Numerical calculations in excel. Step by step calculation of a formula in Excel. What is a complex formula in Excel
Formulas in Excel are its main essence, for which this program was created by Microsoft. Formulas allow you to calculate the values \u200b\u200bof cells based on the data of other cells, and if the initial data changes, then the result of calculations in the cell where the formula stands will be recalculated automatically!
Creating formulas in Excel
Let's consider the work of formulas on the simplest example - the sum of two numbers. Let the number 2 be entered in one Excel cell, and 3. It is necessary that the sum of these numbers appear in the third cell.
The sum of 2 and 3 is, of course, 5, but you do not need to enter the five manually in the next cell, otherwise the meaning of calculations in Excel will be lost. In the cell with the total, you must enter the sum formula and then the result will be calculated by the program automatically.
In the example, the calculation looks simple, but when the numbers are large or fractional, you simply cannot do without a formula.
Formulas in Excel can contain arithmetic operations (addition +, subtraction -, multiplication *, division /), coordinates of cells of the source data (both individually and a range) and calculation functions.
Consider the formula for the sum of numbers in the example above:
SUM (A2; B2)
Each formula begins with an equal sign. If you want to add a formula to a cell by writing it manually, then this particular character should be written first.
Next in the example is the SUM function, which means that it is necessary to sum up some data, and already in the parentheses of the function, separated by semicolons, some arguments are indicated, in this case the coordinates of the cells (A2 and B2), the values \u200b\u200bof which must be added and the result should be placed in the cell where the formula is written. If you needed to add three cells, then you could write three arguments to the SUM function, separating them with a semicolon, for example:
SUM (A4; B4; C4)
When you need to add a large number of cells, then specifying each of them in the formula will take a very long time, so instead of a simple enumeration, you can use an indication of a range of cells:
SUM (B2: B7)
The range of cells in Excel is indicated by the coordinates of the first and last cells, separated by a colon. This example adds the values \u200b\u200bof the cells from cell B2 to cell B7.
Functions in formulas can be connected and combined as you need to get the desired result. For example, the task is to add three numbers and, depending on whether the result is less than 100 or more, multiply the sum by a factor of 1.2 or 1.3. The following formula will help to solve the problem:
IF (SUM (A2: C2)
Let's take a closer look at the solution to the problem. Two functions were used IF and SUM. The IF function always has three arguments: the first is the condition, the second is the action if the condition is true, and the third is the action if the condition is not true. As a reminder, the arguments are separated by a semicolon.
IF (condition; true; false)
As a condition, it is indicated that the sum of the range of cells A2: C2 is less than 100. If during the calculation, the condition is fulfilled and the sum of the cells in the range is equal, for example, 98, then Excel will perform the action specified in the second argument of the IF function, i.e. SUM (A2: C2) * 1.2. If the sum exceeds 100, then the action in the third argument of the IF function will be performed, i.e. SUM (A2: C2) * 1.3.
Built-in functions in Excel
There are a lot of functions in Excel and it is simply impossible to know everything. Some of the frequently used ones can be remembered, and some you will need only occasionally, and remembering their name and, moreover, the form of recording is very difficult.
But Excel has a standard way to insert functions with their full list. If you want to add a function to a cell, then click on the cell and select insert function from the main menu. The program will display a list of functions and you can select the one that is needed to solve the problem.
To insert a function into Excel 2007, select the "Formulas" item in the main menu and click on the "Insert Function" icon, or press the Shift + F3 key combination on the keyboard.
In Excel 2003, a function is inserted through the "Insert" -\u003e "Function" menu. The Shift + F3 key combination also works.
An equal sign will appear in the cell where the cursor stood, and the "Function Wizard" window will appear on top of the sheet.
Function in Excel is divided into categories. If you know to which category your proposed function may belong, then choose a selection by it. Otherwise select "Complete alphabetical listing". The program will display all available functions in the function list.
Scroll through the list and select with the mouse the name of the function you are interested in. Its notation form, the required arguments and a short description that will explain the purpose of the function will appear just below the list. When you find what you need, click on the "OK" button to proceed to specifying the arguments.
The arguments window contains fields with the names "Number 1", "Number 2", etc. They must be filled with the coordinates of the cells (or ranges) in which you want to take data. You can fill in manually, but it is much more convenient to click on the table icon at the end of the field in order to indicate the source cell or range.
The arguments window will be simplified. Now you need to click with the mouse on the first source cell with data, and then again on the table icon in the arguments window.
The "Number 1" field will be filled with the coordinates of the selected cell. The same procedure should be done for the "Number 2" field and for the following fields if you have more than two function arguments.
Having filled in all the arguments, you can already preview the result of calculating the resulting formula. To make it appear in a cell on the sheet, click the "OK" button. In this example, cell D2 contains the product of the numbers in cells B2 and C2.
The considered method of inserting a function is universal and allows you to add any function from the general list of standard Excel functions.
| Like |
Formula line is a special line located above the column headings and designed to enter and edit formulas and other information. A fragment of the formula line is shown in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4 - Formula bar
The formula bar consists of two main parts: the address bar, which is located on the left, and the line for entering and displaying information. In Figure 3.4, the name of the last used function is displayed in the address bar (in this case, the function for calculating the sum), and in the line for entering and displaying information, the formula "\u003d A1 + 5".
The address bar is designed to display the address of a selected cell or a range of cells, as well as to enter the required addresses from the keyboard. However, when you select a group of cells in the address bar, only the address of the first cell in the range located in its upper left corner will be shown.
In the spreadsheet editor Excel 2007, you can fully automate the execution of calculations using the data type "Formula". Formula is a special tool in Excel 2007 for calculating, calculating, and analyzing data.
The formula begins with an "\u003d" sign, followed by the operands and operators. The list of arithmetic operators is given in table 3.1. The precedence of operations in calculating Excel formulas is as follows:
− telecom operators (performed first);
− operator percentage;
- unary minus;
− exponentiation operator;
− operators multiplication and division;
− addition and subtraction operators (last). Table 3.1 - Symbols for denoting operators in Excel
take a percentage |
||
exponentiation |
||
Telecom operators |
||
range setting |
SUM (A1: B10) |
|
union |
SUM (A1; A3) |
The parentheses in Excel formulas perform the usual, from the point of view of algebra, the role of indicating the priority of the calculation of one or another part of the expression. For instance:
= 10 * 4 + 4 ^ 2 gives the result 56
= 10 * (4 + 4 ^ 2) gives a result of 200
Be especially careful when placing parentheses when specifying a unary minus. For example: \u003d -10 ^ 2 gives a result of 100, and \u003d - (10 ^ 2) gives a result of -100; - 1 ^ 2 + 1 ^ 2 gives a result of 2 and 1 ^ 2-1 ^ 2 gives a result of 0.
If the formula cannot be calculated correctly, instead of the expected result, Excel displays an error code in the cell (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2 - Error messages when calculating formulas
Error code |
Possible reasons |
The formula tries to divide by zero (empty cells |
|
are counted as zeros) |
|
No available value |
|
The name used in the formula is not recognized |
|
but the intersection of two areas that have no common cells) |
|
A function with a numeric argument uses an unacceptable |
|
my argument |
|
Formula incorrectly references a cell |
|
Invalid argument type used |
Functions in Excel
Many types of calculations can also be performed using special built-in functions in Excel 2007. A function is a procedure originally created and embedded in the Excel program that performs calculations in a specific order on the given arguments.
Each function must include the following elements: name or name (examples of names - SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, etc.), as well as an argument (or several arguments), which is specified in parentheses immediately after the function name ... Function arguments can be numbers, links, formulas, text, logical values, etc. If the argument
there are several items in the function, then they are separated by commas. If the function has no arguments, for example, the PI () function, then nothing is specified inside the brackets. The parentheses allow you to define where the argument list begins and ends. You cannot insert anything between the function name and parentheses. Therefore, the exponent symbol is specified after the argument is written. For example, SIN (A1) ^ 3. If the rules for writing a function are violated, then Excel displays a message that there is an error in the formula.
Functions can be entered both manually and automatically. In the latter case, use the function wizard, opened by the button Insert functionwhich is located on the Excel 2007 ribbon on the Formulas tab.
All functions available in the program are grouped into categories for convenience. The category is selected from the Category drop-down list, while the list of functions included in this category is displayed at the bottom of the window. If you select the required function and press the OK button, a window will open (its contents depend on the specific function), in which the function arguments are specified.
Trigonometric functions are often used in engineering calculations. Note that the argument to the trigonometric function must be in radians. Therefore, if the argument is in degrees, it must be converted to radians. This can be realized either through the conversion formula "\u003d A1 * PI () / 180" (it is assumed that the argument is written in the cell with the A1 address), or using the RADIANS (A1) function.
An example. Write down the formula Excel \u003d - for 2 + calculations 3 1 + e of the function tg 3 (5 2) b.
Assuming the x value is in degrees and is written in cell A1, and the b value is in cell B1, the formula in the Excel cell will look like this:
\u003d (- (B1 ^ 2) + (1 + exp (B1)) ^ (1/3)) / TAN (5 * RADIANS (A1) ^ 2) ^ 3
Relative and absolute cell addresses
To write constants to Excel formulas, use absolute cell addressing. In this case, when you copy the formula to another cell, the address of the cell with the constant will not change. To change the relative address of cell B2 in the formula to the absolute $ B $ 2, press the F4 key sequentially, or manually add dollar symbols. There are also mixed cell addresses (B $ 2 and $ B2). When copying a formula containing
mixed addresses only the part of the address that is not fixed (by the $ sign on the left) changes.
When you copy a formula to an adjacent cell in a row, the letter component changes in the relative address of the link. For example, link A3 will be replaced with link B3, and the mixed address $ A1 will not change when copied along the line. Accordingly, when you copy a formula to an adjacent cell along a column, the digital component changes in the relative address of the link. For example, the A1 link will be replaced with the A2 link, and the mixed address A $ 1 will not change when copied along the column.
Building diagrams
In Excel, the term chart refers to any graphical representation of numerical data. Charts are built on the basis of a series of data - a group of cells with data within one row or column. Multiple data series can be displayed in one chart.
The simplest way to build charts is as follows: select one or more data series, in the Charts group of the Insert tab of the Excel ribbon, select the required chart type. The diagram will be placed on the current sheet of the workbook. If necessary, you can transfer it to another sheet using the command Move charttabs Constructor Works with diagrams.Using a tab Layout Work with diagrams
you can change the appearance of the chart: add the name of the chart, axes, change fonts, etc. If necessary, you can change the labels on the horizontal axis. To do this, in the context menu of the diagram, select the
mandu Select data and in the dialogSelecting a data source (fig-
3.5) change the labels of the horizontal axis.
Figure 3.5 - Window for changing data on the X axis
It is often necessary to create tables in which you need to perform mathematical operations with the available data. For example, consider a fragment of the table for accounting for goods in the warehouse (Fig. 6.1). In this table, numbers are highlighted in bold, for which you need to perform mathematical calculations. You can calculate the amounts on a calculator and manually enter the ready-made values, but after learning the basics of working in Excel, you can get the results automatically, which will save time and eliminate possible errors.
Figure: 6.1.Sample table with calculations
Any spreadsheet consists of cellsthat form rows and columns.
Strings- these are horizontal rows of cells, which are numbered with numbers (1, 2, 3). Columnsare vertical rows of cells and are designated by one or two Latin letters (A, B, C).
One spreadsheet is called worksheetor simply sheet... The maximum number of columns in an Excel 2007 worksheet is 16,384 and more than 1 million rows, which is significantly more than in previous versions of the program. Spreadsheet files usually consist of multiple sheets and are named books.
The place of each cell in the table is determined by reference... It is formed from the designation of the column and row, at the intersection of which the cell is located. For example, the price of a CD-RW disc is entered in cell C2, and the total is entered into cell D7 (see Figure 6.1). Instead of the term cell referencethe terms can also be used cell nameor cell address.
You can enter text, numbers, and dates in the cells of a spreadsheet, and formulas. FormulaIs a mathematical expression used for calculations in a table. For example, in cell D2 (see Fig. 6.1) the following formula was entered: \u003d B2 * C2. With this formula, Excel will automatically multiply the contents of cells B2 and C2 and display the result in cell D2. Similar formulas must be entered in the remaining cells of column D. The formula always begins with an \u003d sign, after which you enter cell references and signs of mathematical operations. Excel provides tools for automating the input of formulas, which will be discussed in detail in the following lessons.
NOTE
You have already encountered spreadsheet documents when you studied Word, which has powerful editing and formatting tools, but the possibilities for automatic calculations are limited. If your spreadsheet is missing calculations, then Word is preferable.
Getting to know the Excel window
Like any program, Excel can be launched by searching in the Start menu. You can also start Excel in another way, for example, create a shortcut to Desktopor at Quick Launch Panels... The appearance of the Excel program window is shown in Fig. 6.2.
After learning Word, it is much easier to understand the basic elements of the Excel window, since all programs in the Microsoft Office family have a single interface. At the top of Excel 2007 there is a ribbon with the commands and buttons you already know, so you can apply the previously learned techniques for working with documents, fragments, and format text.
Figure: 6.2.Microsoft Office Excel 2007 window
You should remember the main features of working with the tape:
? the ribbon consists of tabs, each of which contains several groups of commands; to find a specific command, you need to open a tab by clicking on its title, then find the required group of commands, and in it - a button or other control;
? you can find out the names of buttons without captions from the tooltips;
? the ribbon can be minimized by double-clicking on the header of any tab; to return to the original position of the ribbon, you need to double-click again on the header of any tab;
? when you select certain document objects, such as pictures or diagrams, additional tabs automatically appear on the ribbon for working with them;
? commands for working with files ( Create, Open, Save, Printand others) are in the menu that opens with Office Buttons,located in the upper left corner of the program window;
? frequently used buttons and commands can be brought to the Quick Access Toolbar by right-clicking on the required button and executing the command Add to Quick Access Toolbar.
Using tab commands Viewyou can turn on or off interface elements such as the formula bar, grid, headers, and switch between document viewing modes.
A distinctive feature of the Excel interface is the formula bar, which is usually located under the ribbon. Its left side displays the name of the current cell, and its right side displays its contents (Fig. 6.3, left).When entering data, buttons appear in the formula bar that allow you to complete or cancel input, as well as insert a function (Fig. 6.3, on right).
Figure: 6.3.Formula bar: name and content of the current cell (left); end and cancel buttons
input (on right)
Immediately after starting Excel, a new spreadsheet file will be created called Book1,consisting of three sheets. To move from one sheet to another, you need to click on the label of the desired sheet at the bottom of the window (see Fig. 6.2).
Move around the sheet
Data is always entered into active cell,highlighted with a bold frame (see Fig. 6.2). There are two ways to change the active cell.
? Clicking on the desired cell.
? Arrow keys () (these will make the adjacent cell active in the selected direction).
To move around the sheet, you can also use the key combinations, which are given in table. 6.1.
Table 6.1.Keyboard shortcuts for moving around the sheet
Sometimes it becomes necessary to scroll the contents of a sheet without changing the active cell. To do this, use the scroll bars or mouse wheel. Another way is to enable the Scroll Lock mode with the key of the same name, after which the use of any keys to move the sheet will scroll it without changing the active cell.
Entering data into cells
To fill a table cell with data, do the following.
1. Select the desired cell.
2. Enter text, number or formula.
3. Press any of the sheet navigation keys, such as the arrow key or the Enter key, to move to the next cell.
When entering data, you should consider some features:
? if the text does not fit in the cell, it will occupy an empty adjacent cell; if there is data in an adjacent cell, the text will be cut off at the cell border, but the entire formula bar will be displayed;
?
? a comma is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of a number; it is convenient to type numbers on the additional numeric keypad;
? numbers entered with a period, hyphen, or / are treated as dates; to enter time values, the numbers must be separated by a colon.
As you enter data, buttons appear in the formula bar that allow you to complete or cancel your input. It should be noted that you can enter and edit data directly in the formula bar, which is especially useful when entering complex formulas.
Excel also has tools for automating data entry, which will be covered in future lessons.
Data editing
When working with a table, it is often necessary to change the previously entered data. The main techniques for editing data are shown in table. 6.2.
Table 6.2.Techniques for Editing Data in a Spreadsheet
Practical work 42. Creating a spreadsheet, entering data and formulas
The task.Create a spreadsheet, populate it with data, perform simple calculations, and save the result.
1. Start Excel using the search bar on the menu Start.This will automatically create a new book called Book1.
2. Navigate the worksheet in different ways - by clicking on cells, using arrow keys or key combinations (see Table 6.1).
3. Enter free text in multiple cells. Delete the entered text by pressing the Delete key.
4. Fill in the table with data as shown in fig. 6.4. First, enter text in the cells in column A, ending with the Enter key.
Figure: 6.4.Sample Input Table
Note that the text in some cells of the column ANDwill not fit in width and will occupy part of column B. To avoid this, hover the mouse pointer over the column border in the column header area and move this border slightly to the right. Fill in the remaining cells with data (see Fig. 6.4).
5. Make active cell D2 and enter the following formula into it: \u003d B2 * C2 (Fig. 6.5), then press Enter. Do not forget to put an \u003d sign at the beginning of the formula and switch to English. If you did everything correctly, the result of the calculation should be displayed in the cell, otherwise enter the formula again.
Figure: 6.5.Process (left) and result (right) of entering a formula
6. In cell D3, the formula should look like this: \u003d B3 * C3. Enter this formula in a different way:
1) make active cell D3 and press the \u003d key;
2) click on the cell C3- the cell address should automatically appear in the formula;
3) press the * (multiplication) key;
4) click on cell B3 - the formula will look like this: \u003d C3 * B3;
5) to complete the input, press the Enter key, after which the result of the calculation should appear in the cell.
As you have already noticed, to enter the cell address in the formula, just click on the desired cell with the mouse button.
7. Enter your own formula in cell D4. It will be like this: \u003d B4 * C4.
8. Change several numbers in columns B and C. Note that all formulas will be recalculated automatically.
9.Using the shortcuts at the bottom of the window, go to Sheet2,and then return to Sheet1.
10. Save the created table. To do this, press the button Saveon the quick access panel, in the window that appears, select the folder to save and enter the name of the book - Products(as you remember, a separate folder was created to save the works Excel Tutorials).
11. Close Excel.
1. Start Excel.
2. Create a spreadsheet for electricity billing using the sample (Fig. 6.6).
3. In cell B6, create a formula to calculate the flow rate (the difference between the last and the previous meter reading).
4. In cell B7, enter a formula to calculate the amount to be paid. Change the counter and check that the formulas are working correctly.
5. Adjust the width of the columns and change the size and font style for some cells using the tab buttons Home.
6. Save the table in the training folder under the name Electricity.
Figure: 6.6.Example of calculating electricity bills
Summarizing
Questions to check
? What is Excel for?
? What do the basic terms in spreadsheets mean: workbook, sheet, cell, row, column, link?
? What are the similarities and differences between Excel and Word windows?
? How to start Excel and navigate a worksheet?
? How do I enter and edit data?
? How do I enter a simple formula for calculations?
In the next lesson, you will learn about effective tools to simplify data entry and editing, and in Lesson 6.3 you will perform calculations using various formulas and functions.
Lesson 6.2. Working with cells, ranges, and sheets
Selecting cells
When performing a particular operation, it becomes necessary to select several cells or range.The most commonly used selection of a rectangular area of \u200b\u200bcells using the mouse button. This is done as follows.
1. Move the mouse pointer to the upper left cell of the desired range. The pointer should look like in fig. 6.7, left(great advantage").
2. While holding down the mouse button, move the pointer to the lower-right cell of the range, then release the mouse button - the selected range will be filled with a different color (Fig. 6.7, on right).
Figure: 6.7.Select a single cell (left) and a rectangular range (right)
To select an entire row, just click on its number in the row header area (Fig. 6.8, left).By stretching the mouse while holding down its button, you can select several lines in a row. Similarly, you can select columns using their headers (Fig. 6.8, in the center).To select the entire table, press the button Select allat the intersection of the row and column headings (Figure 6.8, on right).
Figure: 6.8.Select a row (left), column (center), table (right)
Cell ranges can be used in formulas and expressions. A range reference consists of upper-left and lower-right cell references, separated by colons. For example, a link to the range that was highlighted in the figure above (see figure 6.7, on right) will be written as B2: C4.
It is possible to select several rectangular ranges or individual cells at once (Fig. 6.9). To do this, you need to sequentially select the required ranges or cells with the mouse button while holding down the Ctrl key. To deselect it, just click on any cell.
Figure: 6.9.Highlighting a complex range
Operations on the contents of cells
Various operations can be performed on individual cells or ranges: moving, copying, deleting, adding, linking, etc. As noted earlier, Microsoft Office applications provide the user with several ways to perform certain actions: buttons on the ribbon, shortcut menu commands, or keyboard shortcuts ... The following will discuss the most common ways to perform actions on cells and ranges.
Clearing cells
In the previous lesson, it was already mentioned that to clear a cell, just make it active and press the Delete key. In the same way, you can clear several cells at once, having previously selected the desired range.
Clearing only deletes the data or formulas in the cell, while the information about the cell formatting parameters (font, color, data type, borders, etc.) remains unchanged. In a group Editingtabs homethere is a button Clear,which allows you to choose what exactly to clear in the selected cells - All, Formats, Contentor Notes.
Format clearing may be necessary if the decimal number was mistakenly entered separated by a period, not a comma. In this case, Excel will treat the information entered as a date, and re-entering the correct number will not correct the error. You can get rid of the date by running the command Clear\u003e All.
Removing cells
When you delete cells, adjacent cells are shifted to fill the resulting empty space. You should delete cells like this.
1. Select the cells to be deleted and press the right mouse button.
2. In the context menu that appears, run the command Delete.
3. In the window Removing cells(fig. 6.10) set the switch to the desired position and press the button OK.
Figure: 6.10.Deleting cells: executing a context menu command (left), selecting a deletion method (right)
TIP
You can quickly delete a row by right-clicking the required row in the row header area and executing the Delete command on the context menu. In this case, the deletion is performed without the appearance of the window shown in Fig. 6.10, left. Similarly, you can delete columns.
Adding cells
Sometimes it is necessary to add cells to an already filled table. To insert new cells, you need to expand existing ones. When deleted, existing cells move up or to the left, and when inserted, they move down or right. The sequence of inserting cells can be as follows.
1. Select the cells where you want to insert new ones.
2. In a group Cellstabs homeclick the arrow next to the button Pasteand run the command Insert cells.
3. In the window that appears (Fig. 6.11) specify the method for inserting cells and click OK.
Figure: 6.11.Add Cells Dialog Box
To insert rows or columns, you can use menu commands - buttons Paste– Insert Rows to Sheet or Insert Columns to Sheet.
Moving and copying cells using the mouse button
To move one or more cells to another location on the sheet using the mouse button, follow these steps.
1. Select the desired cell or highlight a range.
2. Move the mouse pointer over the cell or range frame so that it looks as shown in fig. 6.12, left.
3. While holding down the mouse button, drag the selected data to the desired location (Fig. 6.12, on right) and then release the mouse button.
Figure: 6.12.Move cells by dragging: pointer view (left), selected data moved (right)
While dragging, a warning may appear (Figure 6.13) if there is already any data in the destination cells.
Figure: 6.13.Alert when moving cells
If you need to copy cells, drag them with the mouse button while holding down the Ctrl key. In this case, a small plus sign appears next to the pointer.
The operation of dragging and dropping cells using the right mouse button is very powerful. In this case, releasing the mouse button, you will see a context menu (Fig. 6.14), in which you can select one of the available actions on the cells being moved.
Figure: 6.14.Dragging cells with the right mouse button
When executing commands Moveor Copythe content of the destination cells will be replaced without further warning. If you need to expand cells before moving or copying, choose one of the following commands: Move down and copy, Shift right and copy, Slide down and moveor Shift right and move.
Command Copy only valuespreserves the original formatting of the destination cells, and the command Copy formats onlyon the contrary, it will copy the design of the source cells without changing the data in the destination cells.
Command To tieinserts a formula with a reference to the source cell, and any data changes in the source cell will automatically appear in the destination.
Using the clipboard
The sequence for copying cells using the clipboard is as follows.
1. Make the required cell active or select their range.
2. Click the button Copy,which is in the group Clipboardhome tabs . The selected cells will be surrounded by a running dashed frame (Fig. 6.15).
3. Make the active cell where you want to paste. If you copied multiple cells, you must specify the top-left cell of the paste range.
4. Press Enter to copy or move. Please note that in this case there is no need to execute the command Paste.
Figure: 6.15.Copying cells using the Copy button
One or more cells are moved in the same way, only instead of a button Copyneed to press the button To cut.The described method allows you to copy or move cells once.
Excel has many other options for inserting data, their number is even redundant for most users. For example, you selected the required cells, ran the command Copyand chose the place of insertion, that is, they followed steps 1-3 of the previous method. Then you can choose one of the following options.
? The insert command can be executed in different ways: using the Insert button , context menu or Ctrl + V key combination. In any of these cases, the insertion can be repeated several times.
After insertion, you can specify exactly how to do it using the Options button inserts(fig. 6.16).
? You can choose different insertion options by expanding the button menu Paste withusing the arrow at the bottom of the button (Fig. 6.17).
Figure: 6.16.Selecting a paste method using the Paste Options button
? Using the context menu command Paste copied cellsyou can perform a shift insertion.
? Command Paste special(see Fig. 6.17) allows not only to select the insert option, but also to perform an operation with existing and inserted data (Fig. 6.18).
Figure: 6.17.Selecting an insert method using the Insert button menu
Figure: 6.18.Selecting paste options in the Paste Special window
Auto-completion
Auto-completionallows you to automatically re-enter text. For example, you fill out the table shown in Fig. 6.19. When you retype a word in the fifth line LoudspeakersExcel will automatically fill in the missing part of the word, which will be highlighted in black, with which it is enough to agree by pressing the Enter key. If on the next line you need to enter another word on "Ko", for example Housing, then it should be entered further, not paying attention to the appeared auto-completion.
Autocomplete
Autocompleteserves for automatic filling of several cells with sequences - numbers, dates, text or formulas. For example, to populate cells with dates, follow these steps.
Figure: 6.19.Auto-completion example
1. Enter the start date in the first cell.
2. Make the cell with the start date active and move the mouse pointer over the fill handle, which is located in the lower right corner of the active cell. The mouse pointer should take the form of a thin "plus" (Fig. 6.20, left).
3. While holding down the mouse button, drag the mouse down. A hint with the value of the current cell will appear near the mouse pointer (Fig. 6.20, in the center).
4. Having stretched the pointer over the required number of cells, release the mouse button - the range will be filled with a sequence of values \u200b\u200b(Fig. 6.20, on right).
Autocomplete automatically increments the date by one depending on the format. For example, if you enter the start date in the form 01.2005, the filling will be done by month. Autocomplete with time values \u200b\u200bis similar.
To fill the cells with numbers, you must enter not one, but two initial values, so the sequence of actions will be different.
1. Enter the first and second value of the number sequence in adjacent cells.
2. Select both filled cells.
3. Position the pointer over the fill handle and move the mouse over the required number of cells while holding down its button. Excel will fill in the cells based on the difference between the first and second number.
Filling in with date and time values \u200b\u200bis similar, if the step is different from one.
There are other options for filling, which are shown in Fig. 6.21. If Excel cannot determine by what principle to fill in the cells, then it will simply copy them.
Figure: 6.20.Sequence of actions during autocomplete: the pointer has taken the form of a thin "plus" (left), a hint (in the center), the range is filled with a sequence of values \u200b\u200b(right)
Figure: 6.21.Autocomplete options
When auto-filling with the right mouse button, you can select one of the available filling methods in the context menu (Fig. 6.22). By running the command Progression, you will see a window for setting additional parameters.
You can create your fill list as follows.
1. Click on Office button,then press the button Excel options.
2. In the window that appears, click the Change button the listsin a group Basic parameters of working with Excel.
Figure: 6.22.Autocomplete with right mouse button
3. In the next window (Fig. 6.23) in the field Listsselect NEW LIST, enter its elements in the field List itemsand press the button Add to.
4. To test the operation of the new list, close all windows using the button OK, enter the first item in the list in any cell and perform the autocomplete operation.
Figure: 6.23.Autocomplete lists setup window
Worksheet Management
A new book usually contains three sheets, which are called Sheet1, Sheet2and Sheet 3.To switch to another sheet, click on its shortcut at the bottom of the window. With a large number of sheets, the labels can be scrolled using the buttons to the left of them. By right-clicking on the same buttons, you can select the desired sheet from the context menu.
You can perform various operations with sheets, which are described in table. 6.3.
Table 6.3.Worksheet Actions
Practical work 43. Operations with cells, ranges and sheets
The task.Learn to perform various operations with cells and ranges.
Sequence of execution
1. Open the book Productssaved in the previous lesson.
2. Select a range, row, column as shown in lesson 6.2 (see Fig. 6.7-6.9).
3. Delete the range of cells A3: D3 (see Fig. 6.10).
4. Select the range A1: D1 and add cells with shift down.
5.Using the button Cancelundo the insertion and then the deletion of the cells to restore the table to its original appearance.
6. Without closing the book Products, open the book Electricity.
7. Select the A4: B4 range and drag it to the second row (see Fig. 6.12).
8. Reposition the moved cells back by dragging with the right mouse button.
9. Copy the table from the book Electricityon the second sheet of the book Products... For this:
1) in the book Electricityhighlight the range A1: B7 and press the button Copy;
2) go to the book Productsthrough TaskbarsWindows;
3) go to the second sheet of the book (click on the shortcut Sheet2at the bottom of the window);
4) make active cell A1 and press Enter.
10. Rename the sheets - Sheet1at Products, and Sheet2at Electricity.
11. Go to ListZand perform various options for autocompleting cells (see Fig. 6.21).
1. Add to the workbook created in the previous task a new sheet with the name The calendar.
2. Into the cell A1new sheet, enter the word January,in a cell A2– Monday,and in the cells OTand AT 4- numbers 1 and 2.
3. Using only the autocomplete, transfer, copy, and delete cells tools, create the calendar shown in fig. 6.24.
4. Save your changes.
Figure: 6.24.The calendar needs to be created using the operations of autofill, transfer and copy of cells
Summarizing
Questions to check
? What are cell ranges and how are they labeled?
? How can I select multiple adjacent cells? How do I select multiple non-contiguous cells?
? What is the difference between clearing and deleting cells?
? How many ways to copy cells do you know? Describe the copying sequence with one of them.
? What's the difference between dragging cells using the left and right mouse buttons?
? What actions can you take with worksheets?
? How does autocomplete work? When is it enough to select one cell to start filling, and when is it necessary to select two?
In the next lesson, you will learn the basic ways to enter and edit formulas, and learn how to use the built-in functions. In Lesson 6.4, you will perform more complex calculations.
Lesson 6.3. Simple calculations in Excel
Using different number formats
Before solving mathematical, economic and other problems, you should understand how Excel stores, processes and displays numerical data.
All numbers in Excel are stored with an accuracy of 15 decimal places, and are displayed in accordance with the selected cell format. For all cells, Excel uses a common format by default, which automatically detects the type of input data, and then applies the appropriate formatting.
When the general format is set, the following data entry rules apply:
? text is automatically left-aligned and numbers are right-aligned;
? a comma is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of a number;
? when entering numbers through a period, dash or sign /, they are treated as dates (if possible);
? when entering numbers separated by colons, they are treated as time values;
? if you add a% sign to a number, it will be presented in percentage format;
? numbers in the form of an ordinary fraction, for example 2/3, should be entered as follows: 0 2/3 (you must specify the integer part of the number, even if it is equal to zero, and also put a space between the integer and fractional parts).
NOTE
The decimal separator, currency symbol, and some other options depend on the regional settings in the Windows Control Panel. To check these settings, you need to open the Control Panel from the Start menu, select the Clock, language and region section, then the link Change date and time formats and numbers.
The advantage of the general format is that it is enough to enter the data, and Excel will format it itself. If you are not satisfied with the default formatting, you can change it in the following way.
1. Select the cell or range where you want to change the format.
2. On the tab homein a group Numberexpand the list Number formatand select the desired formatting option (Fig. 6.25).
Figure: 6.25.Choosing number formatting
NOTE
When converting a date to a numeric format, Excel will display a number corresponding to the number of days that have passed since 12/31/1899.
In a group Numbertabs homethere are also several buttons to quickly change the representation of numerical data. These buttons have the following purpose.
Monetary format.The value of the base currency is automatically added to the number, a fixed number of decimal places is set, and every three digits of the number are separated by spaces. By clicking on the arrow next to this button, you can select other currencies.
Percentage format.The number will be multiplied by 100 and a% symbol will be added to it.
Delimited format.Similar to the currency format, but without the currency sign.
Increase bit depth.Increases the number of decimal places in the fractional part of a number.
Reduce bit depth.Decreases the number of decimal places in the fractional part of a number.
ATTENTION
In calculations, Excel always uses the actual value of the number, and not the one that appears in the cell, taking into account the specified number of digits. For forced rounding of a number, use the function ROUND, which will be discussed below.
If the standard formatting capabilities are not enough, select the required cells on the sheet and click on the dialog box launch button in the Number group (Fig. 6.26). You can choose one of the available formats, as well as customize it further. For example, for the currency format, you can specify the currency symbol, the number of decimal places, and the format for negative numbers.
Figure: 6.26.Number tab of Format Cells dialog box
Formula input rules
As noted above, the main purpose of the Excel program is to perform calculations, for which you need to enter formulas in the cells of the tables. Formula -it is the expression that Excel calculates and displays the result. When creating formulas, you should follow the rules:
? a formula always starts with an \u003d sign;
? the following arithmetic signs are used in formulas:
+ - addition;
– - subtraction;
* - multiplication;
/ - division;
% - percent;
^ - exponentiation;
? formulas can use numbers, cell and range references, and built-in functions.
? the formula is always written in one line; to write complex formulas, parentheses are used, which establish the order of calculations; for the convenience of working with long formulas, enter not into a cell, but into the formula bar; very long formulas will be automatically split across multiple lines in the formula bar.
Formulas can be entered either manually or using various automation tools. Entering formulas manually is time consuming and unreliable, since in this case it is easy to make a mistake in the name of the cell or the name of the function. Despite these disadvantages, this method is useful when entering simple formulas or making small changes to already entered formulas.
To make entering formulas easier, you can use the following techniques:
? to quickly enter the cell name into the formula, just click on it with the mouse button;
? to correctly enter the name of the function and its parameters, use the button Insert function(fx)in the formula bar; in the appeared window of the Function Wizard, you need to select the name of the function from the list and specify its arguments;
? to quickly enter similar formulas in multiple adjacent cells, enter the formula in the first cell, and then use AutoFill.
You will find a detailed description of the process of entering formulas in the instructions for practical work 44.
Using the AutoSum Button
To quickly sum up a range of cells, use the button Autosum,which automatically creates the desired formula. The sequence of actions for summing several numbers will be as follows.
1. Make active the cell in which to place the summation result.
2. Press the button Autosum
which is in the group Editing the Home tab.Excel will create a formula and try to automatically determine the range for summing, which will be highlighted with a dotted rectangle (Figure 6.27).
Figure: 6.27.Create a formula to sum a range using the AutoSum button
3. If the summation range is defined correctly, you can press the key Enterto complete the operation. Otherwise, you must first select the desired range using the mouse button, and then press the Enter.
In addition to summing, you can perform other operations from the menu that opens by clicking on the arrow next to the button Autosum(fig. 6.28).
Figure: 6.28.The AutoSum button has a menu for selecting the desired function
Button menu command assignment Autosumis given in table. 6.4.
Table 6.4.Assigning the AutoSum Button Menu Commands
You can quickly get the results of calculations in the status bar: select several cells with numbers, and their number, sum and average value will be displayed in the status bar. To select a different set of functions for calculations, right-click on the summation results and select the check boxes for the desired functions.
Below is an example of solving a practical computational problem using Excel. Read it carefully, as it will discuss the basic techniques that are used to solve most computational problems.
Practical work 44. Creating a simple table with formulas
The task.Create a payroll table for employees of the department, having the following initial data: the names of employees, their hourly rates and the number of hours worked.
In the table, you need to calculate: the amount of accrued salary for each employee, the amount of taxes withheld (for simplicity, we will take a single tax rate of 15%), the amount that needs to be paid. In addition, you need to calculate the total amount of hours worked, salaries and taxes for the entire department, and also determine the average values \u200b\u200bof these indicators.
Sequence of execution
1. Create a new book.
2. In the first line, enter the title of the table, and in the second - its "header". If necessary, increase the width of the columns by moving their borders in the column header area. Fill in the table with the initial data, as shown in Fig. 6.29.
Figure: 6.29.Initial data for calculating wages
3. To calculate the accrued salary, the rate should be multiplied by the number of hours. To enter a formula in cell D3, follow these steps:
2) press the key = ;
3) click on the cell C3- cell address should appear in the formula;
4) press the key * (multiplication);
5) click on cell B3; the formula should take the form \u003d C3 * B3;
6) to complete the entry, press the Enter key, after which the result of the calculation should appear in the cell.
If the formula does not produce the correct result, try entering it again.
4. To enter formulas in the remaining cells of column D, use autocomplete:
1) make active cell D3;
2) move the mouse pointer over the autocomplete marker in the lower right corner of the cell (the mouse pointer should take the form of a thin "plus" (see Fig. 6.20, left);
3) with the button pressed, drag the mouse down to the required number of cells, and then release the mouse button.
If you made a mistake when performing autocomplete, click Cancel onshortcut bar to return to the original state and try again.
5. Enter the formula in cell E3. According to the condition of the problem, the tax rate is equal to 15% of the accrued salary, so the formula should look like: \u003d D3 * 15%. The sequence for entering this formula is as follows:
1) make active cell E3 and press the key = ;
2) click on cell D3 - the cell address should appear in the formula;
3) press the key * (multiplication) and enter 15%;
4) press the Enter key and check the calculation result.
6.Use AutoComplete to enter formulas in the remaining cells in column E.
7. The formula in cell F3 will be: \u003d D3-E3. Try to enter it yourself and fill in the other cells in column F.
8. To calculate the total number of hours worked, make cell C7 active, press the button Autosum, make sure Excel has correctly defined the summation range and press Enter.
9. To calculate the rest of the amounts, make cell C7 active and autocomplete to the right.
10. To calculate the number of hours on average per employee, follow these steps:
1) make active cell C8;
2) click the arrow next to the button Autosumand run the command The average;
3) Excel will automatically enter the required formula, but the range may not be defined correctly because you do not need to include cell C7;
to fix it, select the range C3: C6 with the mouse button, which will be automatically substituted into the formula;
4) press the Enter key and check the calculation result.
11. Format the table:
1) to change the font in a cell, select it and use the group buttons Fonttabs home;
2) for all cells with monetary values, set Delimited format withusing the corresponding button in the group Number; if symbols ##### appear instead of numbers in some cells, increase the width of the corresponding columns;
3) to speed up the work, you can change the formatting of several cells at once, having previously selected them; the result of formatting the table can be as shown in Fig. 6.30.
12. Save the book as Salary.
Figure: 6.30.Salary calculation result
ATTENTION
Try to always check that the formulas are working correctly. This will avoid computational errors.
Self-study assignment
Three teams participate in the KVN game, the game itself consists of two competitions: a greeting and a musical one, each of which is evaluated by three judges. It is necessary to ensure a quick calculation of the results of the game. To do this, do the following.
1. Create a table as shown in fig. 6.31. To speed up data entry, copy duplicate passages.
2. In the highlighted cells in column F, enter the formulas for calculating average scores and grand totals. Check the work of the formulas for different values \u200b\u200bof the estimates.
Figure: 6.31.Table for calculating the results of KVN
3. At the last moment the organizers of the game decided to add the Homework competition and include one more judge in the jury. Based on this, make the necessary additions to the payroll.
4. Save the book under a name KVN.
Summarizing
Questions to check
? How are numbers represented and processed in Excel?
? What are the specifics of data entry when using a common format?
? How do I change the representation of numbers in cells?
? What is a formula? What are the rules for creating formulas?
? How do I enter cell names in a formula using mouse clicks?
? When should you use autocomplete formulas? What is the sequence of this operation?
? How to create different formulas using a button Autosum?
? How do I perform calculations using the status bar?
Make sure you fully understand the material in this lesson, as Lesson 6.4 will cover more complex calculations using various functions. In Lesson 6.5, you will learn how to format ready-made calculation tables.
Lesson 6.4. Calculations using functions and cell names
Link types. Cell names
Cell and range references can be relativeand absolute... Until now, formulas have used relative references, in which the cell designation consists of a letter and a number. Relative links have a useful property: when you autocomplete or copy formulas to adjacent cells, the links in the formula will automatically change. This allows you to create formulas for only one line, and use autocomplete for the rest, which you did in the previous lesson when calculating salaries.
To make the reference absolute, you must add a dollar sign ($) to the row and column designations. For example, link A2 is relative, and link $ A $ 2 is absolute. An absolute reference does not change when copying or filling out formulas. A special option are mixedreferences where only a column or row is absolute, such as $ A2 or A $ 2.
It is better to use cell names instead of absolute references. Any cell or range can be given a unique name, which can then be used in formulas. To assign a name, select the desired cell, enter a new name instead of the address on the left side of the formula bar, and be sure to press the Enter key. Names help you clarify your formula and have an effect similar to using absolute references.
Sometimes it may be necessary to delete or change the assigned name. To do this, on the tab Formulaspress the button Name manager, in the window that appears, select the required name from the list and click Deleteor Edit.
Practical work 45. Calculations using named cells
The task.There is a price list (Fig. 6.32), in which the price of each product is indicated in dollars; it is necessary to recalculate prices into rubles at the current exchange rate.
If you enter a formula for calculating the price in rubles in the first cell, you will get the correct result, but when you try to auto-fill the rest of the cells with this formula, the results will be incorrect. To avoid this, you should use an absolute cell reference AT 2or give it a name.
Sequence of execution
1. Create a table with initial data (see Fig. 6.32).
2. Give a name to cell B2. For this:
1) make it active;
2) click the mouse button in the address field on the left side of the formula bar;
3) enter a new name, for example Course (Fig. 6.33);
4) press the Enter key.
3. Create a formula for calculating the ruble price in cell C5. The formula should look like \u003d B5 * Course.Names, like links, do not need to be typed on the keyboard; it is enough to click on the desired cell when entering a formula.
4. Autocomplete the rest of the column cells FROMand check if the results are correct.
5. Save the book as Price.
Figure: 6.32.Example of a price list
Self-study assignment
Create another payroll table that is calculated as follows:
? a monthly rate is set for each employee, which he will receive if he works for a set number of working days;
? if an employee has worked fewer days than expected, then his salary is calculated as follows:
salary \u003d rate * worked_days / working_days_in_month;
? accept the amount of taxes equal to 13%;
? the amount payable for each employee must be converted into dollars at the current exchange rate.
An example of a table is shown in Fig. 6.34. In the cells of the range D5: G9, enter the appropriate formulas (in the figure, this range is highlighted).
Figure: 6.34.Table for calculating payroll using named cells
In order not to type the entire table, you can copy part of the data from the book you created earlier Salary,and when saving the table, give it a name Salary 2.
Prompt.When compiling this table, you should use the names for the cells that contain the number of working days and the current dollar rate.
Function wizard
Excel has many built-in functions that allow you to perform mathematical, economic, scientific, and other calculations using predefined formulas. When using a function in calculations, write down its name and then specify the arguments in parentheses. Arguments -these are the values \u200b\u200bthat are used in this function. For example, consider using the function ROUND,which rounds the number to the specified number of decimal places. Let's say you need to multiply the cell values A2and AT 2and then round the result to two decimal places. The formula will look like this:
\u003d ROUND (A2 * B2; 2).
In parentheses after the name of the function, its arguments are written, which are separated by semicolons. In this case, the expression A2 * B2Is the first argument, which is the expression to be rounded, and the number 2 is the second argument, indicating the number of decimal places after rounding.
You can type a formula with functions manually, but it is more convenient to use a special Function Wizard for this. It starts with the button Insert function
which is in the formula bar. The Function Wizard includes two stages: at the first stage, you should select the desired function from the list, and at the second stage, specify the arguments of the selected function. Working with the Function Wizard will be covered in Practical Work 46.
Practical work 46. Performing calculations using the Function Wizard
The task.Use the function ROUNDfor rounding off prices in the price list from previous practical work (see Fig. 6.32). Rounding is necessary because the conversion may result in a result with several decimal places, and such prices are not always convenient.
Sequence of execution
1. Open the price list that was saved under the name Price.
2. Remove all formulas from column C.
3. Make the active cell where you want to enter the formula. For this price list, this is the cell C5.
4. Press the button Function Insertion (f x)on the formula bar. The first window of the Function Wizard will appear (Fig. 6.35). If you start with the Function Wizard, the \u003d sign will be entered automatically.
5. Find the function you want in the list and click OK. By default, Excel offers a list of 10 recently used functions; if the required function is not in it, there are the following search methods:
all functions in Excel are divided into several categories; after selecting the desired category, a list of the available functions will be displayed, for example the function ROUNDbelongs to the category Mathematical;
if you don't know which category to look for the function you want, try entering a short description of the function in the field Search function,and then press the button To find,eg search by word round upwill display several functions that perform this operation.
Figure: 6.35.The first step of the Function Wizard is to select a function
6. After selecting the function, a second wizard window with fields for entering arguments will appear (Fig. 6.36). For the selected function ROUNDtwo arguments should be entered - Numberand Number_digits... In field Numberyou need to enter the expression to be rounded. In this example, it will look like B6 * Course... To enter cell references into the formula, just click on the cell; to see the desired cell, you may need to move the wizard to a different part of the screen.
Figure: 6.36.Second Step of the Function Wizard - Entering Function Arguments
7. To enter the second argument, click in the field Number_digits... Note the changed tooltip at the bottom of the wizard. To round off the price to tens of kopecks, set the number of digits to 1.
8. After entering all the arguments, click OK and check that the formula works correctly. To enter a similar formula in other cells of the column, use AutoComplete.
9. Save your changes before closing Excel.
Assignment for self-fulfillment.
Create a table to calculate the hypotenuse of a right triangle from two known legs. If you designate the legs with letters aand b,and the hypotenuse - c, then the formula for calculating the hypotenuse will be:
Use the math function to calculate the root ROOT.
Tips for Using the Function Wizard
If you have completed the tasks above, you should make sure that the Function Wizard is an effective tool for creating calculation sheets. Here are some tips for using it.
? You can insert a function at the middle or end of any formula. To do this, when entering or editing a formula, place the cursor in the desired place and press the button Insert function.
? To change the arguments of a previously entered function, follow these steps:
1) make the active cell in which you want to edit the formula;
2) click on the name of the required function in the formula bar;
3) press the button Inserting a function- a window will appear with the arguments of the selected function, and you can edit them.
? When using unfamiliar functions, pay attention to the prompts that appear at the bottom of the Function Wizard. Using the Help link for this functionyou will be taken to the Excel Help system, where you will find a detailed description of the selected function and examples of its use.
? You can use one function as an argument to another (so called nested functions). An example of using nested functions will be given below when considering logical functions.
? For easy searching and entering the desired function, use the group Function libraryin the tab Formulas(fig. 6.37). By clicking on any button, select the required function from the list - you will go to the window for entering the function arguments.
Figure: 6.37.Function Library group
Formula errors
When creating formulas, errors can be made, as a result of which the formula will not produce results or the results obtained will be incorrect. Don't be upset: everyone makes mistakes, and the user's qualifications are largely determined by the ability to correct them.
If you make a syntax error in a formula, for example, put extra parentheses, omit a required argument, or a punctuation mark, then when you try to complete the formula entry, a warning similar to the one shown in Fig. 6.38. In this case, you should analyze the text of the formula and correct the error or re-enter the formula. If Excel can pinpoint the exact location of the error, it will prompt you to correct the error automatically instead of a warning. It is better not to enter functions manually, but to use the Function Wizard - this will significantly reduce the likelihood of errors.
Figure: 6.38.Formula error message
If Excel encounters an unsolvable problem while calculating a formula, an error message appears instead of the result in the cell. Standard error messages and ways to fix them are listed in Table. 6.5. For detailed help on the error, select the cell with the error, click on the exclamation mark button that appears next to the cell, and run the command Help for this error.
Table 6.5.Error messages
If no error messages appear after entering the formulas, this does not mean that the result is correct. You can make a mistake in the cell reference or specify an incorrect arithmetic operation. Finding such errors is a difficult task. To check the correctness of the calculations, enter the control initial data and check the obtained result. It is advisable to check for several values \u200b\u200bof the initial data.
To validate the formula, make the desired cell active and click in the formula bar. After that, all cells and ranges used in the formula will be highlighted with colored frames, and you can visually evaluate the correctness of their use, as well as analyze the text of the formula.
A visual analysis of the text of the formula is usually enough to find most errors, and in especially confusing cases, you can use the buttons in the Dependencies group formulasin the tab Formulas... Pressing successively the button Influence cells, you can see all the cells participating in the calculation of the value in the active cell. By pressing the button Dependent cells, you can see all the cells that use the value of the active cell. Using the Calculate button formulayou can start the process of step-by-step calculation of the formula with the observation of intermediate results.
Logic functions in Excel
When calculating, you often have to choose a formula depending on specific conditions. For example, when calculating wages, different allowances may be applied depending on the length of service, qualifications or specific working conditions, which are calculated using different formulas. Creating such a spreadsheet can be challenging.
In such cases, logical functions will help, with which Excel chooses one of several actions, depending on specific conditions. Most important logical function IFwritten like this:
IF (boolean_test; value_if_true; value_if_false).
In a logical expression of a function IFnumbers, dates, cell references, and\u003e (greater than) signs can be used,< (меньше), = (равно), >\u003d (not less),<= (не больше), <> (not equal). Function IFis performed as follows.
1. A logical expression is calculated, which can have one of two values: TRUEor LYING.
2. Depending on the result of evaluating the logical expression, the function returns one of two possible results, which are written in the arguments value_if_trueand value_if_false.Let's look at an example. Let the company pay a wage supplement for seniority in the amount of 20% for employees with 10 or more years of experience. An example of a calculation table is shown in Fig. 6.39, which shows the process of entering a formula in cell D3 using the formula bar. This formula uses a boolean expression C3\u003e \u003d 10to determine the employee's eligibility for the bonus. If boolean expression will have a value TRUE, then the amount of the premium is calculated by the formula B3 * 20%,otherwise, the result of the function will be zero.
Figure: 6.39.An example of entering a logical function IF
To combine several conditions into one, you can use a boolean function ANDwhich returns the value TRUEif all incoming conditions are valid TRUE... For example, the condition "the value of cell A1 must be greater than 5 and less than 10" is written as follows: AND (A1\u003e 5; A1<10). Logic function OR returnsvalue TRUEif at least one of the input conditions is TRUE.
Another way to build complex boolean expressions is to use function nesting IF... This method will be discussed in the next practical work.
NOTE
The number of nestings in the IF function can be up to 64, which allows you to specify complex conditions. Readers with a knowledge of programming should pay attention to the fact that the IF function is analogous to the conditional operator (if… then… else).
Practical work 47. Calculations using logical functions
To solve the problem, you need to formulate a verbal solution. It may sound something like this: “ IFless than three years of experience, thenresult: 0, otherwise IFexperience less than 10 years, thenresult: salary * 10%, otherwiseresult: salary * 20%. The keywords that define the function arguments are in bold. You need to use two IF functions, the second of which will be nested within the first.
Sequence of execution
1. Create a table with initial data (see Fig. 6.39).
2. Make the desired cell active (in this example, D3).
3. Run the command Formulas\u003e Function Library\u003e Booleanand select the function from the list IF.
4. Enter the arguments to the function. Following the verbal formulation of the solution, in the Log _expressionenter condition C3<3, and in the field Value_if_true- number 0.
5. In the field Value_if_falseshould create a nested function IF.To do this, place the cursor in the specified field and select the function IFfrom the drop-down list in the formula bar (Fig. 6.40).
Figure: 6.40.Inserting a nested function
6. Supply the arguments to the second function. According to the verbal formulation, they will be as follows: Log_Expression– C3<10; Значение_если_истина – B3 * 10%; Value_if_false– B3 * 20%.
7. Press the button OKand check the result of the formula with different input data. If everything was done correctly, the formula in cell D3 should be: \u003d IF (SZ<3;0;ЕСЛИ(СЗ<10;ВЗ*10%;ВЗ*20%)). This formula is provided for verification only, and it is strongly discouraged to enter it manually - it must be done in the way described above using the Function Wizard.
8. Autocomplete the remaining cells in column D with the created formula and calculate the values \u200b\u200bfor the column E... Check that the created formulas are working correctly and save the table under the name Seniority allowance.
Summarizing
Questions to check
? What's the difference between absolute and relative cell references?
? What are the benefits of using names for cells and ranges?
? How do I create a name and how do I delete it?
? What is a function, function arguments?
? How do I enter functions using the Function Wizard?
? What are logical functions; how the IF function is executed ?
? What errors can occur during calculations and how to fix them?
You have learned how to perform calculations in tables. Next, we will describe how best to format the results of calculations. In the next lesson, you will learn about various techniques for formatting cells, sheets, and books, and then you will learn how to create charts.
Lesson 6.5. Formatting tables
You can design the created table in different ways:
? apply inline styles to cells or the table as a whole;
? set formatting options for individual cells and ranges manually;
? set up conditional formatting for cells;
? create new documents based on ready-made templates with pre-configured formatting.
Each of these methods has its own characteristics, which will be described in this lesson.
Formatting with inline styles
Excel, like Word, has a set of built-in styles that let you quickly get the look of your table. Inline styles can be applied to individual cells (ranges) or to the table as a whole.
Follow these steps to format the entire table.
1. Select the range of cells to be formatted as a table.
2. On the tab homein a group Stylespress the button Format as table.
3. In the window that appears (Fig. 6.41) select the desired style.
Figure: 6.41.Choosing a table style
For tables formatted with styles, an additional tab appears on the ribbon Working with tables: Constructor(Fig. 6.42), where you can customize the table format using the checkboxes in the group Table style options.
Figure: 6.42.Table Tools tab: Design
Follow these steps to apply one of the inline styles to individual cells.
1. Select the desired cell or range.
2. On the tab homein a group Stylespress the button Cell Styles.
3. In the window that appears (Fig. 6.43) select the desired style.
Figure: 6.43.Choosing a cell style
If you are not satisfied with the styles available in Excel 2007, you can create your own. To create a new cell style, click the button Cell Stylesand run the command Create cell style.In the window that appears, enter the name of the new style, select the required components using the checkboxes, click the button Formatand specify the cell formatting options. After saving the style, you can select it using the button Cell styles.
The table style is created in the same way: run the command Format as Table\u003e Create Table Style.enter the name of the new style, then sequentially select table elements from the list and for each of them set the formatting options using the button Format.
TIP
To create a new style based on an existing one, open the table or cell style selection window, right-click on the style name and execute the Duplicate command.
Formatting cells
We've covered examples of quick formatting using styles above, but you can also format cells and ranges manually. To do this, select the required cells and use the buttons in the Font groups , Alignmentand Numberin the tab Home.Working with a group of teams Numberwas discussed in detail in lesson 6.3, so let's focus on using the capabilities of the group Fontand Alignment.
Working with teams in a group Fontalmost does not differ from using similar commands in Word (see lesson 5.3): in the group Fontyou can set the type and size of the font, as well as various font effects. These options usually apply to an entire cell or a selection, but in cell edit mode, you can specify these options for individual characters. This group also has buttons for setting the cell fill color
and the type of its border
Consider the purpose of buttons in a group Alignment.
Text alignment.Excel allows you to set both horizontal and vertical alignment of text in cells. Vertical alignment makes sense for lines with high heights, where text can be positioned at the top, bottom, and in the middle (Figure 6.44).
Figure: 6.44.Examples of different ways to align in a cell
Orientation.You can place text in Excel cells at any angle. The main ways to arrange text in a cell will be available in the menu of the Orientation button ; to select an arbitrary angle of rotation, execute the command Format cell alignmentthis menu.
Wrap text... By default, the text in cells is displayed in one row, but using the button Wrap textyou can turn on the mode of splitting text into several lines with automatic increase in the line height (as it is done in Word). Pressing the button again deactivates the stakeout mode.
Merge and center... To combine several cells into one, select them and click this button. Pressing it again will return the state of the cells to their original state.
Increase indent, Decrease indent... Change the indent value in a cell. Left alignment changes the padding to the left, while right alignment changes the padding to the right.
Additional options for formatting cells can be found in the dialog box Cell format, which can be opened by right-clicking on a cell or range and executing the command Cell format... This window has several tabs; to open the desired one, you can use the dialog box launch button in groups Font, Alignment(fig. 6.45) or Number.
Figure: 6.45.The Alignment tab of the Format Cells dialog box
Most of the items in a tab Alignmentwindow Cell formatduplicate the above group commands Alignment, but if necessary, you can use some additional features. For example, you can enable the mode auto-fit width,and the font size will be automatically reduced to a value at which all text will fit on one line. You can also set an arbitrary angle of rotation of the text in a cell using group elements Orientation.
Assigning other window tabs Cell formatfollowing:
? Number.Serves for setting the formats of numbers (see lesson 6.3);
? Font.Almost completely duplicated by buttons in the group {!LANG-f7cb3c316632911446e99510178e0b38!}{!LANG-8d6a77dc33fc933432bec125595f7f45!} {!LANG-564a6730a090cd610a1530d70d82bb23!}or {!LANG-047dfef5ed73a57b8ace7311b62798ed!}
{!LANG-4782a11bf292c9470c67aa0bebce9b2b!}{!LANG-db175b6bebc91a763431469d689615a4!}
{!LANG-d99bd7eb074568bd93f1b2db0196a0db!}{!LANG-6e3ae45f3d537364b39050d6115d7e46!} {!LANG-60226c52bf4462a2dca2eeecc5d9fa8e!}in a group {!LANG-f7cb3c316632911446e99510178e0b38!}
{!LANG-893c2f0f3df6791dca7193832af2f5d7!}{!LANG-5cf6025d9743577d2d5a19070889137b!}
{!LANG-ef57f8e7638528d6d5c1638b1f6dc5fc!}
{!LANG-c49abd8b7b31ecf192fb595d40cc547c!} {!LANG-eb2939367ae1bf1fa150be5ed09e0840!}{!LANG-3052687a83721b431345a3c55a08a1db!} Format{!LANG-4c7cf3f3fb48b454bf74ce29f7719b5e!}
{!LANG-21febd518fcc22a03bc91dfee525a555!} {!LANG-d87db637a3c677d8dc9ab71ac1028ef8!}{!LANG-410007ebd5a7f4306d4b17b85ac7773c!} {!LANG-2419ffe34a8948166e31305a75f256ae!}{!LANG-35e4a8db38099452be3c1f76250cba47!}
{!LANG-04ed696304962f4f5fcc31408e5f61a1!}{!LANG-0420b2d8d464343335db1caaea9e809e!}
{!LANG-05130fb2c3ee00daaba6b9d5efe5a1f1!} Formatand run the command {!LANG-81a8663a818e3297962b5fbff0aa1334!}{!LANG-ad67fe3b3f6832d3eb3f05d9f1e05464!} {!LANG-c43e5555b80e58c16a01ee7ecc1cbbfe!}{!LANG-d63b19b2677514e4f33161fd38e96c25!} {!LANG-70a0da1c31fc1cd702121b7ead3d6076!}{!LANG-58317ed7ab891bdddcaec369361ccc62!}
{!LANG-a5472c68d0f02038a927c731486a6001!}
{!LANG-f6faf4c7e05fded3809cdfa8382805f7!} {!LANG-12fd30627eb6063cf05465cb3bb55df0!}and run the command {!LANG-c9c36b373ab51dae3e70f0f11e90811e!}{!LANG-33d7968f77775de294613d1bd446496e!} {!LANG-60c45b43d3e782d5c673fed209caf614!}{!LANG-940689904d77b0f4f913d2df23b6ab21!}
? {!LANG-c21858ece32b86423c2bda616546fe5d!} {!LANG-039c606846cccbcda6c35f7f7ffd6b51!}{!LANG-bdf870dbac170f4f7244dc0f6064d642!} {!LANG-22cfa5369afa87a09f55df87e68c7e9c!}
? {!LANG-ff65318c2f231f4e419b83d065c3fe47!} {!LANG-0aa6cd9cc653c29f9886e233ed1e4b1b!}{!LANG-800c1895d4b8f0161e29c3abeee3d47f!}
{!LANG-3ee96eae3440044ad9517f9449e1ca18!}{!LANG-a504c5a3745dceec93ff19a02a9ee147!}
? {!LANG-6f7122e33841632bb045020036679f33!}
? {!LANG-dab21377e2484e0739c5018a3c05e2f7!} {!LANG-fcfd554b19c2bda3b4212d4ec4c73592!}in a group {!LANG-d4215f288f5480cc04c35b2f6d9394a1!}{!LANG-7fb592f8078d5d666f20942f5363ab4c!}
{!LANG-c42ae230aad6258d85afff73fa00ac9d!}
{!LANG-2c9ce7a9b6d537758d82111ed2d4249d!}
{!LANG-960fee490ef8b1e3b8705e02267f81ec!}
{!LANG-270814636e4d151e639672310bb259a5!}{!LANG-3c84cf4f99e6ada7d2d47b8c9931d9fb!}
{!LANG-44cfe7e2fbdc9e134700648b432e8c31!} {!LANG-c77d4d501d7b27cd738399f1b87b8abd!}{!LANG-3affda3619645e54a4b96b269d078d01!} {!LANG-6be50976a6001216835a09917c0e5dcd!}{!LANG-6fb2bcb3ab0c0af1a0f04fbb28b2a3db!} {!LANG-c3204cd4a5e89427c09c01c8731fc063!}{!LANG-69739677ff99e3fbfbf639d1b6a08607!} {!LANG-45bae2a8acf42296d717eb1202c65c98!}{!LANG-a47f3ef3387e3294ec103b59d6665b77!} {!LANG-c31f5c06cfc932721cef29d9c623d729!}
{!LANG-15a328ac2119aa46c12d482687f7dbbd!}{!LANG-322b52a59d1681d364686a5ef12570de!}
{!LANG-b8b60658a48579f81fd1c6895d632846!} {!LANG-6be50976a6001216835a09917c0e5dcd!}{!LANG-72292c297696b89775494d9fc07410cd!} {!LANG-7ecd38a3e5123ab788d26b68256f5804!}{!LANG-5edbedcc261b6ac42f7e7fa6751ecae5!}
{!LANG-8fb40d4838c6c0a2e9278ae1aaa01000!} {!LANG-cbd7030570d204686f1ee3badc68fd32!}{!LANG-6743bc85e4ebb2f6a90e24eddd608eb9!} {!LANG-2dc68630a8e8797217c96d0dd9d7aad1!}{!LANG-ffd0dc1e40d845eaab668c8b0930392b!}
{!LANG-95fa2071550b22651294c074a2678c08!}{!LANG-86c969af7c08500cfa2090c34006c82d!}
{!LANG-4b16d0c9a9aab943f1940b361148ca98!}
{!LANG-729301fba2b3840ae0c3c3463ac8ba67!}{!LANG-56a6302c9f2fcace93a3ee1c935dd7c8!}
{!LANG-17beed31c47aee478e19131bd1844910!}
{!LANG-3200814e6f0e32985d85e568f3fbf13e!} {!LANG-41c3b37916240d6b34a26fd0b85362c9!}{!LANG-18db4e8c6c7ac426cbf3879c7cf077d2!}
{!LANG-debe687c0a333d4125eb5a95d830ee90!}
{!LANG-1109ce3992b6ad410864de22fa49cdac!} {!LANG-95e4d1c512423b1a5bf2985e60ef2b55!}{!LANG-1c03f1f8338714ebc1db223d6c8ec5d2!} {!LANG-ac5bd6e4fb9ff59afe49cc0286396e74!}{!LANG-70a18566717b5321125b5d857810174f!}
{!LANG-798cd1b40aba5cfd7b90670588d2361b!}{!LANG-76e6e2099d357572a681c113739a18f0!}
NOTE
{!LANG-d88e4a9aa00b61346f4c1b638d3a371a!}
{!LANG-7c61f442683b18aef8cff16a0952b477!} {!LANG-95e4d1c512423b1a5bf2985e60ef2b55!}{!LANG-a55ba2306a106325735be7ac459132aa!}
? {!LANG-adc6867df4ce35227f1949cdb57f5a1c!} {!LANG-e1ddf254c61b75da133510e50cdbf806!}
? {!LANG-9533d6909954a5603e98eb35a6b807e3!} {!LANG-db3c2e09282cb23cfd020949f8814f22!}
? {!LANG-4432c95220d984b1f27a93053d667afb!} {!LANG-92f5b1da6f85c99501fccf1405f1fae5!}{!LANG-7e94d819e7f3ee34405d8b5e376c1626!} {!LANG-b0b09ba48d414c1244e9f7802325a4e4!}{!LANG-59b4d6ccd05941153088f9890cff2f43!} {!LANG-92f5b1da6f85c99501fccf1405f1fae5!}{!LANG-6d2c9f14b3430af4bcf290aea9f446f1!} {!LANG-d0dd4bcda9784d173f0ed8beb7395a97!}
? {!LANG-1978728d87e3bfa277a43bab814ff6f2!} {!LANG-22c46a9cb792c11404636671213f403c!}{!LANG-696f55c6de6d9ebe9356018f8656fa63!} {!LANG-ff850af492b7126df52ab1f29a924eb9!}{!LANG-fa293ab38e6c29d59901731d47523e38!} {!LANG-84c5da32c1daaae12fdb98950cd0c857!}
? {!LANG-ceb79ccc2faff43ead85328dae4b7215!} {!LANG-b73b1e9817e8f8fcdac961a0f8579f25!}{!LANG-0ce3f4b02fe5ec58bbabef9dbe0ae4c5!} {!LANG-2a22915a6d75edaccebf78be0dc0244b!}
? in a group {!LANG-90c823886f378fcad9d3d0d57f0776e2!}{!LANG-75d2d18e6c21b0f011e80698c830f37e!} {!LANG-11626294f547f4ebf082b4cb8684c523!}{!LANG-860ab201c8110336597f0aafad0e53a7!}
{!LANG-6c3d64508f15227b08b48db027717afe!} {!LANG-b3f1dcfc5bd396725e0eace1a89acce9!}{!LANG-021557d7e5dc559a06010a06b0986a3d!}
{!LANG-d4f1c08a8249956d6325b90cbb2c6054!}{!LANG-0a7dbff9ae5d1861cd42e47911e8b707!}
{!LANG-b669a5a308bc81ada3fe38247903406e!} {!LANG-12fd30627eb6063cf05465cb3bb55df0!}{!LANG-85ae3461e421de3542cd62138778daa9!} , {!LANG-eba66059468bc16ceb86f15dd7c938a5!}
{!LANG-979ac989aa8b61218619767ed0639826!}{!LANG-5007f48e81ff90570814e287938e7409!}
{!LANG-47a2dbf9db9d591e03ccaa60a35a935c!}{!LANG-b15ad71d45599f41631ee543e210a274!}
{!LANG-739f9ccd99a7491414572222d2bf0786!}{!LANG-0f47e13b905a2474228e0810d1fe55f3!}
{!LANG-0e7789a517e174d66d6c6606db9f6319!}
The task.{!LANG-9ea3ae7f821a1cbd1b86f548e3d8c821!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-e0af97dc595ddb28e5860ca7ee3681e1!}
{!LANG-7a83530af0326fa261e90f0d5c6452f4!}{!LANG-8f2757f70e7e50b3fb32134d3993d8a1!}
{!LANG-0451576f1bfc5296e96c7294733a771e!} {!LANG-d6439c3a1ea26a504c697797189a6746!}
{!LANG-b796f9f7d37c7a35c858fdcdf23cba46!} {!LANG-c9d6fe5674e14c776371228b9c6b7437!}{!LANG-cd1eb0bdef5099cbab743bcee062741f!}
{!LANG-2a5286640fb8d5ffd295c51b3539a7fc!} Salary{!LANG-d1cea4e463c4bf81553229f20ebc8a1e!}
{!LANG-a63ac4e72273ba449546a758f368ae34!}
{!LANG-963d41dda829423c8b74ea28560002f5!}
{!LANG-8ac097ddc2432e43ef1725861033f43c!}
{!LANG-2019f118a06e45177336de39f3620c50!}
{!LANG-cd0dc802cf22d3bf96e50045ea07270c!}
{!LANG-508222bd88304e706c36826f7fd947d0!} {!LANG-388c9f6c67b72e04ee400b16268c613e!}
{!LANG-6118235b98c1c2f3d9697fd122fdd78f!}{!LANG-18bb6b7067c8659ee9b48e22c78ca297!}
Summarizing
Questions to check
? {!LANG-816e819e8b1b23f99ab50eaacbc9b38a!}
? {!LANG-71a2568e1fcc0dc729edd8c6a01f3860!}
? {!LANG-ee8636369da8a51d4399d351fdce4a31!}
? {!LANG-36d6d7fef13edf5a9f42237876b1f7ef!} {!LANG-0c0a0b610a920798567eec05245dc2fb!}
? {!LANG-5946d2650a182eaf975db6b280355ce8!}
? {!LANG-f76ed53252aab1a83681a72dd6098b67!}
? {!LANG-d442ad98e098542706c2bfb4d6faf324!}
? {!LANG-d1d69bad51ba925012472f20ab879b69!}
{!LANG-b6c63d94378b38fa2d27d1729f22067d!}
{!LANG-901c5160c2f5d494aa2226a8720456dd!}
{!LANG-6d8f0a9ad461b90ca10dc3af9428c71f!}
{!LANG-0b07bcef1a838632265359515e290190!}
{!LANG-31ba3c09ed0b26fd7f06cbe5ed53f7b1!}{!LANG-b39e2b96ee129d915c169b127c028345!}
{!LANG-e2e7cffee01846073f01442edc7837fb!}
{!LANG-e1a5bfb6b751a61d40041ac0a23b2d6a!}{!LANG-cbc9956ddc2b791d1b2e3160fffe871b!}
{!LANG-eb1f83a05c3c140556b7611853f56049!}{!LANG-6b880f200eea3b948eededf41a805a28!}
{!LANG-354f0181072242bbd50d0564efd39756!}{!LANG-c27b93b4e86ab92ac1d7ce6cc2bf9f01!}
{!LANG-0dcbd54f2d2108333958ed7f0e65ac26!}
{!LANG-98d8905131f7e3715f08fb03c30ff3a9!}
{!LANG-b2e2e9df9ed28b195a579563f8cd1f87!}
{!LANG-ad1b83751116843ec2ec5c5a0ee672c0!}
{!LANG-6e91b35a9b023cc9d9563f49a22617ef!} {!LANG-41c3b37916240d6b34a26fd0b85362c9!}{!LANG-9dd3b5db0d7691aae340e505e479c1fc!}
{!LANG-7d5f200fed2366599c394fce0afc0a21!}
{!LANG-77afb959b5ee2629c6504838d7353c41!}{!LANG-a301a26fcfe2b0206dfad06a36133c8a!}
{!LANG-93e901f13bd34395892bf2c0fe807557!}
{!LANG-ee6a35b8c43f2ddf6c6b6a0b517ec98e!} {!LANG-870131e112cf71186c2a4eb7eeca218e!}{!LANG-210bd162e023c2adf995141ef13451d0!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}, {!LANG-a081e12263aa28a7bd4ff0178059c7d8!}and Format.
{!LANG-d56438ca0bf4eed70aa582a45bff0491!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}{!LANG-794a54aa02d130f906733f3328e83443!}
{!LANG-3508f8985a1df258dc59276aaabb2f32!}{!LANG-f0bcb09bdd1302daedb24b384a722196!}
{!LANG-5589e10e74c7f7bf897b624e5867513d!}{!LANG-5013ede19932f066e8b512fa70010e31!} {!LANG-43f430a76ca9be5d7a403e2f784f527b!}{!LANG-54e46fcffe3e1e5d2d186b0f5aa59dfb!} {!LANG-985508e10ef16bc86b12d1511307cce9!}{!LANG-2dc3f05647f4c98021b4581c845c084f!}
{!LANG-5717192bf5a6d78de13a8624626edefa!}{!LANG-785847ce865cb53181adbfcd70943290!} {!LANG-c03c7793310882dfa3c4181d01cac1b2!}{!LANG-54e46fcffe3e1e5d2d186b0f5aa59dfb!} {!LANG-87644782b030006de5f0abc077a80b5a!}{!LANG-5790929a6beb8c75305de8971f7401c7!}
{!LANG-2a61d764cc3814cc6822d6646d7d8991!}{!LANG-51184d6b1b0b7829c23e55e325c96ebd!}
{!LANG-3cbbcf08998d29a93495f8cc038dfdf9!}{!LANG-c3a5ba915d11a7d19adc04921ec5e408!}
{!LANG-c1d626bb60b1fb3332b9a76aafdb9a45!}{!LANG-a06bd1fc0d7faa7bb3fd638af8e351d6!}
{!LANG-17480681424b94354e727726afce8303!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}{!LANG-d157de1749dfe3bc5cdee6a3f2890f5e!}
{!LANG-3d6985310997b856aceadf3f5f883958!} {!LANG-dede77559e1043e09e23fe70007126fb!}{!LANG-18e6385223607657dc9d5403ec018dfd!} {!LANG-6fbe7f536ada36639989978477fe0959!}and {!LANG-1e5c9b15774bd0f8be47fb46a1122cb9!}{!LANG-747f9b1c9ceca81dec6755c9b003c879!}
{!LANG-894765f0d5a3adcf0bd0249a9253a3a8!}{!LANG-7558214108b2b51c0d079bce024e04d0!}
{!LANG-c874588101c99b5b7bdee92e449bc447!} {!LANG-b9cff25ac9b50307839d3ac43b4b4464!}{!LANG-191c89bb1a556c7fbb28887e9e972d2a!} {!LANG-7f5e25d08bbdfad4193ffb618f8b0406!}in a group {!LANG-ac7f62bd1bb89278103813180a8cedda!}{!LANG-7256804648529098358c0c5a2dce3bbe!} {!LANG-6fe92fb78a7b75aba6f39d9f956d2bbe!}{!LANG-9e1004b058a05474ac0191f493df612a!} {!LANG-ac7f62bd1bb89278103813180a8cedda!}.
{!LANG-0a30ee91f762c3eb04e5e56e07462261!}{!LANG-f77030ac1f92008c1ba4b3f44b2cda46!}
Using a tab Format{!LANG-f3f1a5982916989fed4156ee3fe14eb0!} {!LANG-2885377d9550c80a06a82854ec7ad693!}{!LANG-64f09094ddc387c26e028320b54fef4d!} {!LANG-2bc86699919b82d0cf23977fe33f1f39!}{!LANG-b3a24baa7568edece7679ed7fb52336d!}
{!LANG-6bb8b1badc5fc00e184f910f768191d6!}{!LANG-926e4fa9cf4471c135453c640df8d232!}
{!LANG-7920e6d377122d815ca1dabeeff14213!} Fontin the tab Home.
{!LANG-0ec288ffdb60c0067ecab518fecba644!}
{!LANG-43c5d15a96e7f3568958b9593175386b!} {!LANG-e215ffd67b8185ed31e8cb67daff3645!}{!LANG-ad1873e5ac635b03ca4280bbd11213ff!} .
{!LANG-7f659769ddbb39fc99415d9455e76250!} {!LANG-11966c4a4bea17a3e484645a0d15f5ca!}{!LANG-f148accf1d2dce61a9cf5e0f3bd75b17!}
{!LANG-4a57c5de3b7997746da518cdf4f0a602!}
{!LANG-56e125c7bd7594a9adad1fb2c58ebde6!}{!LANG-6f3bda09265e295e14a90c2e734ec4f2!}
{!LANG-d09ba2115a20428004e4a3210b68053e!}{!LANG-d52eceb9b8be0c4119d4f9d0de6b4783!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-cbf521d217595b121103b8ecfa6b28a3!}
{!LANG-c455bbdf3ee3d060ff02926afad5f40e!}
{!LANG-6e2faf927ceae5056b85f2199beec64f!} {!LANG-41c3b37916240d6b34a26fd0b85362c9!}press the button {!LANG-f53b9f042d32a4638d1d4af6228c91d0!}{!LANG-8dd1b387ba87ebb611b8b685712e7269!}
{!LANG-0926e6242c6145f423367cb49b6d189a!}
{!LANG-1c9e6dcc43218c3d15c81f5e83e3b194!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}press the button {!LANG-b382c8ab177a3e82e09c474ade24ab1e!}{!LANG-8c935141bf3239ad0eb35a33b365fd33!} {!LANG-b382c8ab177a3e82e09c474ade24ab1e!}{!LANG-1c2d2131ba84700d2dd281a72d38e505!}
{!LANG-b580db281dc86f9704e178d1ab80fa74!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}.
{!LANG-6e2af1276010737f3d71d3ac775bb6e3!}
{!LANG-6502b820781327cca0e4e4eccfa1c331!}
{!LANG-8fda31595f0c542cc9d1c655d59ce33a!} {!LANG-5b504e035a5d2b5ec498e27a469932cf!}{!LANG-48b6db2d288dea596ec4df07527531a8!}
{!LANG-f2edd95a6721843c5ef5bd0989f5a6b3!} Cancel{!LANG-5e3a83a76b577c8a45919d43968d7e17!}
{!LANG-8bfcd5b20b1675ac9a9756b57935973d!}{!LANG-c26d32147f1d3aa78b4867e30b9b98d6!}
{!LANG-7358817593b465058bbd36c55059d34b!}{!LANG-d1b6ddfd9e370eb9adcc7f3d50155fc1!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-20e18ee8a7fd2e8cad82a5e8ee7d0295!}
{!LANG-8388710d520aba3c861a717009c8c48b!} {!LANG-dabe2db17668499bdfc859fb34be6b85!}
ATTENTION
{!LANG-ee3484e3c02036cf9cfc9f5d6c144af4!}
{!LANG-6e2faf927ceae5056b85f2199beec64f!} {!LANG-41c3b37916240d6b34a26fd0b85362c9!}press the button {!LANG-a4860aa9b72be3e62dba722b4480a7cf!}{!LANG-09e1c62dea1675f6fef67b370c713f7b!} {!LANG-d2baa4d980c63ef60213ec5cfe368182!}{!LANG-71879cc9836e17b429043601b25dc136!}
{!LANG-1dcf6a907b67e528182791b38a6866ba!} {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}{!LANG-c49f86d52daf09f349e67bb15ef9e539!}
{!LANG-f3130f50e69c337eccd2283bf4be4161!} {!LANG-622037d7f7b14d1d61a4c6d2cd17ea3e!}{!LANG-a519a786d969a71fa4817186104f62d0!}
{!LANG-1c738dee3823dd613a0b74a66f463182!} {!LANG-195dbe1bed374cf8f3ecb1b11bfd1f2d!}{!LANG-0366e3ddf655a6d06f201424e1b4a36b!} {!LANG-da776ebc7f64ef6e2758f3eb002ac116!}{!LANG-8c995d6c3dc7e12b7eab40b0c119964c!} {!LANG-189330532fb85a06801b87a3e5e64bbf!}, {!LANG-a01844aa1b51b525e5b73344ce978598!}, {!LANG-650c91df0eb10cc46bf805d108f0a94c!}{!LANG-860b8038f314fb700dc819453e2d9a61!} {!LANG-84d192736edc9b6c6ae4ac32e4a02f52!}.
{!LANG-6f41431963326c1fca567cdce919aa31!} Format{!LANG-9315e820bdc185c2a1d710211178b009!}
{!LANG-dbbd3792e6b7a58b84029a6a5082a88d!} Format{!LANG-b15924b6dafa9f453cfa9ef4f1886ae7!}
{!LANG-fce80fa2d3de4547f19198d2a5d743da!}{!LANG-e9bc696b679c7a9ded67a958e53013af!}
{!LANG-98852505365f224b5fa23c4137fa6440!}{!LANG-a567f380feeb6c4da166e4c0c046f473!}
{!LANG-cefe56e5817874aa1f7f9a6cba9689b2!}
{!LANG-ccd828ecdf56781c0b7d6b656611bba9!} {!LANG-764d63f31d8772a702d5386b0f29b229!}{!LANG-cde4af7b1211c26cae8e5f1b56b9fb37!} {!LANG-a081e12263aa28a7bd4ff0178059c7d8!}{!LANG-57cb404def67569f7a9c5da99c28fd7a!} {!LANG-ac7f62bd1bb89278103813180a8cedda!}{!LANG-e95e9c6963941a790e153e41562209d4!} {!LANG-7eb57c2bf713d5092af040b3da01d11e!}then press the button {!LANG-3d637e567d9e5001bd42c30e6a21829b!}{!LANG-35431a48699b5870baad66bac76d6caf!} {!LANG-13bdd0a0e71c8fa9316767ac69103a63!}press the button {!LANG-fbb5aaccd37570b5d0933a5e6b4f5abc!}.
{!LANG-c9797049a492cbca280b26fd77b9c545!} {!LANG-d22c6b8e6d7a36c7e005826526046ad5!}tabs {!LANG-a081e12263aa28a7bd4ff0178059c7d8!}{!LANG-fdc0cea2e81cb360f64cff3b92301076!}
{!LANG-5fb5152f4129462940d932bffcb2521f!} Format{!LANG-98f0c7a311095e981b45ed675ccaeb76!}
{!LANG-a3bb4d93416a73f38654e86b46de926a!} {!LANG-6f30326b4e899427e6acd168ca5719fb!}
Self-study assignment
{!LANG-e280e1087bebd45b30ac9a348bf765f3!} {!LANG-d613acfbe31b50dfe68df7f465ec7e18!}{!LANG-55ecd115a67ff6940250eda8ef874655!}
{!LANG-4593217eb588d617c7af8b2da1e3f812!}
Summarizing
Questions to check
? {!LANG-ab68e05b49f867f1506acce5286bc044!}
? {!LANG-5d8389817981abd53fcc82f4c07a2456!}
? {!LANG-72af2c06a292cd20270307b52f7dd959!}
? {!LANG-3eabd45b4b97e93d71849fef2d34497f!}
? {!LANG-9bc9222aaffd2a5d5895a6afbdd14a79!}
? {!LANG-ac1226016204e098be55768321af2262!}
? {!LANG-cba619348f44ed5a7f656bc387f39d32!}
{!LANG-9fd2856ff7bf9a4f8b9a8f7c015c002d!}
{!LANG-12e21f794b2316e403c952e47e07b26d!}
{!LANG-2957282d89e3b8dd7d223e84dc0f8a4e!}
{!LANG-5e8b1c3e8ffcce6ddceb1a3e5515c0a1!} {!LANG-e7d14c74c81f2c08a5e836ee3a3318da!}{!LANG-2bb088abe1cadd1ac811082635290a2d!} {!LANG-66b7b62589620b473bb9a623a7037a3d!}{!LANG-2b7556491b6c175c925a6bd242f0959c!}
? {!LANG-f872a1612ddb914459a1e25352375bde!}
? {!LANG-9c0092ddd2193ba3b8e9c320d42c3993!} {!LANG-57057df0ed43d84978ed807f41e601b3!}{!LANG-1cc061ee972b66566e94bf2467a99210!}
? {!LANG-f6a670b54efc8576fc010c304dd304f7!} {!LANG-1a41d4ab07aed3c3ad44d95cc07f5edb!}{!LANG-d7c7fd17fb24295a1964e06a11c150d5!}
? {!LANG-ad1eaeb2824a9b0bcbd5efca4820f1d4!}
{!LANG-1e6ed145b4302e55e6ab07e3e43065ce!}{!LANG-94376733da5de89e2d1bda4392056b26!}
{!LANG-134211f845bd94a956b1b5c6a3902188!}
NOTE
{!LANG-3d9b515755543c03921d224ac8e5faa3!}
{!LANG-624c3b9cc80169dffa39536c720f5455!}
{!LANG-c45a930256e6d12d0efa005d970bf344!}
? in a group Editingtabs homethere is a button {!LANG-a2b777c108974398bccb1b691d4647a2!}{!LANG-c23d7e1c3ffb42e4b7874ffbdf1fa6f1!} {!LANG-dec9a8d0ff60eacf325ebc751638340a!}
? in the tab {!LANG-7bc31d456bfe85036e31efb8a049d5c5!}{!LANG-90256ccf624f0bfe296a025adc73893d!} {!LANG-a2b777c108974398bccb1b691d4647a2!}{!LANG-9b4d99f792b0a8185c88570d6de82369!} {!LANG-1155450f85b6b3414cd9e376f25db81f!}{!LANG-ffee1ab3d9fbd0e7b7a32e5be016f54d!} {!LANG-c56997cff0ecf5e526484ea3623580d7!}
{!LANG-6e73610667397cd063113387af05358c!}{!LANG-364ba820794879beabcdc46583fc149a!}
{!LANG-71efcbc614749d850481ee9292f96ef8!}
{!LANG-0b84e28ad128ef9f8d268f387919b762!}
2. Click the button {!LANG-4734cb22f5b0e22a26d3fc96837bce25!}{!LANG-dd63c3600f30838675d277004ed139a7!} {!LANG-bd777c55ca858e76a2013ebaf1304261!}and {!LANG-107bef8136c2ffcc746c42618300fb1b!}{!LANG-1325fb58b7ba4159deaefd6105b3dc81!} left).{!LANG-8dd87a9f404fef863d0ae14c87e4ba4a!} {!LANG-4734cb22f5b0e22a26d3fc96837bce25!}{!LANG-1325fb58b7ba4159deaefd6105b3dc81!} on right).
{!LANG-a19735d91a415ffcff5c95a9ad799b09!}
{!LANG-9d1d27e8aa4e7951ee9c23c4894fab5b!}
{!LANG-e1001c2e7735fd81cb6beaf49df104dc!}
? {!LANG-091d8ce44c39ee614b0e91959e77b516!}
? {!LANG-16ca8276248b9d6afc1045d2681dfd48!}
? {!LANG-4a83b1174e990d216a2e0c3a3a54c055!}
ATTENTION
{!LANG-5ae83777bb97d4a30e209c0d068699dd!}
TIP
{!LANG-4a17fb106d46f62f2d5839db4ddbfc39!} {!LANG-02d7d696abd40a1b237dcc2e37ff96c2!}{!LANG-bbe55a0cbfda70e423cb4e5e9aefb6d4!}
{!LANG-e8bb4215abcd7a2150a82f7430f53bc0!}
{!LANG-e1aca1ca91c8e4aa543451d87910aa15!}
{!LANG-db590aa77f601cd8502d06879be14603!} {!LANG-68eac587581bb1bae8867a0b07da219b!}{!LANG-1325fb58b7ba4159deaefd6105b3dc81!} {!LANG-9dea14df57021e06cc96cecde27e6047!}{!LANG-2f703228ccfb38b6f3140cc20edb24c7!} {!LANG-8e96f885fca4c54067e9bea4503ae014!}in a group {!LANG-4734cb22f5b0e22a26d3fc96837bce25!}{!LANG-1325fb58b7ba4159deaefd6105b3dc81!} on right).
{!LANG-0c8869892cd1f1051a03e42b1b9bdde4!}
{!LANG-7624ac89b4f3b96c784c24a1f1dfbcda!}{!LANG-3d67c729410de135dc5f945830c36d2e!}
{!LANG-d2cc626f6d537595cb79e0e8c3595526!} {!LANG-693fb8e99562ffd8db3d51c3f5a9c45b!}{!LANG-9e702794081caa425c5d952ab8785505!}
{!LANG-6c71e41b57b832c265bc9c1768ddae66!}
{!LANG-56e125c7bd7594a9adad1fb2c58ebde6!}{!LANG-bee583f1f5fddfebb2b3de6952aa56b7!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-5f7016013118c16305327bdf1fab1401!} {!LANG-d5b1b9dd204081fef335f223a0325108!}.
{!LANG-5c8be8d51dda66a13c3a96875bfb1c44!} {!LANG-ccf3f5d78d0a598684a23dc3c6db5b4b!}{!LANG-7481c050d11243e58619ae7ec93e990f!}
3. Run the command {!LANG-f27028387844e7986ca517185665658b!}{!LANG-f60f51ef5ec411a0221f8673e81130b8!}
{!LANG-120e7247e230925635840ce134c49d6f!} Cancel{!LANG-d60b73290714146f37354692188b6642!}
{!LANG-29de6ab576436d802adbbc54b58dadcb!}{!LANG-ee7cc35a41e32e6a2d698bf65d851e00!}
{!LANG-8bfcd5b20b1675ac9a9756b57935973d!}{!LANG-64cce0543b42dc91c94538e4f365dee9!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-363052d99b0efc88ab82573668683828!} {!LANG-ccaddd331c6e4cc0025140cc87c08c97!}{!LANG-6103c33f21003dabdd14ee3bc71c7fb5!} {!LANG-4734cb22f5b0e22a26d3fc96837bce25!}tabs {!LANG-ece326fca3404db0c131ab8d49b79f6d!}
{!LANG-4c9f755bfa753d83860fad872d1b3d3a!} {!LANG-e545a52f557546ed1ea6a39e209f68c7!}{!LANG-72292c297696b89775494d9fc07410cd!} {!LANG-8cb52e11e0e586cb4cc58bb5766cd599!}{!LANG-1487e7c17a9659785ab21506eec1bef0!} {!LANG-c68de42bae03e85ed054bc4ba577d524!}
{!LANG-1f064a520f688ee88e3a4ac0cd9cba9f!} {!LANG-693fb8e99562ffd8db3d51c3f5a9c45b!}{!LANG-54988cf26b449d70c512275d10dad07a!} {!LANG-8d94de867771afc0d9f018c36bfa666c!}{!LANG-75eb30a0c91480840fdd94d1af51de21!} ,$.
{!LANG-fd514808989878e9936b536ddb05991f!} {!LANG-6526c9ffe89b6b52a3edb2fa7dca94ce!}{!LANG-20bd320f00014b9674609037c9624edb!} {!LANG-d21d7d48d0a2d3844ef9d1fa3da71fdb!}{!LANG-a5d6eb1fe63d8beb48b29276be916937!} {!LANG-4fba315f37b908800fad16d33e5d9eef!}– {!LANG-054572774e8a1762f6d3bdef71450dda!}
{!LANG-8e9336fe8b16403c02bf951b91513986!}
{!LANG-2a4d6ce3d33bc9ed29fec0b67eae209e!}
{!LANG-cc95ed5175ee9190b2295e9c693abcc7!}
{!LANG-186415a8b2655569fbf9976c1f611df8!}
{!LANG-56e125c7bd7594a9adad1fb2c58ebde6!}{!LANG-de031acacc13c71acd0b2a3af29837f7!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-cc2c4040bd080cc2982438136fbef659!} {!LANG-d5b1b9dd204081fef335f223a0325108!}{!LANG-f787e69f10dbc66576d6162729e141c8!}
{!LANG-6d40de2a4f1a3810c4e6fca72bee9da7!} {!LANG-c58a91efe23606e05c38272bd7128ebc!}{!LANG-1e35d8cf314e156176a58551c89c68a1!} {!LANG-f314a438f5e1c850ad2fc05171eea874!}
{!LANG-f14dab671b37e3a91f3417d25d89eb30!} {!LANG-8b3f83d55c992802d9de07d5fb43b260!}{!LANG-3cc833500a8d18f2ac2ea729dba0b748!}
{!LANG-484f3a8fb881aa82b5dbe178a132f57c!} {!LANG-c280d20d36d32434c53757d836c70b7d!}in the tab {!LANG-7bc31d456bfe85036e31efb8a049d5c5!}{!LANG-1325fb58b7ba4159deaefd6105b3dc81!} {!LANG-90edb3df6f4b0545bf568fb83346a059!}
{!LANG-b2dad6a590a15084bb857defaf413628!}{!LANG-a9a39a0708c4157d827826eb01b214d0!}
{!LANG-8bfcd5b20b1675ac9a9756b57935973d!}{!LANG-c99af1cea98901b118002d48048a6b5d!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-9eb01429ee36c7dab5703f4764588336!} {!LANG-c280d20d36d32434c53757d836c70b7d!}in the tab {!LANG-7bc31d456bfe85036e31efb8a049d5c5!}{!LANG-b1758a22b805b4970460a3d22e502141!}
{!LANG-5ab224a13c7fdb3390b514abc804030f!}
{!LANG-cb3a08187382f70492ff958dcdc9c3c1!} {!LANG-6526c9ffe89b6b52a3edb2fa7dca94ce!};
{!LANG-1d30d4fcb106cf0d4100c8c0ab0678b4!} Select all{!LANG-7cb5390abb42f29c81b46cf49c27e12e!} {!LANG-03dddf664e2a8480249862d221a1782c!}{!LANG-4f00ef5d881b47e9f7d19590bda2365f!}
{!LANG-283e11668dc37a6bce773421ad11cf04!} {!LANG-c58a91efe23606e05c38272bd7128ebc!}{!LANG-367518866a2a54400d1cf9483e1e028f!} {!LANG-ec45ca0b7151e8290491d5d4e69b10e5!}{!LANG-105d91650fd767d3147418c9521a9363!}
{!LANG-fce80fa2d3de4547f19198d2a5d743da!}{!LANG-43a9118054abdb7002bf9ccacadf6df7!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-4e051ae61dff4fdf3c23dc580df831e8!}
{!LANG-00aa965e88a58ca587d472bf460bc90a!}{!LANG-4c679689e6d6c877cec9a761be3c236f!}
{!LANG-ee4b233704a58c98d18ce28dc71ef040!} {!LANG-ccf3f5d78d0a598684a23dc3c6db5b4b!}and run the command {!LANG-8c863fa3fa2911e0eab029e803e51bad!}
{!LANG-dd5b8e1e9929974f4d5d5e96d1f90610!} OK{!LANG-9fbb424d6160194d4a33aa2ae5823507!}
{!LANG-6993ca396e797fa70706746ad1901aba!}{!LANG-3a1a4bc5693446e171f2c99f224333ac!}
{!LANG-9d26e049c0c0d740eac178c7b24f2d83!}
{!LANG-1313f8fbf8f888713da5dc72a48484be!} {!LANG-5c0f602a02bee303eef62a8b4f7f344e!}{!LANG-86a95b4e76a27f717685f9df2040b7e5!}
{!LANG-5bc4fb3522f89b9d78da1b472f99de1c!}
{!LANG-ba5446fc47d24c552994859f4cfcb675!}
{!LANG-df83ae4ca1201a2d20fdb154adcf94a2!}
{!LANG-56e125c7bd7594a9adad1fb2c58ebde6!}{!LANG-4b9ad010ffbf6fc5b75b21083dbe0f81!} {!LANG-bed9ebc0ec5a6aac222127bcac1e5001!}
{!LANG-4db9cef5b4d294d2fa96f0a64feb45b2!}{!LANG-9e5be345ebbc6b12124514a2eba17e18!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-bb415cc046a6fb67040b541d0812abe0!} {!LANG-b813266e8fbd9acab03a932d0c4ce549!}
{!LANG-7c2330c92b33e31949af6ba7f5ba60f0!}
{!LANG-425195b17bb4c4f356fe860448b97b6a!} {!LANG-cdad2a7d761b9139f0c763583e501d40!}{!LANG-6103c33f21003dabdd14ee3bc71c7fb5!} {!LANG-ffc20d88bf24c6c8815baa34f145a3af!}tabs {!LANG-ece326fca3404db0c131ab8d49b79f6d!}
{!LANG-6b97814331fac3910cbfa5abbb124984!} {!LANG-c70e2bfc2312f5d053c0f50432d47fbe!}{!LANG-d13d66486d53aa0067e77e59028e6e17!} {!LANG-bed9ebc0ec5a6aac222127bcac1e5001!}
{!LANG-4792c720d8fb13b6d8854694ac94e894!}
{!LANG-8e97cd3c0771d5e9274e81fa29699dfb!}{!LANG-10541ebd9d96d3d50c3d1ed3cdd8e59e!}
{!LANG-c4fbde8e14191c1fa720e8d7aba481ba!}
{!LANG-5f802ce3145a2c9c2f537cefa9c84d71!}{!LANG-d9d313bd1d18ac644d3e69572259bea0!}
{!LANG-bd60e342443f17c46a88d3ff11899fcc!} {!LANG-5c0f602a02bee303eef62a8b4f7f344e!}{!LANG-1135719fd95fd9bc9cedffd4b65d3fa3!} {!LANG-6bf7bbde0bcf45c5f8c541c91b7d1073!}.
{!LANG-8bfcd5b20b1675ac9a9756b57935973d!}{!LANG-e5ede064390e9ea801a939c9cdc6478e!}
Sequence of execution
{!LANG-b328585a5dda32645dbb7e54710bf0b4!} {!LANG-fa775df9bb5235cd93639d3937ccf53b!}{!LANG-54ff100ceaf70566315487aee8c17279!}
2. On the tab {!LANG-41c3b37916240d6b34a26fd0b85362c9!}press the button {!LANG-adedf8759238a2fe935cc91c7ca257b5!}.
{!LANG-5ff9552026c158af95bf0d60461a3ade!}
{!LANG-1aafcb84598418a64b7135da5cfb66d0!} {!LANG-96d65284bdfe0b913a8463ac4d3961e8!}{!LANG-f850de45ca9fc2a57ecf3b31876021f8!} {!LANG-7aa63d42d51a17b8f616e3d30467a92e!}, {!LANG-b27cfb233f4133526fe0b292d9006a2b!}, {!LANG-543ee4326ab03fa46625b751eed45996!}and {!LANG-cb84d006f484b208b86c44ad6309708f!}{!LANG-437d925e04c8257abefdbb04f0fbbaf6!}
{!LANG-1abde1613856657cfa699bca989e66e1!}{!LANG-daeb1075317162976f7894ed18ff4d92!}
{!LANG-4c510776d862d550be4c8a32b7418fbf!}{!LANG-dcad37d813e053674a42029909b68e9b!}
{!LANG-cc4da1d4995b85ca4cc4ca4095d1d70d!} {!LANG-7aa63d42d51a17b8f616e3d30467a92e!}{!LANG-89e2c859165bdcd478081876bf33406f!} {!LANG-17dcf9e02f368010e50d7ed7292f2b3a!}{!LANG-ff98c61e1e12b33ec193a98a2e5bac55!} {!LANG-b4c47d85dee980318f71ff370793f7b3!}{!LANG-301adbae989fa8397ec32751b64fa1b9!} {!LANG-543ee4326ab03fa46625b751eed45996!}{!LANG-4673d8bc5450ec27e522bc513bb5b439!}
{!LANG-6491a7a0cbcaaee5dce26742cc0e848b!}{!LANG-18c120ae85d2329aeed6e5f5ce637af7!}
{!LANG-96749ceb00d30d75b783c799e38806de!}
in the tab {!LANG-d4cb98ecc0c2affe98486588758f77e8!}{!LANG-bef1f0598cae15e05b2712cd6ca26708!} {!LANG-0572f795b5628b93e9fb87c895ad8c37!}{!LANG-6103c33f21003dabdd14ee3bc71c7fb5!} {!LANG-18545ac143b189bd63b20d4224a133cc!}{!LANG-369b10a90a24c3be47e710f6ee266790!}
in the tab {!LANG-74262b6a3a8ae68084998eaa909a97ab!}{!LANG-8c80815ad5586e598b701237fb2c4b6c!}
Summarizing
Questions to check
? {!LANG-a69939bc4945f181d5b1dacbe9f55c81!}
? {!LANG-751566ff545a376f7a7b75feb61e9927!}
? {!LANG-271d32c7bfa848f2538439375cd390c4!}
? {!LANG-db38af6edd9542ef7d6d3ed856830984!}
? {!LANG-8af308ddf334cd371e5fee3f8350ee56!}
? {!LANG-1d40b52d3ddb859c904b492708011838!}
? {!LANG-9f6115c48047ee6c4ce0071486210e80!}
{!LANG-f5e8dbb4529d6bcba724af7d5673d990!}
? {!LANG-636e8587d6c6eac465eb1e86944dca62!}
? {!LANG-72071f3871e70022ee6354c2d29e5ff6!}
? {!LANG-e6dffd82ffc5c050980073f9ff6ba538!}
{!LANG-5b21e1883be537efd40e77aa35efb174!}
{!LANG-ccfee1af10e5ce90db0df8c7ca658296!}
{!LANG-a0796da3331494a4d3364f5516d1f014!}
{!LANG-d4b6d5b556700fa2644878199e6b175e!} {!LANG-b9a4710c65c11170d29276990d4eda5c!}{!LANG-b620b3dae23264978dd523eea94a968b!}
{!LANG-3eab1997ce30e801c8b6ac5cdb4d1e27!} {!LANG-0a7f0322b985017f28ce25abd019ef6b!}{!LANG-cf0097d92bd2412560055ea096bf57fd!} {!LANG-b9a4710c65c11170d29276990d4eda5c!}{!LANG-6541865f49305fcf34388cc1d4da0223!} {!LANG-c34ae4a7147247d52664a98a7d38bd9b!}.
{!LANG-2d91cc662c53ebe252abf625e749decb!} {!LANG-dff316bbef2b82c96fe470bfe4b40923!}.
{!LANG-1a142a22e76c69dba8afc49073ca7a93!} {!LANG-627ad142353e4c21e78387b3c4b80025!}.
{!LANG-5722554fd76a4d9078083f52a95b3330!} {!LANG-c9c30412b4065a5baf749ae178a12d08!}.
{!LANG-38bf4a8c7b2212ce40e4c378f5913847!} {!LANG-076d7f2b4b95c4dece9b1344923227b6!}.
{!LANG-0f663017c1dd11f3e660fa9b881ba6a8!} {!LANG-0a7f0322b985017f28ce25abd019ef6b!}{!LANG-9cf4ea073de0d8ba2009cf663c792c04!} {!LANG-c9c30412b4065a5baf749ae178a12d08!}{!LANG-50f003cd5f074f729c548c4017fb0e10!} {!LANG-c34ae4a7147247d52664a98a7d38bd9b!}{!LANG-15218f10bfb12a5144287f408641065d!}
{!LANG-6f53d6241c92f3bb2b4021a6c758bac0!} {!LANG-ad4fa9d2f1b1ae60be20b10c9225ceeb!}{!LANG-9d289a1c7e1139d30ed9d60cd2746326!}
{!LANG-d1e73c66decd640f60ed3eb726bbe9ec!}
{!LANG-71d54e83023dfdfb0896253bb5e71436!} {!LANG-d1e73c66decd640f60ed3eb726bbe9ec!}{!LANG-f0601d56de8dc78b7811a6b4b03bc41b!}
{!LANG-2697bf4494958b871ca5bde02939a30d!}
{!LANG-ed315d0eb840ddaf9a588687c60e8714!}
{!LANG-1c8bba07f3e798e306fa32814e72e189!}
{!LANG-2e61a1c2241946611f9cad7df3b167a8!} {!LANG-1c8bba07f3e798e306fa32814e72e189!}{!LANG-5adbc2033fa76f0ef0e71a5b43dd5f81!}<» («меньше»), «< >{!LANG-dad8707e092a673b79a62e111444f7e5!} {!LANG-e579edfad7af997ff52103083a988fa6!}{!LANG-8abc24c1f75fcf31354290d5b067a32d!}
{!LANG-bca0b51d2a5620419504d6b48349f189!}
ROUND
{!LANG-78057555c32acba0f3b00364d85c2aa5!} ROUND{!LANG-79d1a78ed3bf7d1fd660ebaed04415d4!}
{!LANG-8d917652e7db26c6e6a6f923dd898a63!}
{!LANG-570ac0ab0c5161900618f36b0c9f2d3c!} {!LANG-c1c7aa4877df1c2c943074dfdfc4f4f8!}{!LANG-73365e38bf2b65234d77914e34d9fae0!} {!LANG-c54f19fb322eb617646d4790d2954cf3!}{!LANG-794623eb20d72abced8b70964c9e1419!}
{!LANG-55d9028b071e27002bb36fdf641a0ed0!}
{!LANG-7484fce40586a9f427c82ad0d4dba4b9!} {!LANG-3d416c9088cc7938696c9498d6b911f7!}{!LANG-ec2d6c3219460e15b15499cf5b5fcf66!}
{!LANG-8c1de80aa10673220b9aea82539a77b5!}
{!LANG-d183bc73f9525935482d9705c45e10a1!}
{!LANG-d45251dddd48ae9537f5fe4d7f339ddf!} {!LANG-d183bc73f9525935482d9705c45e10a1!}{!LANG-f122872035719ca4d67a35198f144308!} {!LANG-e27f1e3bec0381145bd883bccc3cb037!}{!LANG-fc74fdf016c5785537730a641a989d54!}
{!LANG-434a2aec48a3fa32c4e2d248497ed57a!}
{!LANG-884b245357a35dd19ee7774dbc5ff8ec!}
{!LANG-610fd896616136bc6322fffb40490238!} {!LANG-884b245357a35dd19ee7774dbc5ff8ec!}{!LANG-cb457cd7dd368dd5488aa570068bbf72!} {!LANG-e27f1e3bec0381145bd883bccc3cb037!}{!LANG-73365e38bf2b65234d77914e34d9fae0!} {!LANG-fc10fa66a08cdeb2f286e8761598bd44!}{!LANG-2efb0e5b1219e27bda465ea5c47894e9!}
{!LANG-f045639d15d3dcddb5ab7d8f4529b1f9!}
{!LANG-1c3bcf441cc62fe9da11aa87f7ea95a8!}
{!LANG-885109559eb8eff3a1e48d36bdbce9c9!} {!LANG-1c3bcf441cc62fe9da11aa87f7ea95a8!}{!LANG-cfed724596d89f8e32410c03cbddfe29!} {!LANG-e27f1e3bec0381145bd883bccc3cb037!}{!LANG-2e102b0569fc8440dc67d7cb4f4e93d2!}
{!LANG-90830c509f2851a3dc8b585f07f803ec!}
{!LANG-2f2f79cfd780310ed9863de632dc2892!}
{!LANG-0376d34f0448f4d9cf6735ff96af3d78!} {!LANG-2f2f79cfd780310ed9863de632dc2892!}{!LANG-850330041c1e3df394b0e5317485e6de!}
{!LANG-e65e8272a387bd560efbc1d9e10aecf5!}
{!LANG-5b9d57396207a0aec1658a8708851b21!}
{!LANG-2e61a1c2241946611f9cad7df3b167a8!} {!LANG-5b9d57396207a0aec1658a8708851b21!}{!LANG-fa19d62003cc2daa8b84bf2cfc4d2380!}
{!LANG-aed4bb4a5a9505b59f365ab84da0cbba!}
{!LANG-142f3ff5211f7cefdb42a4f9a7cec229!}
{!LANG-1eafbd27138988b1010cca5fadc54c06!}
{!LANG-6e874f467e7032de3b4ff2d6079b4c8b!}
{!LANG-1cb41e63bfde8b7ca8a21a4e7bf5f3c3!}
{!LANG-341ba0ef05bd17e7aa8620a42986f5d3!}
{!LANG-091d02ebb748872c2cfee8c3a3362f7b!}
{!LANG-b4061bb65a2c99b2d11993a4e8bc2b46!}
{!LANG-e9eb8f104d73a397caea49921b2ac21a!}
{!LANG-95487e10b0fd5c96472a0b3262c0d95b!}
{!LANG-716bbd1b44ee48450211d5e2c34679f0!}
{!LANG-57caf2c8f4ebbc677f84e3516f15ebea!}
{!LANG-e820284de413a863f8bef239a67b6a01!}
{!LANG-99f3daac2abdc7a833e36fe9e34f0c9a!}
{!LANG-92b8a55792c43d0561ddd28f74871296!}
{!LANG-fbb58cb57f91c4ed76e5321e16a8d4cc!}
{!LANG-c90f76d106360bccf08b11e2dd35fb91!}
{!LANG-fdd68b363feaf3385e81eb90ad7ef463!}
| {!LANG-66c6dc8644e610efbd33d762f83c50ef!} |
{!LANG-7d519496ee765a48b14585b84c3ac303!}
{!LANG-24a446ac3232716583e89bba9afa83cb!}
{!LANG-20ba7a61a5a5937c1493e7494745be56!}
{!LANG-94389e4e131c8a8d4a46263147cf970d!}
{!LANG-29c9f162cf979fdb8431c773d65c0197!}
{!LANG-ed7140ff4b63d89d517b290e423e2cd1!}
{!LANG-d8d6388937064fa3989a05ad2ffc584c!}
{!LANG-27f5e05f90667c464fdb8185bef58ceb!}
{!LANG-a89db871b3518185bd13764664959e8d!}
{!LANG-1361eeab565c672baa1372fda644ae20!}
 |
| {!LANG-a74c1f64881d244c8248e98427b3522b!} |
{!LANG-d4d1aa0f9bb3444e107bd6d1d53942b1!}
{!LANG-efc08f17d58c2003fdcd33d389cf1fc7!}
{!LANG-a7bf4f94fedce210fe692ff74bf30fa6!}
{!LANG-411b958f66659ba17af32ba7cf2e0590!}
{!LANG-dc6277783277f2eef361e3bde3908356!}
{!LANG-535a7cd91e38b74fc6000c1d70c6b50e!}
{!LANG-3ff7ab22598ea9acdb9c1d3d351c0e57!}
{!LANG-078d631b18d091986a06fc2ca1f39db5!}
{!LANG-cb7ff368265b516ff15dd6df7e33de1c!}
{!LANG-df37e95d95b38e9ddcbf03d63fc54fb3!}
{!LANG-e50c9598216c8eacfe3ff5ecaed4bf46!}
{!LANG-6cd19337398f83f1429cba6772d4438c!}
{!LANG-74dafa16757ba8892dec5903136dcda3!}
{!LANG-9fea53361fdf332658fd8f52f66e7a2b!}
{!LANG-af28cb9da6b3e1410532cd05076b45ed!}
{!LANG-d5ee3e94004826ead9ebfb75093cda2f!}
{!LANG-5e08ea1b67d0eb32a79db3c2b0d6d846!}
{!LANG-4a3858c7101fe850dd73c029ef496991!}
{!LANG-3d50f58c5dd46a663d0e536a748028d2!}
{!LANG-a8d47607a5204d31d70dbecd7414f9b8!}
{!LANG-e324b49050f3d24063d6230287138b20!}
{!LANG-ecfe882688f1a2563a721a0a977cf034!}
{!LANG-f987e24ba9e05c93ff5ff703fb59ffe5!}
{!LANG-b0c6b246f7cb33e45ddbb649bfb95929!}
{!LANG-9adb7d7e4c290a490a4feaeb162aa4d6!}
{!LANG-a72068dcbded9d81a25e0615b4124fa7!}
{!LANG-11d33f36cbc6c054c9de06bc0eb4bf73!}
{!LANG-2a62ce92341b566d6c4e7fc49b5edd85!}
{!LANG-83076dadc2ea434277667b8c310dfe6f!}
{!LANG-1daf632f2b2de6ac09da1a1437f7f773!}
{!LANG-2e6a803510996956b086003ebf0eb060!}
 |
| {!LANG-6d5fa5030833d2080a23286bd613b7ad!} |
{!LANG-d04c5065e5478076daf110cead27da9a!}
{!LANG-6cfe94faf4ae6369df6f1008020577d2!}
 |
| {!LANG-661434f06a2101805a8e0e7eed8509b7!} |
{!LANG-a7ce929cd169e1c1462a5cadfec53a60!}
{!LANG-083792706bb02a2ff5a2e78a675d3de0!}
{!LANG-aab440d4a1dc44e2d814a37735a52f1e!}
