Information logistics. Tasks and types of information logistics. Logistics information system and its types

Material flow management is based on the processing of information that circulates in logistics systems. The goal of information logistics is to obtain the necessary information to manage material flows in the right place and at the right time, with minimal costs for its processing. Using information logistics tools, material flows are planned and monitored.

The main tasks of information logistics are: planning logistics needs, analyzing decisions made on organizing material flows, exercising control over the management of logistics processes, integrating participants in the supply chain. Using information logistics tools, material flows are planned and monitored.

The presence of a developed information structure of production allows servicing production processes in two directions - horizontal and vertical integration of the logistics system. Horizontal integration allows you to connect information and provide it with material flow in the chain of receipt of goods and raw materials, their preliminary processing, inspection and sales. In addition, it links material and commodity flows with the overall planning and management system at the production and firm levels.

Vertical integration The logistics information system provides communication and interaction between various levels of the production management structure at the stage of strategic planning for the development of production and sales and operational management at the level of individual production sites. It also allows, with the help of direct and feedback connections, to obtain the necessary information about the state of production and promptly influence ongoing changes in the production process.

The main task of the information system is to provide the necessary information about the state of the sales market and sales volumes, reducing administrative and business costs.

There are also external and internal, input and output information flows. The information flow can be ahead of the material flow, follow simultaneously with it or after it. It can be directed either in the same direction as the material flow, or in the opposite direction.

Material flow is characterized by a number of indicators: source of origin, direction, intensity of receipt and speed of information transfer. Thus, to equip a workplace with computer technology, it is necessary to determine the amount of information passing through a given work area, the speed of its receipt and processing.

An important task is the management of material flow, which may be associated with changing the direction of the flow, limiting the speed of information transfer in certain sections of its passage.

Information systems in logistics can be of three types: planned, dispositive (or dispatch) and executive (or operational). They are shown schematically in Fig. 4.1 *.

Let's briefly look at their contents.

Planned information systems are created at the enterprise administration level to make strategic decisions, for example, on the creation and optimization of supply chain links, production planning, inventory management, etc.

Dispositive information systems are formed at the level of warehouse process management. In this case, they can decide

tasks for managing inventories at storage areas, internal warehouse processes, operations for selecting products for shipment, picking and accounting for cargo shipments.

Rice. 4.1.

Executive information systems are created at the level of operational and administrative management. Information is processed as it is received by electronic computing means to account for the movement of material flows in order to make appropriate management decisions. This allows you to solve problems related to the control of material flows, production management and warehouse processes.

Multi-level automated materials management systems require large development costs. In the field of logistics, when creating automated control systems, relatively inexpensive standard software is developed taking into account specific conditions.

The effectiveness of implementing logistics information systems can be calculated based on savings from:

• reducing the time it takes to complete the process thanks to advanced information flow, which allows you to optimize subsequent transport, warehouse, loading and unloading warehouse operations and production processes;
• reduction of inventory and production inventories as a result of reducing the risks associated with their creation. Timely receipt of information makes it possible to take prompt measures to partially replace stocks located in the warehouses of industrial enterprises and in the sphere of circulation;
• rational use of resources thanks to timely received information on the rational use of vehicles, loading and unloading mechanisms and production personnel, which helps to save production costs;
• improving the quality of the logistics process in the links of the supply chain. This allows us to ensure consistency in the timing of the production process and timely response to possible failures of the production process;
• reducing paper costs due to the end-to-end flow of information from one system to another. As a result, there is no need to register it multiple times, which eliminates possible errors;
• reducing errors in cases where electronic exchange between partner information systems is limited to only one data entry location. At the same time, the costs of updating data both for carrying out calculations and for creating new documents using retrospective data are reduced.

The movement of material flows and its results depend on the movement of information flows associated with them.

Economic information- a set of information functioning in economic objects (about social processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services), which can be recorded, transmitted, transformed and used to implement such management functions as planning, accounting, economic analysis, regulation, etc. .

Logistics information- this is purposefully collected information necessary to ensure the process of managing the enterprise’s logistics system.

Information support for logistics at an enterprise is the activity of forecasting, processing, accounting and analysis of information.

Without timely exchange of information, it is impossible to carry out logistics activities. Information contributes to the coordination of the work of departments. None of the logistics areas would be able to perform their tasks if they did not have the necessary information.

Logistics research, representing the systematic collection and analysis of data on the problems of commodity distribution, are an indispensable tool for making effective management decisions.

The study of information, as a function of enterprise management in market conditions, provides practice-tested recipes for achieving positive commercial results of logistics activities with minimal risks. In order to function normally, an enterprise must receive complete and high-quality information before and after its management makes management decisions.

Good information allows a company to:

• gain competitive advantages;
• reduce financial risk;
• determine buyer attitudes;
• justify intuitive decisions;
• increase operational efficiency;
• monitor the external environment;
• coordinate strategy;
• increase confidence in the agreements reached and obligations assumed.

The need for more extensive information is due to:

• transition from the traditional approach to material flow management, when the components of the system acted separately, to a new, logistics approach, in which the goals of each structural unit are subordinated to the overall goal of the entire enterprise;
• transition from a seller's market to a buyer's market;
• transition from price competition to non-price competition (development of logistics services), etc.

Information is used in all areas of logistics activities.

The need for information arises already at the planning stage of basic logistics processes. To do this, they use data on the main results of activity in the periods preceding the forecast one, and on the main directions of development of tax and legal relations in society as restraining or stimulating factors. These data make it possible to outline the main directions of the logistics strategy.

At the procurement stage, information about suppliers, manufactured goods, and new products is used. Here, information coming from outside helps to select the best supplier. Information coming from the micrologistics system allows, based on data on the availability of reserves, production capacity and financial stability of the enterprise, to correctly formulate a request for materials, raw materials and semi-finished products. The exchange of information between partner companies allows us to reach an agreement on the terms and conditions of delivery.

Information is also of great importance when transporting products. Based on the available data, the enterprise has the opportunity to determine the type and type of vehicle corresponding to the cargo being transported, and select a forwarding company with optimal tariffs. Regulatory information is extremely important here, since all types of transportation, both internal and external, are subject to a number of legislative acts. In addition, the availability of information about the cargo being transported allows you to create optimal conditions for its transportation and competently organize loading and unloading operations. Comparison of shipping documentation with information about the actual condition of the cargo at the time of arrival provides grounds for filing claims, etc.

When organizing warehousing systems, data from economic calculations on the development of the warehouse network are used; regulatory, sanitary and hygienic requirements for the organization of warehouse processes. In addition, timely received information about the actual state of inventories contributes to the calculation of the optimal amount of inventories, as well as the creation of conditions to ensure their safety, prevent theft and damage to goods.

When working with customers information task- create an idea of ​​the potential sales market and distribution channels for finished products.

Logistics Information System is a constantly operating system for collecting, classifying, analyzing, evaluating and distributing relevant, timely and accurate information for use in order to improve planning, implementation and control over the execution of logistics activities.

Information is collected and analyzed using four supporting systems, which together constitute: internal reporting, market research, information analysis and collection of current external information.

When determining the parameters of an enterprise, financial and accounting reporting plays a special role. This internal reporting system displays current sales indicators, expense amounts, inventory volumes, cash flow, information on accounts receivable and payable. Most often used:

• Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet of the Enterprise”;
• Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”;
• certificates for form No. 2 “Certificate for the report on financial results and their use”;
• Form No. 5 “Appendices to the balance sheet of the enterprise.”

To analyze the activities of an enterprise, an analytical balance sheet is drawn up, current indicators are determined, such as liquidity, financial stability and production efficiency. Then these indicators are compared with standard ones, a forecast of the probability of bankruptcy is made and the creditworthiness of the enterprise is assessed. Next, it is determined whether the development of the enterprise is possible with the existing logistics concept or whether the development of a new one is required.

Conducted studies show that product data entered from a computer keyboard contains on average one error for every 300 characters entered. When using bar codes, this figure drops to one error per 3 million characters. The American Management Association determined the average cost of identifying and eliminating one error at $25.

Barcoding technology and automatic data collection are based on simple physical laws. The bar code is an alternation of dark and light stripes of different widths. Its image is applied to an object that is a control object in the system. To register this element, a scanning operation is performed. In this case, a small luminous spot or laser beam from a scanning device moves along the bar code, alternately crossing thin and thick lines. The light beam reflected from the light stripes is captured by an ultra-sensitive device and converted into a discrete electrical signal. Having deciphered the light code, the computer converts it into digital.

The digital product code itself, as a rule, does not provide information about its properties. A unique 13-digit number is only the address of a cell in the computer’s memory, which contains all the information about this product necessary for machine-readable documents. The totality of this information forms a product database. Subsequently, the database must be transmitted along the distribution chain using an electronic communication network or on machine-readable media.

At the moment the check is issued by the cash register computer, the main computer of the section receives into its memory information that the product has been sold. This computer accompanies the receipt of goods from the warehouse and sale by arithmetic linking of arrays in the stock card index. Thus, the system permanently provides not only total, but also quantitative accounting of goods, which cannot be organized without coding.

Quantitative sales accounting is used for timely replenishment of the assortment. An order for the delivery of goods to a store or their delivery to the sales floor, automatically compiled and transmitted via an electronic communication network, takes into account the emerging demand for each product item.

The use of automated barcode identification technology in logistics can significantly improve the management of material flows at all stages of the logistics process. Let us note its main advantages.

In production:

• creation of a unified system for accounting and monitoring the movement of products and components at each site, as well as over the state of the logistics process at the enterprise as a whole;
• reducing the number of support staff and reporting documentation, eliminating errors.

In warehousing:

• automation of accounting and control of material flow;
• reducing time for logistics operations with material and information flows.

In trade:

• creation of a unified material flow accounting system;
• automation of ordering and inventory of goods;
• reduction of customer service time.

Another applied area of ​​information logistics is the marking of packages with machine-readable code.

In logistics processes, the object of management is not only a unit of goods, but also a cargo package, which includes tens or even thousands of individual units of goods. At the same time, a separate unit of goods, the advantages of coding and automatic identification of which are discussed above, is the main subject of labor only at the final stage of product distribution, i.e. in the store. In the earlier stages, goods move mostly in the form of freight packages. The lack of uniformity and consistency among participants in logistics processes in matters of coding, labeling and identification of these packages significantly slows down the movement of material flow and makes it difficult to manage it at all stages of movement from supplier to consumer.

In conditions where wholesale cargo is concentrated from many suppliers using different, often incompatible systems for identifying cargo packages, effective organization of material flow management is difficult. For manufacturers, efficiency losses occur at the distribution stage. Transport workers “lose” the effect during the transportation process, wholesalers lose in the process of storing and sorting goods, and retailers lose in the process of performing purchasing operations.

On the one hand, the listed losses, and on the other, the high level of development of computer technology and information technology allowed the International Association EAN develop a unified standard for labeling cargo packages.

Both the introduction of a standard for pallets and the introduction of a unified standard for labeling cargo packages can radically change the cargo handling system and dramatically increase the efficiency of logistics processes.

The proposed standard provides for marking a cargo package with a special label, which may contain various information: about the product, shelf life, as well as information that allows one to uniquely identify this cargo unit. At the request of the shipper, the label may contain information about the name of the company or other data.

In order for the label to be constantly visible to the operator during processing, it is applied to all four sides of the cargo package.

The benefits of using the EAN label:

• simple and unambiguous identification of the pallet is ensured. The serial code of the transport package is a kind of key that provides access to information stored in the computer;
• the label originally applied by the package supplier can be used by all participants in the “manufacturer-consumer” chain without exception;
• the process of communication between partners is greatly facilitated;
• barcode scanning ensures fast and correct information entry;
• Freight processing time at all stages is repeatedly reduced.

So, we see that at all times the lack of information does not allow us to adequately assess the environment. Making decisions aimed at increasing the efficiency of material flow management activities is impossible without the availability of complete, accurate and reliable information about events and phenomena. The more information logisticians have at their disposal, the better and easier management decisions are made. With the development of scientific and technical progress, automation of systems for organizing information flows will become increasingly important. This is due to the fact that an automated data processing and exchange system reduces paperwork, the possibility of errors, and thus reduces the enterprise’s costs for correcting these errors. Automated information flow management systems allow you to avoid downtime and implement a system of quick response and just-in-time delivery at your enterprises.

1. Logistics information is purposefully collected information necessary to ensure the process of managing the enterprise’s logistics system.

Good information allows an enterprise to gain competitive advantages, reduce financial risk, determine customer attitudes, justify intuitive decisions, increase operational efficiency, monitor the external environment, coordinate strategy, and increase confidence in agreements reached and commitments made.

The logistics information system is a constantly operating system for collecting, classifying, analyzing, evaluating and disseminating relevant, timely and accurate information for use in order to improve planning, implementation and control over the execution of logistics activities.

2. An information system is a certain organized set of interconnected computer equipment, various reference books and the necessary programming tools, which provides the solution of certain functional tasks (in logistics - problems of managing material flows).

Information systems are divided into three groups: planned, discretionary (dispatcher), executive (operational).

· 1. Basic concepts and definitions of information logistics (IL).

· 2. Classification of information flows.

· 3. Hierarchy of information use in logistics.

· 4. “Relationships” of information and material flows.

· 5.Methods of identification and storage of data in drugs (bar coding) and information systems.

1.Basic concepts and definitions of information logistics (IL)

Information logistics– a functional area of ​​logistics that studies information flows and their use for logistics management.

Logistics information– a purposefully collected set of facts, phenomena, events to ensure the process of managing the enterprise’s medicines (information on production, distribution, consumption of goods and services, etc.).

IP V PM have specific features that distinguish them from other types of information flows. These features are associated with the properties of the drug and have the following characteristics:

· heterogeneity of information (qualitative heterogeneity of information used in drugs);

· multiplicity (suppliers and consumers of information, as well as the number of information transfers in each direction);

· complexity and difficulty in visibility of information flows and their routing;

· multiple options for optimizing information flows.

2. Classification of information flows

Information flow(definition 1) – a set of indivisible quanta of information that arise and circulate within the logistics system and between logistics systems and the external environment.

Information flow(definition 2) – a flow of messages in oral, documentary (paper and electronic) and other forms, accompanying material and other flows in the LAN.

Information flows are intended for carrying out logistics operations and monitoring their implementation.

Logistics IP as a complex system is divided into a number of components:

· requisites– characterize the information set qualitatively and quantitatively. This is an elementary characteristic of a message. For example, the name of the organization, product, price of the product, etc. in the form of alphabetic, numeric or special characters;

· documentation– a piece of information with a specific topic and time characteristic;

· indicators– the basis of accounting, control, and analysis of information. Serves as the basis for obtaining statistical, accounting or economic summary data and reports;

· arrays– a set of homogeneous data that have a single technological basis and are united by a common semantic content . The main elements of the array are records. The type of an array is determined by the content of its entries. An information array named in the information LAN is called a file.

Structuring IP according to classification criteria:

1) in relation to logistics functions: elementary, complex, key, basic;

2) in relation to the logistics system and drug links: internal, external, horizontal, vertical, input, output;

3) by type of storage media: paper, magnetic, electronic, others;

4) by time of occurrence and frequency of use: regular, periodic, operational, On-line, Off-line;

5) according to the purpose of information or types of activities: administrative, organizational, directive, normative and reference, accounting and analytical, reference, scientific, technical, auxiliary;

6) by degree of openness and level of significance: open, closed, commercial, secret, simple, custom;

7) by method of information transmission: couriers, mail, telephone, telegraph, radio, TV, e-mail, etc.

Information used in medicines can be considered useful if it can be used in current production, marketing and other processes. To ensure adequate formation of IP, two principles must be observed: data must be collected as close as possible to the sources and presented in a form suitable for their transformation and comparison.

3. Hierarchy of information use in logistics

Information that satisfies the logistics needs of the company can be implemented at 4 levels of management.

This level is usually determined depending on the type of activity and the degree of responsibility for the work performed.

The information drug is divided into:

□ to a functional subsystem, consisting of a set of tasks to be solved, grouped based on a common goal

□ to the supporting subsystem, including provision:

· technical (technical means for processing and transmitting information);

· informational (directories, classifiers, codifiers);

· software (text processing, solving quantitative problems).

Formation of an information system is a process that uses the achievements of modern information technologies and the latest computer systems, which makes it possible to successfully manage all processes at all levels of management.

The main purpose of the functioning of the information drug- information in the right place, in the right volume and at the right time.

Information flows used to develop a strategy and policy for making logistics decisions may contain the following information:

· marketing (market research, analysis and sales forecast);

· sales (invoices, sales orders, bills of lading);

· engineering (projects, materials accounting, cost estimates);

· financial (accounting reports on receipts and expenses, accounts payable);

· production (reports, working projects, operational cards, schedules and consumption plans).

4. “Relationships” of information and material flows

An information flow can arise as a result of the movement of one or another material flow. Conversely, it may be the cause of a material flow.

In logistics management, the information flow may belong to one of the following types: :

information flow between subsystems of the same hierarchical level - horizontal information flow

information flow between subsystems of different hierarchical levels - vertical information flow

External or internal information flow

input or output information flow

The information flow is characterized by the following parameters :

1) source of occurrence;

3) transmission speed (the amount of information transmitted per unit of time);

4) total volume (transmission volume in information theory is measured in baud, (1 baud = 1 bit/sec.)).

IP can function in the same direction as the corresponding material flow (MF) or directed towards the MP. The direction of the IP in some cases may have nothing to do with the direction of movement of the corresponding MP. An IP moving towards the MP can be anticipatory and lagging; it can lead, lag and be synchronous.

Types of information flow:

1) leading; 2) synchronous; 3) lagging behind:

a) with the same direction; b) counter;

c) differing in direction.

The above various IPs are the connections that unite into a single whole the various functional subsystems within which material flows are realized.

5.Methods of identification and storage of data in drugs (bar coding)

For effective logistics management of material flows, timely operational information about the movement of sets of cargo units that form the corresponding material flows is required. The most modern method is to scan labels containing special bar codes.

Bar codes (bar codes)- a combination of alternating thin and thick black stripes placed in a rectangle, separated by light spaces of different widths. There are and are used different types of bar codes depending on the purpose and area of ​​application. Each code has its own characteristics.

ITF -14 code – rectangular, easier to print, possibly used on corrugated boxes, used for coding product lots.

Code 128 is additional, used in addition to others to encode the batch number, production date, sell-by date, etc.

EAN codes (4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,14) – for coding consumer goods. 99% of products have barcodes. (EAN – European Article Numbering)

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN LOGISTICS. Logistics systems are based on information generated both within the organization itself and outside it.

Building an information system for logistics management of a commercial organization involves identifying its contours, that is, the boundaries of information flows.

The literature provides different opinions regarding information support for logistics, which is considered in a broad and narrow sense. Thus, economists A.A. Kanke and I.P. Koshevaya believe that in the narrow sense of the word, information logistics is a supporting functional area of ​​logistics management or the general theory of logistics. In the broad sense of the word, information logistics is a system that provides information to an organization based on logistics rules (rationality, timeliness, calculation). A comprehensive analysis of the conceptual apparatus allows us to consider information logistics as the science of implementing methods for collecting, processing, storing and distributing information in production and economic systems based on logistics rules (increasing the relevance of information in the right volume, at the right time, in the right place and at optimal costs) .

In our opinion, information logistics reflects the movement of information flows within the elements of the organization’s management system.

Objects of information logistics are information flows that reflect the movement of material, financial and other flows that affect economic activity.

Information flows in logistics systems have their own specific features that distinguish them from all other types of information flows. These features depend on the properties of logistics systems. Logistics information flows have the following characteristics:

· heterogeneity (information used in logistics systems is qualitatively heterogeneous);

· multiple divisions - information providers;

· multiplicity of divisions - consumers of information;

· complexity and difficulty of practical visibility of information routes;

· multiplicity of the number of transmissions of documentation units along each route;

· multiple options for optimizing information flows.

The information flow includes several components: attribute, indicator, document and array.




Figure 18. Information flow structure

Props is the elementary unit of a message. Typically, details are presented in different characters: digital, alphabetic, special. Details are an element of any document. In accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Accounting”, the document must contain mandatory details: name, date, number, content, signatures of responsible persons and seal. The absence of at least one of the required details makes the document invalid.

Documentation represent material or electronic media. In practice, documents are classified in order to systematize data and simplify work with them. There are primary and secondary, internal and external documents, paper and electronic, incoming and outgoing, etc. Logistics uses both primary documents (invoices, invoices, delivery notes, checks, etc.) and secondary documents (purchase and sales reports, delivery plans, etc.).

Array is a collection of homogeneous data that has a single technological basis and is united by a single semantic content. Data (processes, phenomena, facts, etc.) presented in a formalized form suitable for transmission via communication channels and for processing on a computer. The main elements of arrays that determine their content are records.

Records, These are array elements that users operate when processing information. Elements of records that have a single semantic meaning are information fields.

Data belonging to one array is recorded according to general rules (in accordance with the technology of accumulation, storage and processing of data adopted in the organization). The type of array is determined by its content (for example, an array of material standards, an array of material suppliers), functions in the data processing process (input, output, intermediate arrays). An information array provided with a symbolic name that uniquely identifies it in the information system is called a file.

Information flows reflect the movement of data with different meanings, so they must be classified into the following types:

Ø administrative (orders, directions);

Ø organizational (instructions, protocols);

Ø analytical (reviews, memos, summaries, reports);

Ø reference (certificates, regulatory documents);

Ø scientific (articles, special publications);

Ø technical (technical documentation).

Based on the types of information media, information flows are divided into paper, electronic, and mixed. Currently, electronic documents are used on a par with paper ones, in a number of areas of activity (settlements with tax authorities, payment for services), displacing paper documents. The information flow includes paper and electronic media that complement or duplicate each other.

This is interesting!

For a person to perceive information, its indication is necessary. Depending on the indication, information flows are divided into:

1) alphabetic streams (verbal recording in a document, on a computer monitor screen);

2) digital streams (digital recording, digital image on a computer monitor screen);

3) symbolic (conventional images on drawings, organizational charts);

4) subject-visual (television image, photograph).

TO subjects of information logistics We will include structural divisions of the organization (departments), officials who make management decisions.

In information systems, there are links, functions, procedures and operations that are studied within the framework of a systems approach.

The information link represents a functionally separate object that fulfills a local purpose associated with information operations. Based on the structure of the organization's management system, such units include departments, services, officials, and groups of employees performing homogeneous operations.

Information functions are implemented in the form of providing management functions (planning, regulation, accounting, control and analysis) in the context of activities and departments of the organization. Information procedures include blocks of operations for collecting, registering, processing, storing and transmitting information.

PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING AN INFORMATION SYSTEM. Russian logistics economists view the structural and functional aspects of information support for logistics management differently.

So, functional The information system is presented in the form of a pyramid, which is based on the logistics operations of divisions, operations between intermediaries and consumers of the company's products. There are three levels: strategic, tactical and technical. Logistics planning is carried out at the strategic level, accounting, financial and production control and analysis are carried out at the tactical level, and supply, production and sales operations are carried out at the technical level.

Organizational structure is broadly presented in the form of four subsystems: managing order procedures, scientific research and communications, supporting logistics solutions and generating output forms and reports.

In our opinion, each commercial organization creates an information system for logistics management based on its strategy and tactics, the specifics of economic activity, software features and other factors. Therefore, standard solutions cannot always ensure the effectiveness of management, and, as a consequence, economic activity expressed in the form of income and profit (loss).

Thus, we propose the construction of a management information system based on functions of organizing these flows.

Information support of an enterprise includes primary and secondary functions of generating data sets.

TO primary functions of generating information support management of the organization include:

Ø organization of information arrays;

Ø organization of information flows;

Ø organization of procedures for collecting, registering, processing, storing and moving information.



Figure 19. Stages (functions) of forming a logistics management information system

At organizing information arrays unified documentation systems and classifiers are used, with the help of which structured data arrays are created that are used in organizing databases.

The organization of information flows provides for the following management procedures (actions):

Ø identification of sources and consumers of information in accordance with special functions and tasks of management;

Ø determination of the composition of information, the frequency of its circulation and forms of presentation;

Ø development of document flow;

Ø use of a complex of technical means to organize information flows;

Ø establishing the procedure for drawing up, processing, registering, agreeing and approving documents.

Organization of procedures for collection, registration, processing, storage and movement of information involves providing these processes with the necessary technical means (computer software, means of recording information) and distributing tasks for the preparation and transmission of information between the structural divisions of the organization and officials (based on regulations on the work of departments, job descriptions, etc.).

TO secondary functions the formation of information support includes the provision of a logistics system for managing information on research developments in the field of engineering, technology, information on advanced Russian and foreign experience in the field of management (new management technologies).

The implementation of the functions of the management information system is achieved with its effective organization.

Currently, there are three ways to organize an information system in companies:

1) centralized form;

2) decentralized form;

3) specialized form.

With the centralized method, activities for the formation of information support for logistics management are concentrated in one department and report directly to the head of the organization (general director) or the board of directors. Typically, such activities are carried out by the information technology department or the deputy director for technical issues (in small organizations). The advantage of this method of organization is the high responsibility of the individual performer. At the same time, the disadvantages include the high costs of maintaining a department or specialists (specialist) in information technology, as well as the lack of interest of employees in the development of the information system due to the lack of leverage over the procedures for managing this system.

Within decentralized way In organizing an information system, specialists at different levels of management perform procedures for collecting, recording, processing, storing and transmitting information. In this case, each employee bears personal responsibility for the completeness, timeliness, and reliability of information about his activities. However, there is duplication of similar operations in departments. For example, there is a repeated check of primary documents from their receipt to the supply department (production shops, sales department, etc.) to their receipt by the accounting department (finance department).

In recent years, a third method of organizing information support has been gaining popularity - specialized method, or outsourcing. In this case, the organization does not have an information technology department or specialists in such technologies. Work on the formation of a management information system, the development of procedures for the flow of information, and software for the information system is carried out by specialized companies or specialists on a contractual basis. Economists note the advantage of this method, which consists in a high level of scientific and methodological developments, and the disadvantage, which consists in incomplete consideration of the specific features of the client company’s management system.

The choice of one of the considered methods of organizing a logistics management information system is determined by a number of factors, including the scale of the organization’s activities, the specifics of business processes, the availability of financial resources, the level of hardware and software, the level of qualifications of management and accounting, etc.

The information system of a modern organization must meet the following requirements:

Ø hierarchy (subordination of tasks and use of data sources);

Ø principle of data aggregation (accounting requests at different levels);

Ø redundancy (construction taking into account not only current, but also future tasks);

Ø confidentiality;

Ø adaptability to changing demands;

Ø consistency and information unity (determined by the development of a system of indicators that would exclude the possibility of uncoordinated actions and the output of incorrect information);

Ø openness of the system (for replenishing data).

The construction of information support in logistics is carried out according to a hierarchical principle, while in the information system the numbering of levels starts from the lowest level. This principle was adopted in order to ensure the possibility of vertical movement of information, as well as the inclusion of the system in question into general information systems and networks of a higher order.

According to this approach to designing an information system, three levels are distinguished:

Level 1. This is the level of jobs.

These include places of work for storekeepers (warehouse logistics), managers, workers, places for packaging, labeling, etc. At this level, various logistics operations are carried out within the framework of logistics functions - supply, production, sales, service, etc. Primary material and information flows are formed here.

Level 2. This is the level of a structural unit of an organization (production site or workshop, department). At this level, material and information flows, as well as financial flows in an enlarged form, are formed. To manage these flows, operational (private) budgets are drawn up (budgets for supply, production, sales, expenses, etc.).

Level 3. At this level, logistics flows are managed through the general budget (profit and loss budget, cash flow budget, forecast balance), tactical and strategic planning (company development plan, marketing strategy, etc.) and control. Top management receives departmental budgets, summary reports by type of activity, analytical reports and notes, and based on their analysis, develops, adjusts and approves business plans, strategic and tactical plans, and makes management decisions in a particular area of ​​economic activity.

This structure of the logistics management system predetermines the functional and operational completeness of the information system and its components.

It is important to know!The logistics information system, like other systems, has a feedback function. The point is that information circulates in a closed loop of the logistics management system, moving horizontally (exchange of information between departments) and vertically (from the lowest level of management to the highest level).

In particular, the organization's production program (production plan) may change if the supply budget (reduction or increase in purchases) or sales budget (decrease or increase in product sales volume) is adjusted. For example, senior management suggests introducing a new type of product to the market by changing the product range. Due to the receipt of such information from the highest level to the middle and lower levels, there is a need to adjust the supply budgets (purchase of new materials or new products), the production budget (production of a new type of product), the sales budget (increasing the volume of products sold), the advertising budget (promotion of a new type of product). products to market). In addition, the sales department conducts marketing research to assess market needs and prospects for selling new products.

Thus, a change in the characteristics of logistics flows in one structural unit causes corresponding changes in other units.

The information system, in addition to having a feedback function, depends on adjustable parameters of material flows.

These parameters include the characteristics of material flows: input, intermediate and output flows. Data collection can be carried out at different points in the overall material flow; accordingly, decisions also affect the material flow at different stages of activity. Therefore, the information system is multi-circuit, which includes local information circuits.

It is important! In addition to the volume, structure and contours of information movement, Logistics information systems are analyzed through quantitative indicators: the amount of lag and the degree of amplification.

Information delays in the process of preparing and making management decisions, they can be different in size and arise in different places in the material and financial flow. Typically, delays in business activities are weeks. On average, transportation time is a week, the delay in accounting transactions is three weeks, the postal delay is half a week, the delay for wholesale and intermediary organizations is a week.

No less important gain regulation of activity processes in logistics. It reflects the totality of actions of middle and senior management officials to change the state of the management system and logistics processes.

Economists note that the person or bodies making decisions must ensure high-quality logistics management, that is, under the influence of a decision, the logistics system moves from one state to another, a new state corresponding to the changes that have occurred in this environment. At the same time, the quality indicators of economic activity (quality of products, labor, management) should not decrease.

In conditions of changes in the internal environment of the organization, modernization of production, introduction of new technologies and new equipment, the logistics management system may be in an unstable position, which increases economic and financial risks and can lead to a decrease in liquidity indicators, solvency and profitability, and in the case of long-term changes, with significant diversion of financial resources - to the bankruptcy of the organization.

Therefore, it is necessary to carefully plan structural and qualitative changes in the enterprise management system based on a systematic approach, highlighting key problems and ways to solve them. To do this, a comprehensive economic analysis is usually carried out, including decomposition of the control system and its diagnostics.

Thus, it comes to the fore the problem of prompt and adequate response of information systems to changing conditions of economic activity.

Economists offer two ways to solve this problem:

1) Transition from the functional principle of management to the systemic principle.

As part of the functional approach, each department of the organization created and used its own information subsystem, which included its own communication channels, forms of documents and reports, archives, methods, means and communication points. In this case, duplication of information occurs at all levels of management, filling out unnecessary documents, increasing the labor intensity of accounting and analytical work, and other problems. The systems approach involves the creation of an information system focused on all processes of economic activity. Due to the implementation of this approach to the design of an information system, it is isolated from other objects of logistics management - material, financial and service flows moving between departments.

The use of such an information system structure makes it possible to create horizontal connections, unify technologies for collecting and processing information, and forms of its presentation.

Such information systems are usually called integrated, taking into account an integrated approach to information support for management. The use of an integrated information system gives synergistic effect(mutual strengthening of connections between components during their joint actions).

It is important to know! In practice, a distinction is made between positive and negative synergistic effects.

Positive synergistic effect is manifested in the fact that the coordinated work of suppliers, buyers and organizations ensures the stability of business processes, improves the quality of products and services, and reduces costs.

However, the integrated information system has a significant drawback, expressed in the possibility of education negative synergistic effect.

It manifests itself in the fact that if two or more counterparties (for example, suppliers) fail to fulfill their obligations, disruptions occur in the production and sale of products, leading to loss of clientele and reduced profits. As a result, the image and business reputation are undermined, the losses from which turn out to be greater than the amount of shortfalls. In the future, when production failures are eliminated, contractors are replaced with more reliable partners, the company runs the risk of not restoring its business reputation and circle of customers, which will lead to a reduction in the volume of business activities, or initiate bankruptcy.

2) Use of computer equipment, software, local area networks and the Internet.

In the process of introducing computer hardware and software, information flows are integrated into a single information network, based on a hierarchical principle. Within the framework of such an information system, local workplaces are identified, connected by common information channels and means of information exchange.

In Russian companies, the development of information systems is associated with the spread of Internet technologies in the 1990-2000s. The use of virtual communication channels within the global Internet, e-mail capabilities, and communication via Skype allows organizations, holdings, and corporations to create a single information space by uniting local information systems of companies, branches, and subsidiaries located in different cities, regions, and countries.

MODERN LOGISTICS INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES. The efficiency of logistics is determined by the synchronicity of the movement of material, financial, information and service flows, a reliable assessment of their volume, structure and quality. To coordinate these flows, electronic technologies, communications, automation and computerization of business processes are used.

Designing a logistics management system implies the formation of a unified information support that combines elements of the management system based on the interconnection of logistics flows.

The development and implementation in the 1980-1990s in the USA and Europe, in the 1990s to the present in Russia, of information and communication technologies, called “Internet technologies,” led to the formation of a global electronic environment for the activities of organizations and enterprises.

A report prepared by the European Commission defines the global network economy as “an environment in which any company or individual located anywhere in an economic system can communicate easily and at minimal cost with any other company or individual to work together, to trade, to exchange ideas and know-how or just for fun.”

Information technology specialists note that the evolution of the modern global economy largely depends on the effectiveness of information technologies, the formation of non-market mechanisms, and network organizational structures.

The successful use of information technologies (including the capabilities of the Internet) leads to increased efficiency in the use of the organization's resource base, flexibility and adaptability to changes in the external and internal business environment, and the quality of management decisions.

This is interesting! Modern studies of the impact of information technology on the economic activities of organizations indicate that the parameters of the geographic location of counterparties (“remoteness” and “access to resources”) should be replaced by the parameters of their connection to the network (network access).

With reliable network access, contacts of commercial organizations reflect the continuous exchange of information arrays (data). In this case, connections lose their uniqueness, since “everyone to everyone” connections are already built into the network economy.

Previous communication links (telephone, telefax, mail) are losing their attractiveness in the context of large-scale use of the Internet and local networks. Since the Internet is a permanent global network, suppliers, buyers, clients and other market participants can communicate with each other both asynchronously (via E-mail, network conferences) and in real time (on-line), taking into account the difference in time zones.

In Russia, Internet technologies are most often used by transport companies (mainly large companies), wholesale organizations, and online stores.

Let's consider the use of Internet technologies using the example of the work of transport organizations and retail online stores, as well as auctions.

Suppliers, transport organizations and buyers are united in a logistics supply chain, which involves the synchronization of logistics flows (material, information and others) in order to reduce time losses and timely clearance of cargo flow.

Therefore, the information flow accompanying the material flow (delivery of products or goods, materials) must arrive at the next logistics link earlier than the actual arrival of the cargo. In practice, this requirement is implemented through the use of electronic information exchange protocols in the domestic and international markets.

European companies use the CargoFinder program (Cargo Finder), developed and implemented in 1998 in the Netherlands, to exchange information via the Internet.

The program represents a kind of information exchange center in which suppliers and buyers exchange information in real time, clarifying time limits, supply volumes and other aspects. Sellers of logistics and forwarding services benefit from exposing their services to a global audience of (new) buyers, and cargo providers can use the system to find the optimal logistics solution with the required conditions. More detailed information is available on the company website www.cargofinder.com

Another, no less effective and widespread, is the Freight-on-line.com system, the first worldwide system that optimizes the transportation of goods by sea. The system connects shippers (suppliers) with transport companies exchanging relevant information.

"What makes Freight-on-line, com such an important tool in logistics is the reach, speed and value it provides virtually anywhere in the world," said Stephen Aron, the company's chief executive. “Shippers can now discover and negotiate with more shipping companies and get more information faster than ever before. A simple one-time transaction makes it possible to choose the route and method of cargo delivery associated with the lowest costs. In business, time is money, and Freight-on-line.com saves you both.”

An important aspect is the non-biased nature of the system, that is, transport companies or suppliers are not advertised in this system, and product prices are not set.

In the last two decades, e-commerce has been actively developing in Russia. E-commerce refers to the conduct of business using the transfer of technological data and information through telecommunications and electronic means.

E-commerce includes elements:

· electronic data interchange (EDI);

· Email;

· electronic catalogues;

· electronic transfer of funds;

· technological data exchange;

· electronic forms;

· flow of work. All these components are supported by electronic and telecommunications means, including the Internet.

Wholesale and retail trading companies are engaged in the sale of products, goods, works or services through the use of the Internet, which hosts their websites. For example, customers can purchase goods and services by activating purchases through site functions and make payments through payment terminals; by transferring money from a plastic card; using Yandex-Money, PayPal and other payment systems.

This is interesting! Research on online commerce in Russia has revealed a number of factors hindering its development:

- inability to “touch” the purchased product;

- doubts about the proper quality of the purchased product or service;

- difficulty in returning goods or services;

- other reasons (distrust of Internet technologies, lack of a bank card, etc.).

In practice, logistics operations for the purchase and sale of goods and services can be implemented through electronic auctions. In our country, the most popular American online auction is E-bay. E-Bay is the world's largest online shopping center where you can buy or sell almost any product. The owner of this shopping center is eBay Inc.

eBay Inc. was founded in 1995 in San Jose (California). The company provides commerce services through eBay and PayPal, which allows individuals and businesses to send and receive online payments securely, easily and quickly, and through GSI, which provides e-commerce, omnichannel retail and digital marketing services to global businesses.

Retail purchase and sale of goods and services can be carried out through the Slando website.

METHOD FOR INFORMATION IDENTIFICATION AND STORAGE IN THE MICROLOGISTIC SYSTEM. In order to ensure rational horizontal connections between material and information flows, a technique for automatically entering data and identifying units of goods (products) is used. This is done by scanning (reading) product labels containing bar codes. Scanning is carried out using laser devices (instruments).

Modern barcoding is widely used in trade organizations and warehouse logistics.

This is interesting! The emergence of the barcoding technique is associated with Bernard Silver (1924-1962).

In 1948, Bernard Silver, a graduate student at the Drexel University Institute of Technology (Philadelphia, USA), learned that the director of a local food chain had asked one of the deans of Drexel University to develop a system that would automatically read information about a product during its inspection. The three of them, along with Norman's friends Joseph Woodland and Jordyn Johanson, began exploring different marking systems. Bernard Silver initially proposed using ultraviolet ink for marking, but its shortcomings forced him to abandon this idea.

Norman Woodland, convinced of the feasibility of the idea, moved to Florida and continued his research there. One day, while sunbathing on the beach, the idea of ​​using Morse code struck him, and Norman Woodland drew the first barcode from the sand on the beach. As he himself said: “I just extended the dots and dashes down and made narrow and wide lines out of them.” To read the strokes he used a soundtrack, namely an optical soundtrack.

October 20, 1949 became the date of birth of the barcoding system, as on this day Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver filed an application for the invention.

In 1951, the inventors of barcoding tried to collaborate on the development of the system with IBM. However, the company's management considered the implementation of the system to be an expensive business project for the distant future. In 1952, the patent was sold to Philco, which resold it to RCA that same year.

In practice, linear and two-dimensional barcodes are used.

Linear(regular) are barcodes that are readable in one direction (horizontally). The most common linear symbols: EAN (EAN-8 consists of 8 digits, EAN-13 - 13 digits are used), UPC (UPC-A, UPC-E), Code56, Code128 (UPC/EAN-128), Codabar, “Interleaved 2 of 5". Linear symbologies allow you to encode a small amount of information (up to 20-30 characters, usually numbers).

2D barcodes are readable horizontally and vertically. They are expressed in multidimensional and matrix barcodes.



Figure 20. 2D barcode.

So, let's look at the types of barcodes used in various fields of activity.

In trade, the EAN/UPC encoding system is most often used. The UPC system was first developed in the United States, but the entire digit range (12 digits) was occupied to encode US and Canadian products. Therefore, the developers of the European product information coding system created their own system compatible with the UPC system. As a result, the 13th digit was introduced to designate product codes for European countries; it is usually indicated to the left of the barcode.

Below is a picture showing the EAN-13 barcode.



Figure 21. EAN-13 code structure.

Product code EAN – 13 includes a set of elements:

1) prefix of the national organization GS-1 (3 digits);

2) Registration number of the product manufacturer (4-6 digits);

3) Product code (3-5 digits);

4) Check number (1 digit);

5) Additional field (optional barcode field, sometimes there is a “>” sign, “free zone indicator”).

So, national organization prefix means the GS1 regional office code with which the product manufacturer is registered. It is important to know! This does not mean that the product was manufactured in the country in which the manufacturer is located. The Association does not prohibit registering an enterprise with registrars of another country. For example, the Volkswagen concern produces products in Russia, but the organization is registered in Germany.

The next group of numbers - from 4 to 6 - means registration number of the company producing the goods. For each region, from ten thousand to a million enterprises can be registered. The length of this field depends on the regional office policy. In some countries, the size of this field depends on the level of payment of membership fees. The problem is that if the length of this field is longer, then more enterprises can be registered, but each enterprise is allocated the opportunity to register a smaller quantity of goods. That is, if the enterprise code is 6 digits, then each enterprise is allocated space to register 1000 units of goods. Previously, the Russian representative office allocated 4 digits as an enterprise code, and then, to encode goods, the enterprise had the ability to register one hundred thousand units of goods. In the 2000s, the Russian representative office decided to allocate 6 digits for the enterprise code and 3 digits for the product code to newly registered enterprises. This was due to the fact that most enterprises produce less than 1000 items of goods, and this would be a more reasonable step towards more economical use of codes.

The remaining numbers are allocated to organizations for coding goods. The digital code itself has no meaning. The Association recommends the sequential assignment of codes as a new type of product is released, without investing any additional meaning into this code.

The last, 13th digit is the control digit. It is calculated in a certain way based on the 12 preceding digits of the code. Economists note that the barcode represents the memory address in the computer in which information about the product is stored. Therefore, these data can be visualized or moved along the local information network synchronously with the movement of material flow (flow of goods).

This is interesting! In a number of countries (Japan, China, etc.) designer barcodes are used that look very creative (Fig.).



Figure 22. Designer barcodes.

In addition to the EAN and UPC systems, logistics uses the Interleaved barcoding system, which is an international standard code for marking containers and packaging of product units. This system can be used to identify tickets at airports, railway stations, marinas; identification of postal items, etc.



Figure 23. Interleaved barcode structure.

This barcode has the features of representing pairs of numbers in barcode characters using five strokes and five spaces. In odd positions (from left to right), numbers are indicated by strokes, and in even positions - by spaces (alternation). A “0” is usually written in front of the code.

Currently, barcode reading is usually carried out using special scanners, which can be portable or stationary. In large trading companies (AUCHAN, Real, etc.), scanners are part of a set of special equipment used to register and pay for purchased goods. The cashier, when making payments to the buyer, first reads the barcode of the product using a hand-held or stationary scanner.

Of course, cashiers and sales associates can manually enter product identification codes using a computer keyboard. This does not require the use of reading devices such as a scanner. However, studies of the effectiveness of manually entering product information have shown that humans make 10,000 times more errors than when scanning products automatically.

The use of barcoding is end-to-end in nature, since the assignment of barcodes to products occurs at the stages of production or purchase of products. Then the products go through all stages of transportation and movement to intermediaries, and subsequently to the buyer.

Therefore, to ensure effective control over the movement of material flows, the identification and use of a barcoding system throughout the entire supply chain is necessary.

Control questions

1. Describe the essence of information logistics.

2. Name the objects and subjects of information logistics.

3. List the characteristics of information flow.

4. Expand the structure of the information flow.

5. How are information flows classified?

6. List the requirements for information systems in logistics.

7. Describe the stages of designing an information system.

8. Justify the need for the development of Internet technologies in logistics.

9. What Internet technologies are used in modern logistics?

10. Expand methods of identification and barcoding, types of barcodes.

TERMINOLOGY

Diversification– expansion of the range of products (services) based on the simultaneous development of other, unrelated, areas of activity.

Distribution– functional area of ​​logistics, which consists in the integrated management of logistics functions and operations for the promotion of finished products and related logistics services from manufacturers and (or) wholesale (wholesale-retail) trading companies to final (or intermediate) consumers.

Product life cycle– the time from the initial appearance of a product on the market until the cessation of its sale in this market.

Distribution costs– costs associated with the process of selling goods.

Production costs- production costs that must be borne by the organizers of the enterprise in order to create goods and subsequently make a profit: costs of wages, raw materials, depreciation of labor, etc.

Information flow– the flow of messages and data accompanying the material flow and (or) the process of providing services in the logistics system under consideration, intended for the implementation of management functions.

Logistics– the science of managing material and related information and financial flows in a certain economic system to achieve its goals with optimal expenditure of resources.

Logistics concept– a reasonable sequence of techniques and operations to achieve the logistics goals of the organization.

Logistics mix (7R rule)– ensuring the availability of the right product in the required quantity and given quality in the right place at the right time for a specific consumer at optimal costs.

"Push system"- is a production organization system in which objects of labor arriving at a production site are not ordered directly by this site from the previous technological link.

"Just in time"– the concept of building a logistics system as a whole or organizing a logistics process in a separate functional area of ​​business: in production, supply and distribution, based on synchronizing the processes of delivering products in the required quantities by the time elements of the logistics system need them, in order to minimize costs, related to safety stocks.

"Pulling system"- is a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied to the subsequent technological operation from the previous one as needed.

Supply Chain Management– integration of key business processes starting from the end user and covering all providers of goods, services and information that add value to consumers and other stakeholders.

Financial flow– directed movement of financial resources (money) associated with material and (or) information flows within the company’s logistics system or the supply chain as a whole.




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Educational edition

Egorov Yuri Nikolaevich

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor MRSEI

Type