriate rating.

The fact that only a part of the processors is being tested allows us to assume that the model marked as 3000+ (1800 MHz) will be able to operate at 2400 MHz (which corresponds to 3800+), or even higher. It also happens that at the moment the market is oversaturated with expensive processors, but there is a shortage of weak and cheap ones, then the manufacturer makes a knight's move and sells the older model under the guise of the younger one, lowering its clock frequency (and earlier the available cache memory was still limited).

But how do we determine when we buy a processor what it is actually capable of? An absolutely accurate answer can be obtained only through testing, but there are entire portals on the Internet, where statistics of processor overclocking are given, indicating their markings. Very useful information can be indicated here - up to the place and week of production of this processor instance. How do you read such markings? To do this, you need to know how it is deciphered.

So, the main thing that interests us in the marking of AMD processors is the name of the core and the release date of this instance. And we need such information for the following reason: over time, since the beginning of production of a processor on a given core, the technology is being debugged, that is, there is less "rejection", which means there is less chance of getting a copy with impressive overclocking. An example of this is the modern Athlon 64 on the Winchester core, which at first pleased enthusiasts with a very good potential, but after the 50th week of 2004 it barely reaches 2400 MHz.

Thus, knowing the statistics of overclocking AMD processors will help you make the right choice. Athlon 64 existed and still exists on various cores - all of them are given in the description of the marking, and therefore we will not repeat ourselves. Of all the options listed, only Winchester, Venice, San Diego for Athlon 64, Paris and Palermo for Sempron are currently available for sale.

Winchester

Athlon 64 3000+ (1800 MHz) processors based on Winchester core are gradually disappearing from store shelves. Once one of the most popular processors, it has now passed the baton to its successor, Venice. The 43rd, 49th and 50th weeks of 2004 are considered to be the most successful release dates for processors based on this core. The samples produced in these weeks almost always confidently reached the frequency of 2500 MHz, and some even 2700-2750 MHz. However, it is impossible to find a well-overclocked processor released after the 50th week of 2004. Whether because AMD began to more carefully select the copies for marking, or for another reason, but now it is almost impossible to overcome the 2500 MHz threshold. Although overclocking is a lottery, anything can happen here, for example, the 3rd week of 2005 often pleased overclockers with frequencies 2600-2650 MHz. The worst weeks are considered to be the 11th week of 2005 - overclocking to the level of 2200-2250 MHz - and 1 week of 2005 - 2250-2300 MHz.

Venice

The new processor core, which replaced the public favorite Winchester, has already become the talk of the town: a perfectly overclocked processor, a new 0.09 micron technical process (as opposed to 0.13 in Winchester). Venice repeats the feat of its great-grandfather Barton (Athlon XP Socket A). The new technical process (accordingly, the reduced core area) made it possible to raise the frequency potential bar even higher - to the level of 2700-2800 MHz, a rare processor on this core does not conquer the 2700 MHz line. The most successful were the 16th, 20th, 22nd, 28th and 29th weeks of 2005. Almost all processors manufactured at that time were overclocked to 2750 MHz, and on average even up to 2800 MHz. It is worth paying special attention to the 22nd and 28th weeks, it was then that copies were produced that operate at a frequency of 2900-2950 MHz!

The worst weeks of 2005 were 17, 18 and 19. Overclocking rarely reaches 2600 MHz, which, to put it mildly, is not enough for this core. The limit for week 17 is 2550–2600 MHz, for week 18 - 2500–2550, while not a single processor out of week 19 was able to reach the bar of 2500 MHz.

San diego

Another new core, which makes a somewhat contradictory impression: it is, in principle, the same Venice, but with the L2 cache increased to 1 MB. The San Diego core is used for Athlon FX-57 processors, which is the reason for the weak overclocking potential of Athlon 64 with such a core: processors are very meticulously selected for Athlon FX, so it's unlikely to find a successful one among the Athlon 64 San Diego.

The best production time is the 15th week of 2005: overclocking to the level of 2850–2900 MHz, the worst - 22nd week of 2005 - overclocking to only 2500–2600 MHz.

Sempron

Sempron processors are designed for the budget segment of the market, they have a reduced L2 cache size - only 256 KB, there is no support for AMD64 technology, only older models have SSE3. Although processors with a rating of 3300+ for Socket 939 are already appearing, which have 64-bit support, most likely this is a rejection of Athlon 64 on the Venice core with a half-disabled L2 cache.

Paris

Processors based on this core do not please us with anything special: overclocking to 2200-2500 MHz. The most successful production time is the 4th week of 2005, the overclocking is about 2450-2500 MHz. The most unfortunate was the 37th week of 2004, 2200-2250 MHz.

Palermo

The transition to the 0.09 micron technical process did not give a special advantage to the Sempron processors on the Palermo core - the same stable overclocking to the level of 2250-2500 MHz. The most successful copies were released in the 1st week of 2005 - overclocking to 2450–2550 MHz, the most unsuccessful ones - on the 5th and 27th weeks of 2005 - overclocking of the order of 2100–2150 MHz.

Athlon 64 FX

The new generation dual-core processors are produced on Manchester and Toledo cores, the difference is in the L2 cache size - 2 × 512 KB and 2 × 1024 KB, respectively. Products that are still not very popular because of their high cost, their production technology has not been properly worked out, there are not so many programs that get at least some performance gain from dual-core, and there are no games at all. In overclocking, they show modest numbers of the order of 2200-2400 MHz, but there are no representative statistics yet due to the "dampness" and lack of demand for these processors.

So a small "population census" has been completed among modern processors from AMD - the most popular among enthusiasts due to their low cost, good performance and excellent overclocking potential. But it's too early to put an end to it, new data are coming in, new records are being set. The beginning of 2006 is not far off, when processors based on the 0.065-micron process technology will appear and new opportunities for overclocking will open up.

In general, it is worth recalling that statistics are a very capricious thing, and even more so overclocking statistics. It is not a fact that by purchasing a processor for the best statistics of the week, you can achieve the results that are given in this article. Overclocking depends on many factors, but nevertheless, good cooling and a certain amount of luck are the main factors in this difficult task.

AMD processor markings

ADA3000AEP4AX (first line)
LBBE 0529CPCW (second line)

These letters mean (for the first line):

• ADA - processor type:
  • ADA - Athlon 64 Desktop
  • SDA - Sempron Desktop
• 3000 - CPU rating:
  • A - Socket 754
  • D - Socket 939
  • C - Socket 940
• E - processor core voltage:
  • E - 1.5 V
  • I - 1.4 V
  • A - 1.3V
• P is the maximum temperature of the processor core:
  • I - 63 ° C
  • P - 65 ° C
  • O - 69 ° C
  • K - 70 ° C
  • A - 71 ° C
• 4 - the size of the second-level cache:
  • 4 - 512 KB
  • 5 - 1024 KB
  • 6 - 2048 KB
• AX - processor core type:
  • AX, AW - Newcastle
  • AP, AR, AS, AT - Clawhammer
  • AK - Sledge Hammer
  • BI - Winchester
  • BN - San Diego
  • BP, BW - Venice
  • BV - Manchester
  • CD - Toledo
  • BI - Manchester (for Sempron)
  • BA, BO, AW, BX, BP, BW - Palermo (for Sempron)
  • AX - Paris (for Sempron)

For the second line, only the four digits in the center are meaningful, which are responsible for the week of processor production: 0529 - 29 week 2005.

Intel Processor Labels

For processors from Intel, everything is a little more complicated - they only indicate the main characteristics, such as: clock frequency, processor number, system bus frequency, model marking like SL8FK. The rest of the information is provided only on the packaging of the boxed version. It is not easy to determine anything by the marking of Intel processors, because there is no clear pattern in it. To find out the exact specifications, you need to go to processorfinder.intel.com and enter the label there. Due to the fact that little is indicated on the processor itself, and we have widespread versions without packaging (Tray or OEM) due to their lower cost, then, unfortunately, there are no representative statistics regarding the week of release of Intel processors, no matter how insulting ... Therefore, within the framework of this article, we will consider only processors from AMD, which are very popular today among domestic enthusiasts.

Choosing a processor is a rather serious task, which you need to approach only after you thoroughly familiarize yourself with all the nuances and characteristics. Much can be learned from the name of the processor, its labeling, which contains information about the main characteristics of this model. What these characteristics mean is possible, and in this article we will talk about how to decipher the processor marking.

Intel Processor Labels

1. Intel processor series
   • I7 - top-end processors that support all Intel technologies have 4 cores, are equipped with 8 MB L3 cache.
   • I5 - processors of the middle price segment, can have from 2 to 4 cores. Equipped with 3 to 6 MB L3 cache. There is no support for Trusted Execution, Hyper – Threading and Virtualization Technology.
   • I3 - budget series of processors, has 2 cores and L3 cache with a volume of 3 MB at its disposal.
2. Stands for a generation of processor series Core i-x... SandyBridje is marked with 2, IvyBridge is marked with 3.
3. Indicates the position in the series. The higher the number, the faster the processor works. Depends on the clock frequency.
4. Processor version
   • K - such a processor has an unlocked multiplier, which means it can be overclocked.
   • M - processor used in mobile devices (smartphone, tablet).
   • P - processor without automatic overclocking.
   • S - such processors have power consumption reduced to 65 W.
   • T - These processors have a reduced power consumption of up to 45/35 W.

AMD processor markings

Processors without GPU video core.

1. Indicates the processor series.
2. It talks about the number of cores in the processor.
3. Indicates processor architecture: number 2 - Bulldozer , 3 – Piledriver.
4. Determines the position of the model in the family, in most cases depends on the processor clock frequency.

Processors with integrated GPU video core.

1. Talking about the number of processor cores and the presence of a GPU video core.
   • A10 - 4 CPU cores and a Radeon HD 7660D video core (here and below for the Trinity architecture).
   • A8 - in the presence of 4 CPU cores and a video core Radeon HD 7560D.
   • A6 - in the presence of 2 CPU cores and a video core Radeon HD 7540D.
   • A4 - in the presence of 2 CPU cores and a video core Radeon HD 7480D.
2. Indicates the generation of the processor.
3. This marking depends on the frequency, the higher the frequency, the higher the value.

Starting in 2011, Intel switched to Intel Core labeling, which started with the second line. The currently applied marking allows the user to quickly determine the required processor parameters.

Based on the marking data of Intel processors, you can determine the socket for it, the possible power consumption, the degree of cooling, because the more powerful the processor, the better the cooler should be.

Much depends on the supplied power supply, since processors with a possible overclocked frequency can consume much more power than conventional ones. Therefore, the power supply must correspond to the selected model.

Characteristics that determine processor capabilities

The first parameter is the presence and number of cores in the chip itself: there can be two or four. Next, the number of threads is determined, usually Hyper-Threading technology is used, which controls the threads of the cores. The frequency of the processor, measured in gigahertz, is no less important. This parameter is one of the few that can reflect the speed of the processor.

Starting with the i5 series, the manufacturer has implemented Turbo Boost technology, which allows you to increase the processor clock speed, which has a positive effect on performance. They are also the first processors to have four cores. Unfortunately, Intel Core i3 lacks these capabilities.

Another parameter is the cache, it is responsible for accelerated processing of data that is often used. The cache size ranges from 1 to 4 megabytes.

The last parameter determines the amount of heat removed from the processor to ensure the normal operation of the CPU. The higher the processor operating temperature, the more powerful the cooling is needed.

Determining the processor name step by step

The first in the list of Intel Core processors is the name that the user pays most attention to. Next, the series of the processor is indicated, followed by a four-digit number, where the first digit is the generation, and the remaining three indicate the ordinal number. The last designation is a letter indicating the processor version.

For example, Intel Core i3 3200:

• Intel Core is the name of the processor.
• i3 means the third series.
• 3 - third generation.
• 200 is a serial number.

In this case, the Intel processor does not have a letter designation.

Characteristics of processor generations

In Intel processors marking, the first digit of the number means the generation, each of the digits corresponds to a specific name.

First on the list is the Westmere generation, which supports DDR3 RAM at 1333MHz. There is no integrated video card. The technical process is 32 nanometers.

The next generation is called Sandy Bridge and supports operating memory frequencies up to 1600 megahertz. The technical process is the same as in the previous version. The integrated graphics card is called Intel HD Graphics 3000.

The third generation is called Ivy Bridge and has a thinner 22 nanometer process technology. The RAM is not changed. Intel HD Graphics 4000.

The fifth generation Broadwell already works with DDR3L memory (the letter prefix means a special slot) and frequencies up to 1600 megahertz. The technical process is 14 nanometers thick, and the integrated graphics card is called Intel HD Graphics 6200.

The next generation, Skylake, had DDR4 support and a 14nm process technology. The integrated graphics component has acquired the three-digit designation Intel HD Graphics 580.

The latest known generation is Coffee Lake, which has completely switched to DDR4 RAM and 14nm process technology. The integrated graphics card is called Intel UHD Graphics 630.

Differences between processor series

The most common processor versions at the moment are the i7. It is clear that the highest figure means more powerful potential than a smaller figure. The i5 model is considered the most versatile option, since these processors can cope with both basic tasks and complex applications.

Decoding letter indices

At the end of almost every Intel processor label there is one letter, each of which carries a specific meaning.

• H stands for the enhanced integrated graphics processor.
• Q - from the word Quadro, means that the processor has four cores.
• U - heat sink 15-17 watts.
• M - heatsink 35-37 watts.
• T - lowering the control of the removed heat to 45 watts.
• S - lowering the control of the removed heat to 65 watts.
• Y - lowering the control of the removed heat to 11.5 watts.
• R - gain of the built-in video card for netbooks.
• C - Enhanced on-board graphics for LGA.
• E - the presence of a chip with the function of embedded systems and a heat sink up to 45 watts.
• P - disabled video core.
• K is the overclocking potential of the processor.
• X - the presence of the Extreme chip.
• M is a mobile processor, such a set-top box belongs to the representatives of laptops.
• MX is a mobile processor based on the Extreme chip.
• MQ is a mobile processor with four cores.
• HQ is a laptop processor with high quality graphics.
• L is a power efficient processor.
• QE is the ability to embed quad-core processors.
• ME - Embedded Processors for Laptops.
• LE - the presence of an embedded processor optimization.
• UE - processors, optimization of which is aimed at optimal power consumption.

Intel microprocessors

This type of processor has been known since 1971.

Microprocessors from this manufacturer can be 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit. The latest processors proved to be so good that they continued to be produced with the Line prefix. The differences between these processors are not only in the bus width, but also in the number of transistors.

We spoke about some characteristics of the Athlon 64 X2 series processors with two cores right on the day of the announcement, but then we could not get a complete picture. I would like to see the official documents in which the missing characteristics would be clearly spelled out.

A little later, we learned that processors with a cache formula of 2 x 1 MB have a core area of \u200b\u200b199 sq. Mm, processors with a cache formula of 2 x 512 KB have a core area of \u200b\u200b147 sq. Mm. In order to save the die area, the memory controller for both cores is made common. The first tests with imitation of the Athlon 64 4400+ (2.2 GHz) processor showed that this particular model has an optimal price-performance ratio. Only the limited production capacity and the relatively large core area prevent the widespread adoption of Athlon 64 X2 this year. AMD admits this in part, speaking of insignificant production volumes.

Since the announcement of the Athlon 64 X2 processors based on the Toledo core will take place only in June, it would take us a long time to find out about the markings and characteristics of the existing models, if not for one lucky coincidence. One of our readers informed us that the dedicated AMD Compare site now acts as a kind of Intel Spec Finder, allowing you to find the information you need about the characteristics of an AMD desktop processor online. Documentation in PDF format on the official AMD website is now updated extremely rarely, so you can find out about the characteristics of new products at this address.

So, first of all, we have identified a list of markings for existing Athlon 64 X2 models:

• Athlon 64 4800+ (2.4 GHz, 2 x 1 MB) -\u003e ADA4800DAA6CD (OEM), ADA4800CDBOX (BOX);
• Athlon 64 4600+ (2.4 GHz, 2 x 512 KB) -\u003e ADA4600DAA5BV (OEM), ADA4600BVBOX (BOX);
• Athlon 64 4400+ (2.2 GHz, 2 x 1 MB) -\u003e ADA4400DAA6CD (OEM), ADA4400CDBOX (BOX);
• Athlon 64 4200+ (2.2 GHz, 2 x 512 KB) -\u003e ADA4200DAA5BV (OEM), ADA4200BVBOX (BOX).

As we can see, models with 2 MB cache are based on E6 stepping, like Opteron processors with two cores, and models with 1 MB cache are based on E4 stepping, like San Diego processors. Moreover, even the part of the marking ("DAA") responsible for the type of packaging, voltage on the core and the maximum temperature of the case are the same for these processors. This means that all models of the Athlon 64 X2 series are Socket 939, operate at a core voltage of 1.35 V or 1.4 V, and the maximum case temperature is 65 degrees Celsius.

It is important that the official data say about the TDP level - it really is 110 watts. As noted more than once, all motherboards compatible with Athlon 64 FX-55 are suitable to support Athlon 64 X2. After switching to Socket M2 and F stepping, Athlon 64 X2 processors will retain the TDP level at 110 W, but the current will increase from 80 A to 95 A. Moreover, for the Athlon 64 FX family processors, the TDP will increase from 104 W to 125 W. It cannot be ruled out that dual-core versions of Athlon 64 FX will appear next year.

On the same site, you can find a description of Sempron processors based on the Palermo core of E3 stepping. Finally, this stepping has a unique name. However, Palermo processors do not deny their affinity with the Venice core - at the current stage they are made from the same "raw material", just part of the second-level cache is disabled for Sempron.

Characteristically, the E3 stepping processor has a lower maximum case temperature compared to its counterpart on D0 stepping: 69 degrees versus 70 degrees Celsius. This may mean that the real level of heat release in the Palermo-E0 and Venice cores is higher than that of their predecessors. Indeed, practical measurements have shown that the difference in power consumption reaches 16-17%. However, the frequency potential of the E stepping cores is significantly better, and for overclockers they are the best choice today.