Intel Pentium D945 Specs: Greetings from the Past! Pentium D - a series of dual-core processors: review, specifications, reviews Quad-core Pentium

Introduction It has been about three months since the Intel Pentium D dual-core processors based on the new 65nm Presler core hit the market. During this time, CPUs of this type have become widespread, and now their purchase is not difficult. At the same time, our test lab has so far tested only older models of processors with a Presler core, the cost of which exceeds $ 600. It is clear that such CPUs cannot attract the attention of the broad masses of users and become, thanks to this, sales leaders. Only individual enthusiasts acquire them. Therefore, sooner or later we were forced to pay attention to the more "mass" junior Pentium D processors with the Presler core. Moreover, compared to the old CPUs of this family, which were based on the Smithfield core, they received a significant improvement - an increased L2 cache memory. And if earlier the junior Pentium D models could be considered as competitors of AMD Athlon 64 X2 processors only due to their lower cost, now this situation may well change.

It is important that Intel decided to change the core of its dual-core processors to a more modern one, without increasing their cost. According to the official price list, the younger Pentium D models with the new core cost exactly the same as their predecessors with the 90nm core. This means that Intel has a new weapon in the mainstream sector of the processor market that could help the company in its fight against the AMD Athlon 64 X2. So, on the one hand, new Pentium D low-end models cost significantly less than the cheapest of the competitor's dual-core processors, Athlon 64 X2 3800+. On the other hand, now, thanks to the 65nm manufacturing process, Pentium D has higher performance, less heat dissipation and better overclocking potential. Are these changes enough for buyers to consider Intel Pentium D as a smart option when purchasing a new system? This is what we will try to establish within the framework of this short article, in which we will test in detail two junior Pentium D models based on the Presler core: Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930.

Price information

First of all, I would like to refer to the price list. In order to correctly understand the disposition in comparison of Athlon 64 X2 and Pentium D, you need to look at the prices. Thus, the official price of the youngest processor with the Presler core, Pentium D 920, is $ 241. Pentium D 930 is estimated by the manufacturer at $ 316. The cheapest competing dual-core processor from AMD, Athlon 64 X2 3800+, costs $ 301. That is, Athlon 64 X2 3800+ should be considered an alternative rather for Pentium D 930. As for Pentium D 920, it is the cheapest dual-core processor for desktop computers today.

Moreover, in the second half of April, Intel plans to cut prices for its dual-core processors. After that, both Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 will drop in price to $ 209. Obviously, AMD will respond to this step by a competitor by lowering prices for Athlon 64 X2, but we are inclined to believe that even after that Intel will remain the manufacturer of the most affordable CPUs with two cores.

Details about Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930

The appearance of Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 is absolutely typical. They are based on the Presler core of the only B1 revision at the moment. We have already covered the details of this core and the new 65nm technological process in the article " First acquaintance with Presler: Pentium Extreme Edition 955 review". Here we will dwell only on the features of the Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930, which can be seen from the table of characteristics of these products:

The reviewed processors have S-Spec SL94S and SL94R. These are the only options for today and until Intel starts shipping processors with Presler C1 stepping core. This will tentatively happen next month. The release of the new core stepping will correct the main errors of the B1 core and, to all appearances, will somewhat reduce the heat dissipation of the senior representatives of the Pentium D class, which will give Intel the opportunity to release faster models in the line, the frequency of which will reach 3.6 GHz. However, the younger Pentium D models will be transferred to the new stepping core last, and the Pentium D 920 will not exist in the version with the C1 core stepping at all.

The frequencies of the Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 are 2.8 and 3.0 GHz, respectively. The processors use a system bus with a frequency of 800 MHz, which makes it possible to use them in any motherboard that is compatible with dual-core CPUs in principle. It should be noted that the heat dissipation of these processors is relatively low. Thanks to the 65nm process technology, the junior Pentium Ds have become much less power hungry than their predecessors. However, compared to competing AMD processors, they still fall short. For example, here are the results of our measurement of the energy consumption of the junior dual-core processors from AMD and Intel:

But the heat dissipation of the Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 is noticeably inferior to the heat dissipation of the older Pentium 4 models based on the Prescott core. Thus, no special requirements are imposed on the hardware platform of the Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930.

Of the features of the CPUs under consideration, it should be noted the second level cache memory with a total volume of 4 MB, 2 MB for each of the cores. Recall that shared cache memory is not used in dual-core Pentium D processors. At the moment, it can only be found in mobile CPUs of the Intel Core family. Another feature of the Pentium D is the lack of support for Hyper-Threading technology. Although theoretically its implementation is present in the Presler core, in fact it is activated only in extremely expensive Pentium Extreme Edition processors. On the other hand, Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 fully support 64-bit x86-64 extensions, as well as virtualization technology.

We should pay special attention to the fact that processors based on the Presler core with B1 stepping do not support Intel Enhanced SpeedStep technology. Together with it, these CPUs do not support the entire Demand Based Switching complex, that is, Enhanced HALT State and Thermal Monitor 2. Although in theory the minimum multiplier with which Presler processors can operate is 12x, in practice, support for energy-saving technologies will appear only in a CPU with a C1 stepping core.
Diagnostic utility CPU-Z provides the following information about the processors under review.

Pentium D 920


Pentium D 930

As you can see, the copies of the processors that fell into our hands had a slightly different nominal supply voltage. The Pentium D 920 ran at 1.3 V, while the nominal voltage for the Pentium D 930 was 1.35 V.
Pentium D processors come in redesigned boxes with fresh logos.

Along with the CPU, you can also find a traditional cooler in the box, which now has a massive copper core, but at the same time a fairly small height. However, this is quite enough for cooling the younger Pentium D based on 65nm core.

Among other features of this cooler, one should note a fairly high noise level and an extremely inconvenient mount. So we still wouldn't recommend pinning any hopes on him.

Overclocking

Younger processor models are attractive not only because of their low cost. Such products are popular among overclockers as well, since the relative frequency gain, which can be obtained during overclocking, is the greatest in such processors. Accordingly, we could not ignore the overclocking capabilities of the CPUs in question.

The test system in which the overclocking experiments were carried out was based on the ASUS P5WD2-E Premium motherboard. We used a pair of Corsair CM2X1024-6400PRO modules as RAM. In addition, an NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX 512 MB video card and a Western Digital WD740GD hard drive were installed in the test system. We abandoned the use of a boxed cooler for cooling the processor, replacing it with a more efficient Zalman CNPS9500 LED.

First of all, I would like to make a few general comments related to overclocking any Pentium D processors based on the Presler core. Like their predecessors on the 90 nm core, the updated Pentium D CPUs have a fixed multiplier. This means that overclocking these processors should be done by raising the FSB frequency. That is, an important attribute of an overclocking system is a high-quality motherboard, which should allow a significant increase in the bus frequency without losing stability.

Also, an important fact that we managed to reveal during our experiments is that the overclocking potential of Pentium D processors based on the Presler core significantly depends on the supply voltage. If an increase in the supply voltage of Intel processors with 90 nm cores allowed only a slight increase in their frequency potential, in the case of Presler the situation has changed dramatically. This core is very sensitive to increasing supply voltage. Accordingly, overclocking Pentium D processors using special cooling methods (phase transition systems, water cooling), which allows a significant increase in the voltage on the CPU, can lead to very impressive results. For example, the test results of the best overclockers show that the Presler can squeeze out frequencies of the order of 5.5-6 GHz.

In our experiments, we will not resort to the use of high-tech cooling devices, but just see what can be achieved using a commercially available air cooler. In this case, the maximum frequencies at which processors with the Presler core can operate are significantly lower. For example, when testing Pentium Extreme Edition on this core, the maximum overclocking achieved in our laboratory using air cooling was 4.26 GHz. We expected about the same results from the serial Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930.

The first on the bench for overclocking tests was the Pentium D 920 processor. The maximum FSB frequency at which it could work without increasing the supply voltage was only 268 MHz. That is, at the nominal voltage, this processor was able to operate only at a frequency slightly exceeding 3.75 GHz. However, as mentioned above, raising the Presler supply voltage greatly increases their overclocking potential. Accordingly, we carried out further experiments by increasing the voltage to 1.45 V. In principle, striving for a more impressive overclocking, it was possible to raise the voltage even more, but due to fear of losing the processor, we did not risk it. Moreover, no statistics have yet been accumulated that tell about the safety of Pentium D operation with a greatly increased supply voltage.
However, even such a rather sparing increase in voltage made it possible to obtain much better results. The processor worked stably at FSB frequencies up to 280 MHz.

Thus, the test sample of Pentium D 920 overclocked by 40% relative to the nominal and was able to operate at a clock frequency of 3.92 GHz. This, of course, is not a record, but also a relatively good result. At least the frequency we have achieved is much higher than that of the older Pentium D processors, which is already nice in itself.
Following the Pentium D 920, we tested the Pentium D 930 for overclocking. Without raising the voltage, this CPU was able to operate stably only at a bus frequency of 258 MHz, that is, at a clock frequency of 3.87 GHz. However, this is only a preliminary result. As expected, raising the supply voltage of this processor allows you to overclock it a little more. Since the nominal voltage of this CPU turned out to be slightly higher than that of the previously tested Pentium D 920, we risked increasing the supply voltage to a higher value - 1.475 V. In this state, the tested Pentium D 930 was able to boast of completely stable operation at bus frequencies up to 267 MHz.

As a result, the maximum frequency we reached when overclocking Pentium D 930 was 4.0 GHz. In absolute terms, this is more than with overclocking Pentium D 920, but in relative terms it is only 33%.
It turns out that Presler processors, unlike their predecessors on the Smithfield core, have a much higher overclocking potential, which allows them to easily reach frequencies of the order of 4 GHz, thereby significantly outperforming the older Pentium D processors operating in the standard mode. However, will such overclocking be enough for Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 to be able to outrun the older dual-core processors from AMD? This is the question we will try to answer below.

As for the operating conditions of Pentium D processors in an overclocked state, it should be noted that they are quite acceptable. The temperature of the processors during heat dissipation by the Zalman CNPS9500 LED cooler is 60-70 degrees, and the stability of the system is confirmed by the trouble-free passing of all common tests without turning on thermal throttling.

How we tested

By testing the performance of the Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 processors, we solved two problems. First, we wanted to determine the performance level of the cheapest dual-core Intel processors in comparison with the performance of AMD's youngest dual-core processor, Athlon 64 X2 3800+. Secondly, we were also interested in the speed of Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 when overclocked. In this state, we decided to compare the performance of the CPUs in question with the performance of the fastest dual-core AMD Athlon 64 FX-60 processor. It should be noted that since the junior AMD processors with two cores are overclocked to 2.6 GHz on average, the performance level of Athlon 64 FX-60 can be associated with the speed of the overclocked Athlon 64 X2. That is, a comparison of the overclocked Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 with the Athlon 64 FX-60, among other things, can give an answer to the question which of the dual-core processors can show the best results when overclocked.

Thus, the following set of components was determined that we used during the tests:

Processors:

AMD Athlon 64 FX-60 (Socket 939, 2.6GHz, 2x1024KB L2 cache, E4 core revision - Toledo);
AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (Socket 939, 2.0GHz, 2x512KB L2 cache, E6 core revision - Manchester);
Intel Pentium D 930 (LGA775, 3.0GHz, 2x2MB L2, Presler);
Intel Pentium D 920 (LGA775, 2.8GHz, 2x2MB L2, Presler).

Motherboards:

DFI LANParty UT NF4 SLI-DR Expert (NVIDIA nForce4 SLI);
ASUS P5WD2-E Premium (LGA775, Intel 975X Express).

Memory:

2048MB DDR400 SDRAM (Corsair CMX1024-3500LLPRO, 2 x 1024 MB, 2-3-2-10);
2048MB DDR2-667 SDRAM (Corsair CM2X1024-6400PRO, 2 x 1024 MB, 4-4-4-12).

Graphics card: NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX 512MB (PCI-E x16).
Disk subsystem: Maxtor MaXLine III 250GB (SATA150).
Operating system: Microsoft Windows XP SP2 with DirectX 9.0c.

Testing was carried out with motherboards BIOS Setup set to maximum performance.
It should be noted that when overclocking Pentium D processors, the memory frequency was chosen as close as possible to 667 MHz. So, in a system with a Pentium D 920 DDR2 overclocked to 3.92 GHz, the memory operated at 700 MHz, and in a system with a Pentium D 930 operating at 4.0 GHz, the DDR2 SDRAM frequency was 668 MHz.

Performance

Synthetic tests: PCMark05, 3DMark06 and ScienceMark 2.0

First of all, we decided to check the performance of the processors in question using common synthetic tests.

The PCMark05 test, although not very objective, is still quite popular. The results obtained in it arrange the processors according to their cost. The performance of Athlon 64 X2 3800+ is between the performance indicators of Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 processors. But overclocking Intel dual-core processors in PCMark05 has an amazing effect. CPUs with Presler core, operating at a frequency of about 4 GHz, easily outperform Athlon 64 FX-60.

The results in 3DMark06 are similar to what we saw in the previous chart. At least in terms of performance of overclocked processors. As for the CPU speed in the nominal mode, in this test Athlon 64 X2 3800+ manages to catch up in speed with the Pentium D 930. That is, if you look at the price-performance ratio, from the point of view of 3DMark06, the youngest processor in the AMD Athlon family 64 X2 turns out to be more profitable than the initial models in the Pentium D line.

This is confirmed by the CPU benchmark from the same test suite. The newly overclocked Pentium D processors of the junior models leave Athlon 64 FX-60 behind, but when used in the standard mode they cannot boast of outstanding results.

Dual-core processors with the K8 architecture solve computational tasks definitely faster than competitors. According to ScienceMark 2.0, the performance of Athlon 64 X2 3800+ turns out to be higher than that of Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930. Overclocking of Intel processors does not allow them to compare in performance with Athlon 64 FX-60.

Overall performance

We measured overall performance in digital content creation and office applications using the SYSMark 2004 SE benchmark, which also makes heavy use of multithreading.

When creating digital content, dual-core CPUs from AMD show themselves on the positive side. The youngest Athlon 64 X2 easily outperforms the Pentium D 930 (not to mention the Pentium D 920), and the Athlon 64 FX-60 is not inferior to the competitor's processors overclocked to 4 GHz.

But in office applications, the picture is the opposite. Here Athlon 64 X2 3800+ is outperformed even by the junior Intel Pentium D 920 with a clock frequency of 2.8 GHz, and Pentium D overclocked to 4 GHz outperform Athlon 64 FX-60 by more than 6%.

Audio and video encoding

In all test applications we use to measure the performance of processors when encoding audio and video, the situation is qualitatively the same. The junior dual-core processor from AMD, Athlon 64 X2 3800+, turns out to be more efficient than the junior CPUs in the Pentium D family. Overclocking does not save the position of Intel's CPUs either. The Athlon 64 FX-60 operating at 2.6 GHz successfully opposes Intel Presler processors operating at about 4 GHz.

Image and video processing

The balance of power in Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Premiere is similar: not in favor of Intel processors. In these tasks, AMD's junior dual-core processor once again demonstrates a better price / performance ratio. Overclocked Pentium Ds, although they can boast of a significant increase in speed, do not demonstrate outstanding results. They are inferior in performance to the Athlon 64 FX-60 operating at 2.6 GHz, which means they will be inferior to any dual-core AMD processors overclocked to similar frequencies.

Performance in 3ds max 7

The picture seen in 3ds max can already be considered familiar. As in other "heavy" applications, Athlon 64 X2 3800+ is faster than Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930. Overclocking the Pentium D to 4 GHz does not allow these CPUs to outperform Athlon 64 FX-60 in speed.

Game tests

To be honest, we didn't even hope that Pentium D processors would perform well in games. The K8 architecture turns out to be much more efficient than NetBurst when working in tasks of this nature. Due to this, in some situations, for example, in Far Cry, the youngest Athlon 64 X2 outperforms even the Pentium D overclocked to 4 GHz.
If we do not take into account such isolated egregious cases, nothing flattering about Pentium D can be said about the rest of the games. Processors of this family lag significantly behind Athlon 64 X2 models of the same price category in performance.

conclusions

Younger processors of the Pentium D family, built on the new Presler core, did not justify their hopes. Despite the fact that they were improved by the manufacturer due to the increase in L2 cache memory, this still did not allow them to compete with processors of a competitor in the corresponding price range in most common applications. In fact, Pentium D 920 and Pentium D 930 can boast of higher speed than Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (this is the youngest dual-core model in AMD's product line) only in office applications and some synthetic tests. Therefore, the only hope of the younger Pentium D to gain at least some popularity is based on the fact that the Pentium D 920 costs $ 60 less than the Athlon 64 X2 3800+. From other positions, the purchase of dual-core CPUs from Intel does not make much sense.

It is obvious that the possibility of overclocking the existing Pentium D processors to frequencies of about 4 GHz is also unable to become a weighty argument in their favor. As the tests showed, processors with Prescott core operating at this frequency do not outperform Athlon 64 FX-60 with 2.6 GHz frequency. This allows us to assert that the overclocked Athlon 64 X2 will be faster in most cases than the overclocked Pentium D based on the Presler core.

However, summing up, it is necessary to note some positive aspects of the tested processors with 65nm Presler core as compared to the CPUs of the same family built on the 90nm Smithfield core. Putting two Pentium D 800 and 900 series processors side by side with the same clock speed, it is clear that the newer series boasts a whole range of advantages. This is a significantly reduced heat dissipation, increased performance due to the increased cache memory of the second level and increased frequency potential. It would seem that the set is impressive, however, as already mentioned, this was not enough for full-fledged competition with the competitor's proposals.

Thus, Intel fans have to wait for September, when dual-core processors from this manufacturer, built on a fundamentally different Core (Conroe) architecture, will appear on the market. According to preliminary data, they will at least be able to compete with Athlon 64 X2. In the meantime, one cannot count on the popularity of Intel processors among consumers: and there are objective reasons for that.
Microarchitecture: NetBurst Connector: Socket 775 Kernels:

• Smithfield
• Presler

The Pentium D has the NetBurst microarchitecture, like all Pentium 4 models (letter D in the name stands for Dual, which indicates the presence of two cores). The Pentium D was the first x86-64 dual-core processor for personal computers, although AMD released the Opteron dual-core processor series in April 2005 for servers. Other dual-core processors have existed in the past, such as the IBM PowerPC G5 970MP.

Smithfield

The processors were announced on May 25, 2005. Smithfield was developed in a hurry (soon after the release of the processor Intel admitted this, so the processors on this core turned out to be not very successful. The core consists of two Prescott dies placed on one substrate. Smithfield, like Prescott, was produced using 90 nm technology and had all the drawbacks Prescott cores. In order for the processor to meet the TDP requirements of 130 W, it was decided to limit the maximum frequency to 3.2 GHz, and the younger model had a frequency of 2.6 GHz. As you know, the Prescott architecture, due to the presence of a long pipeline, is very frequency dependent, therefore frequencies greatly reduced performance.

In addition, despite the lower frequency, the presence of two cores led to a very large heat release. And due to the fact that very few programs used the ability to distribute their functions over several threads, there was practically no benefit from using two cores. In terms of performance, the latest models on the Smithfield core lagged significantly behind the latest models on the Prescott core. Installing new processors required buying a new motherboard, as Smithfield had different VRM requirements than Prescott. And the first Smithfield motherboards worked only with DDR2 memory, which was often slower than regular DDR. Competitive AMD Athlon 64 X2 processors were devoid of almost all of these drawbacks. All this led to the fact that Pentium D processors were not popular, unlike AMD Athlon 64 X2, even though they were cheaper than AMD Athlon 64 X2 processors. Smithfield, like Athlon 64 X2, has a split L2 cache (that is, each core has its own L2 cache), which greatly simplified the development, but slightly reduces the processor performance, in contrast to the common L3 cache for both cores.

Presler

The Presler core was produced using 65 nm technology, which allowed raising the processor frequency, however, the maximum TDP of the new processors remained at 130 W (this was before the release of the D0 core revision, which allowed increasing the yield of suitable crystals). The Presler lacks support for Hyper-Threading technology, supports Vanderpool virtualization technology, as well as C1E, EIST and TM2 (in later models with C1 and D0 stepping).

The processors were announced in the second half of January 2006, although sales of these CPUs were noticed in Japanese stores in the first days of the same month. The series of these models was designated as 9x0. Model numbers 920, 930, 940 and 950 were originally planned. And in April 2006 the model number 960 was released, operating at 3.6 GHz. Then they added the cheaper models 915 (2.8 GHz), 925 (3.0 GHz), 935 (3.2 GHz) and 945 (3.4 GHz), which lack Vanderpool support.

The Presler processor is the last in the Pentium D line. The next processor based on the Conroe core is the Intel Core 2 Duo.

In 2007, the Pentium D line was completely discontinued due to Intel's rejection of the NetBurst microarchitecture.

Specifications of various cores

Parameter / Core	Smithfield	Presler
Bitness of registers	64 bits	64 bits
Width of the external bus	64 bits	64 bits
Date of announcement of the first model	May 25, 2005	January 2006
Released models	805 (2.66 GHz), 820 (2.8 GHz), 830 (3.0 GHz), 840 (3.2 GHz)	915 (2.8 GHz), 920 (2.8 GHz), 925 (3.0 GHz), 930 (3.0 GHz), 935 (3.2 GHz), 940 (3.2 GHz), 945 ( 3.4 GHz), 950 (3.4 GHz), 960 (3.6 GHz)
Effective Front Side Bus (FSB)	533 MHz (for 805 model), 800 MHz (for other models)	800 MHz
L1 cache size (per core)		16 KB (for data) + 12 thousand operations
L2 cache size (per core)	1024 Kbytes	2048 kB
Rated supply voltage	1.4V	1.25 - 1.4V
Number of transistors	230 million	376 million
Crystal area	206 sq. mm	140 sq. mm
Maximum TDP	130 watts	130 watts
Technical process	90 nm	65 nm
Connector	LGA775	LGA775
Housing	775-pin FC-LGA4	775-pin FC-LGA4
Supported technologies	IA-32, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EDB, EM64T	IA-32, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EDB, EM64T, (except models 915, 925, 935, 945)

see also

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Excerpt from Pentium D

Natasha's illness was so serious that, to her happiness and to the happiness of her family, the thought of everything that was the cause of her illness, her act and her break with her fiancé passed into the background. She was so ill that it was impossible to think about how much she was to blame for everything that happened, while she did not eat, did not sleep, noticeably lost weight, coughed and was, as the doctors made it felt, in danger. All I had to think about was helping her. The doctors visited Natasha both separately and in consultation, spoke a lot in French, German and Latin, condemned each other, prescribed a variety of medicines for all diseases known to them; but none of them had the simple idea that they could not be aware of the disease that Natasha suffered, just as no disease that a living person is possessed by can be known: for every living person has his own characteristics and always has a special and new, complex, unknown to medicine disease, not a disease of the lungs, liver, skin, heart, nerves, etc., recorded in medicine, but a disease consisting of one of the innumerable compounds in the suffering of these organs. This simple thought could not come to doctors (just as the thought cannot come to a sorcerer that he cannot conjure) because their life's work was to heal, because they received money for that, and because they spent the best years of their lives on this business. But the main thing is that this idea could not come to the doctors because they saw that they were undoubtedly useful, and were really useful for all the Rostovs at home. They were useful not because they forced the patient to swallow mostly harmful substances (this harm was not very sensitive, because harmful substances were given in small quantities), but they were useful, necessary, inevitable (the reason is why there are always and will be imaginary healers, sorcerers, homeopaths and allopaths) because they satisfied the moral needs of the patient and people who love the patient. They satisfied that eternal human need for hope for relief, the need for sympathy and activity that a person experiences during suffering. They satisfied that eternal, human - noticeable in a child in its most primitive form - the need to rub the place that was hurt. The child will be killed and immediately runs into the arms of the mother, the nurse, in order to be kissed and rubbed at the sore spot, and it becomes easier for him when the sore spot is rubbed or kissed. The child does not believe that the strongest and wisest of him do not have the means to help his pain. And the hope of relief and the expression of sympathy while his mother rubs his bump consoles him. The doctors were useful for Natasha in that they kissed and rubbed the bobo, assuring that it would pass now, if the coachman went to the Arbat pharmacy and took seven hryvnia of powders and pills in a pretty box for a ruble, and if these powders would certainly be in two hours, no more and no less, the patient will take it in boiled water.
What would Sonya, the count and the countess do, how they would look at the weak, melting Natasha, doing nothing, if there weren't these pills by the hour, drinking a lukewarm chicken cutlet and all the details of life prescribed by the doctor, which were the occupation and consolation for others? The stricter and more complex these rules were, the more comforting it was for those around them. How would the count bear the illness of his beloved daughter, if he did not know that Natasha's illness cost him thousands of rubles and that he would not regret thousands more to do her a favor: if he did not know that if she did not recover, he would not he will spare thousands more and take her abroad and make consultations there; if he had not had the opportunity to tell the details of how Metivier and Feller did not understand, and Freese understood, and Mudrov defined the disease even better? What would the countess do if she could not sometimes quarrel with the sick Natasha for not fully observing the doctor's prescriptions?
“You’ll never get well,” she said, forgetting her grief for frustration, “if you don’t obey the doctor and take your medicine at the wrong time! After all, you can't joke with this when you might get pneumonia, ”the countess said, and in the pronunciation of this one word that was not understandable to her, she already found great consolation. What would Sonya do if she did not have the joyful consciousness that she did not undress for three nights at first in order to be ready to fulfill exactly all the doctor's prescriptions, and that now she does not sleep at night in order not to miss hours , in which it is necessary to give harmless pills from a golden box? Even Natasha herself, who, although she said that no medicine would cure her and that all this was nonsense, was glad to see that so many donations were made for her that she had to take medicine at certain times, and even she was happy was that she, neglecting the fulfillment of the prescribed, could show that she did not believe in treatment and did not value her life.
The doctor went every day, felt the pulse, looked at his tongue and, not paying attention to her killed face, joked with her. But on the other hand, when he went into another room, the Countess hurriedly followed him, and he, assuming a serious look and shaking his head thoughtfully, said that, although there was danger, he hoped for the effect of this last medicine, and that we had to wait and see ; that the disease is more moral, but ...
The countess, trying to hide this act from herself and from the doctor, thrust a gold one into his hand and each time with a reassured heart returned to the patient.
Natasha's signs of illness consisted in the fact that she ate little, slept little, coughed and never revived. The doctors said that the patient should not be left without medical assistance, and therefore they kept her in the city in the stuffy air. And in the summer of 1812 the Rostovs did not leave for the countryside.

3000 MHz, cache size - 32 Kb. The supply voltage in this case is 1.2 V. The technical process for the model takes 65 nm. This processor uses a Socket connector. The power dissipation of the Pentium D model is 95 W.

Main functions

The ISI function in this case is provided by the manufacturer. Thus, access to the cache memory is provided rather quickly. The PAC is used directly to control the kernel parameters. The large amount of intelligent memory allows the system to solve important tasks very quickly. The IM bus in this case is set at a frequency of 5 MHz.

This is extremely important for fast transmission of data packets. The "Turbo" function deserves special attention in the processor. Due to it, the clock frequency of the controller is regulated. At maximum processor load, this parameter is automatically reduced.

Performance

If you believe the opinion of experts, the Pentium D processor has no problems with performance. The multi-core model allows solving the most complex problems. The system is capable of processing many instructions at a time. does not take a lot of time off the platform. If we talk about the parameters, then the calculated power of the device is at around 82 watts. In turn, the base frequency is 3.8 GHz. This is extremely important for processing computational data. Also, the base frequency parameter in the processor affects the opening speed of the transistors.

Memory module specifications

While reviewing the Pentium D processor, it should be noted that it supports single-channel memory. The system does not take into account the correction code directly. If you believe the opinion of experts, then the internal errors of the platform can be viewed. Dual channel memory is also supported by the system. Due to this, the speed of saving information is quite high. At the same time, data reading does not take much time. Unfortunately, flex memory is not supported by this processor.

Expansion options

Express edition is used to support Pentium D processor extensions. In the specified model, it is installed series 3.0. If you believe the opinion of experts, then "Express" allows you to transfer data consistently. The editorial office is also capable of connecting an expansion bus. As a result, problems with hardware devices on a personal computer are rare.

Direct data management occurs using the CM interface. The edition in this case is provided for various configurations. Some of them are designed to work with signaling channels. At the same time, others are built to handle modular files. In this case, the PC bus is not used.

Advanced technology

Overclocking the Pentium D processor is carried out using the technology. Thus, the performance of the device can be greatly increased. However, this technology has a bad effect on energy consumption. It should also be noted that it is not capable of ensuring the safety of the device. The Pentium D is overclocked by changing the clock frequency.

Pro technology is designed to fight against malicious software. The system is also aimed at monitoring all processes. According to experts, it is easy to manage threats with Pro. In this case, the user's personal information is safe and confidential data is protected reliably. However, this does not apply to websites. Also, the Pro system is not capable of ensuring the security of rootkits.

Hyper technology

Thanks to the "Hyper" technology, the Pentium D is able to solve various problems that are associated with processing streams. In this case, the system's energy consumption is also taken into account. The cores are used separately in computational operations. This is very important to increase the speed of information processing. The TK system is able to interact with the receiving modules. It stands out in that it is supported on the basis of the A-32 architecture.

In this case, the virtualized applications are processed by it. The system is also capable of handling multi-threaded programs. According to experts, the Itanium function is very important for high processor performance. It also increases the security of the system.

CPU Tables

The Pentium D model has "Tables" technology. She also calls "Second Address" by many programmers. Its main task is considered to be processing virtualized applications. Support for dual-channel memory is provided in this case. Programs on the TX platform deserve special attention.

According to experts, the "Tables" system is ideal for their processing. However, it does not take part in reducing energy consumption. Also "Second Address" is not intended for hardware optimization of the central processor. Configuring an autonomous security system is considered to be another technology option. The forwarding table for this is provided by the manufacturer.

New TXT system

The solution to problems with scaling occurs only thanks to the TXT system. It works fully automatically. In this case, the CPU memory module is not used. If we talk about the features of the technology, it is important to note that it is capable of operating on the basis of architecture 64. Its main function is considered to be the improvement of software blocking.

The system can be used for single-channel data transmission. She also participates in sending files to workstations. The servers of the central processor are not directly involved in this. The processing speed of computational operations is related to the throughput of the system. The Wi-Fi technology is used to connect wireless devices in the central processor. For some printers and stereos, it can be very useful.

Systems "Sist" and "Speed \u200b\u200bStep"

The Sist system is used to control the power consumption of the device. According to experts, it monitors the speed of the central processor quite well. When the device is lightly loaded, the idle mode will instantly turn on.

"Speed \u200b\u200bStep" is a technology designed to work with mobile applications. Also, this system is capable of supporting various programs based on the CX architecture. The voltage level of the central processor cannot be changed with its help. However, it is ideal for changing the frequency of the base unit. Also in "Speed \u200b\u200bStep" there are many strategies that allow you to split streams. In this case, the signal recovery function in the device is available.

Platform Protection Technology

"Platforms Protection" technology is designed to work with various programs. In this case, the system is fully utilized. Experts say that Platform Protection technology can significantly expand the processor's capabilities. In this case, microcircuits take part in solving problems entirely.

The measured trigger function is provided for this model. The system interacts normally with multithreaded applications. A hardware safety feature is also provided. It reduces vulnerability to viruses quite strongly. Another technology "Platforms Protection" can remove malicious code. Directly "Anti-Tef" provides system reliability on the AM platform.

Pentium D 820 Production: from 2005 to 2008 Manufacturer: Intel CPU frequency: 2.66-3.6 GHz FSB frequency: 533-800 MHz Production technology:
CMOS, 90-65 nm Instruction sets: IA-32, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EM64T Microarchitecture: NetBurst Connector: Socket 775 Kernels:

• Smithfield
• Presler

Pentium D (pronounced: Pentium De) is a series of dual-core processors of the Pentium 4 family from Intel.

Developed by the Intel Research and Development Center in Haifa, Israel, first demonstrated on May 25, 2005 at the Intel Spring Developer Forum (IDF).

Pentium D has NetBurst microarchitecture, like all Pentium 4 models (the letter “D” in the name stands for Dual, and indicates the presence of two cores). The Pentium D was the first x86-64 dual-core processor for personal computers, although AMD released the Opteron dual-core processor series in April 2005 for servers. Other dual-core processors have existed in the past, such as the IBM PowerPC-970MP (G5).

In fact, AMD announced it was developing dual-core processors before Intel. However, problems with increased heat dissipation in Pentium 4 processors soon surfaced. This forced Intel to change policy, and in order to be the first to release dual-core processors, Intel began developing a core codenamed Smithfield.

Smithfield

The processors were announced on May 25, 2005. Smithfield was developed in a hurry (soon after the release of the processor Intel recognized this), so the processors on this core turned out to be not very successful. The core consists of two Prescott crystals placed on one substrate. Smithfield, like Prescott, was manufactured using 90nm technology and had all the disadvantages of the Prescott core. In order for the processor to meet the TDP requirements of 130 W, it was decided to limit the maximum frequency to 3.2 GHz, and the younger model had a frequency of 2.6 GHz. As you know, the Prescott architecture, due to its long pipeline, is very frequency dependent, so lowering the frequency greatly reduced performance.

In addition, despite the lower frequency, the presence of two cores led to a very large heat release. And due to the fact that very few programs used the ability to distribute their functions over several threads, there was practically no benefit from using two cores. In terms of performance, the latest models on the Smithfield core lagged significantly behind the latest models on the Prescott core. Installing new processors required buying a new motherboard, as Smithfield had different VRM requirements than Prescott. And the first Smithfield motherboards worked only with DDR2 memory, which was often slower than regular DDR. Competitive AMD Athlon 64 X2 processors were devoid of almost all of these drawbacks. All this led to the fact that Pentium D processors were not popular, unlike AMD Athlon 64 X2, even though they were cheaper than AMD Athlon 64 X2 processors. Smithfield, like Athlon 64 X2, has a split L2 cache (that is, each core has its own L2 cache), which greatly simplified the development, but slightly reduces the processor performance, in contrast to the common L3 cache for both cores.

Presler

The Presler core was manufactured using 65 nm technology, which allowed raising the processor frequency, however, the maximum TDP of the new processors remained at 130 W (this was the case before the D0 core revision was released, which allowed increasing the yield of suitable crystals. Presler lacks support for Hyper-Threading technology, supports virtualization technology Vanderpool, as well as C1E, EIST and TM2 (in later models on stepping C1 and D0).

The processors were announced in the second half of January 2006, although sales of these CPUs were noticed in Japanese stores in the first days of the same month. The series of these models was designated as 9x0. Model numbers 920, 930, 940 and 950 were originally planned. And in April 2006 the model number 960 was released, operating at 3.6 GHz. Then they added the cheaper models 915 (2.8 GHz), 925 (3.0 GHz), 935 (3.2 GHz) and 945 (3.4 GHz), which lack Vanderpool support.

The processor on the Presler core is the last in the Pentium D line. The next processor based on the Conroe core and currently one of the most popular modifications in the middle price segment is the Intel Core 2 Duo.

In 2007, the Pentium D line was completely discontinued due to Intel's rejection of the NetBurst microarchitecture.

Specifications of various cores

Data related to all models

• Width of registers: 64 bits
• Width of the external bus: 64 bits

Smithfield

• Date of announcement of the first model: May 25, 2005
• Released Models: 805 (2.66 GHz), 820 (2.8 GHz), 830 (3.0 GHz), 840 (3.2 GHz)
• Effective system bus (FSB) frequency (MHz): 800 (for models 820, 830, 840), 533 (for model 805)
• L2 cache size (for each core): 1024 KB
• Rated supply voltage: 1.4V
• Number of transistors (million): 230
• Crystal area (sq. Mm): 206
• Maximum TDP: 130W
• Manufacturing process (nm): 90
• Connector: LGA775
• Supported technologies: IA-32, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EDB, EM64T

Presler

• Date of first model announcement: January 2006
• Released Models: 915 (2.8 GHz), 920 (2.8 GHz), 925 (3.0 GHz), 930 (3.0 GHz), 935 (3.2 GHz), 940 (3.2 GHz), 945 (3.4 GHz), 950 (3.4 GHz), 960 (3.6 GHz)
• Effective Front Side Bus (FSB) 800 MHz
• L1 cache size (for each core): 16 KB (for data) + 12 thousand operations
• L2 cache size (per core): 2048 KB
• Rated supply voltage: 1.25 - 1.4 V
• Number of transistors (million): 376
• Crystal area (sq. Mm): 140
• Maximum TDP: 130W
• Manufacturing process (nm): 65
• Connector: LGA775
• Package: 775-pin FC-LGA4
• Supported technologies: IA32, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EDB, EM64T,

see also

Links

• Electrical parameters of processors, in particular, Intel Pentium D (eng.)

Intel processors
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The Pentium D series chips were the first desktop processors to include 2 compute modules on a single silicon die. It was this design that allowed them to increase performance in tasks that required multiple physical cores. It is about a series of these innovative central processing units that will be discussed in this material.

Prehistory of appearance

At the beginning of 2005, a very problematic situation developed in the world of processor solutions: a further increase in the clock frequency was no longer possible, but it was still necessary to increase performance. Therefore, it was necessary to make certain changes to the existing organization of personal computers, the essence of which boiled down to the fact that already 2 computing modules began to be produced on one crystal. When running single-threaded applications, the performance remained at the same level. But in the case of running a program code already optimized for 2 cores, this arrangement allowed a significant increase in performance, which in some cases could reach 30-40 percent. The first such chip was the Pentium D processor. In essence, there was no big novelty in the semiconductor crystals of this product, for the reason that they were the well-known Pentium 4 code processing modules. Only in the latter there was only one core, but in the Pentium D there were already two of them.

Niche of processors of this family

The first Pentium D were positioned by Intel as affordable flagship solutions with a high level of performance. In addition, as noted earlier, these processor devices had 2 cores on one silicon substrate. At that time, Pentium 4 with the support of NT was located one step lower in the segment of Intel products. They had one physical block and two logical ones. That is, the program code of such solutions could be processed in 2 threads. As a result, within the LGA775 platform, they provided an average level of performance. Celeron series processors were aimed at the office systems niche. Modest technical characteristics did not allow them to be used in any other areas.

What was included in the delivery list?

Intel Pentium D series CPUs could be found in two bundle lists. One of them is extended and is called VOX. The manufacturing company included the following into it:

Branded cardboard box.

Transparent plastic case for safe transportation of the processor unit.

Cooling system developed by Intel. It included an air cooler and a special modification of thermal paste, which contributed to improved heat dissipation from the CPU.

Brief instructions for use in paper form.

Processor family logo sticker.

Warranty card.

This option was most suitable for using the CPU in the nominal mode. If it was planned to "overclock" the processor, then the TRAIL package already looked preferable. It was almost completely identical to the BOX delivery list. The only difference was the lack of a cooling system. In this case, it had to be purchased separately. Typically, the TRAIL option was purchased by PC enthusiasts who would then equip their PCs with an advanced cooling system. This made it possible to overclock the computer and increase its performance.

Processor socket. Architectural features

Any chip of the Pentium D line was to be installed in the LGA775 socket. Their characteristics indicated that not all motherboards of this platform supported such CPUs. Therefore, when assembling a new computing system, it is imperative to check the list of supported processor models and find "Pentium D" in it. The same procedure should be done in the case of upgrading a personal computer. As noted earlier, 2 cores of a conventional Pentium 4 crystal were included in the Pentium D. The temperature increased significantly during operation due to this arrangement of the substrate. To eliminate overheating of the semiconductor base of the CPU, Intel was forced to significantly reduce the nominal values \u200b\u200bof clock frequencies. As a result, the performance in single-threaded tasks did not significantly decrease, but in the program code optimized for 2 threads, the performance increased.

First generation "Pentium D"

The Intel Pentium D was first introduced in May 2005. The family is codenamed Smithfield. These CPUs were manufactured using 90 nm technology, their thermal package was declared at 130 watts. The younger model with the index 805 had a clock frequency of 2.66 GHz, while the data bus on the motherboard operated at 533 MHz. All other chips had 800 MHz system bus frequency. Moreover, both the first and second generation. The most productive model of the CPU was marked with the index 840. Its operating frequency was equal to 3.2 GHz. The first level cache was 64 KB, and the second - 2 clusters of 1 MB. The number of transistors in this case was 230 million, and the die area was 206 mm 2.

The second revision of the chips of this generation

A year later, an updated generation of this family of chips was released. The first innovation was the process technology. Now semiconductor crystals were manufactured using 65 nm technology. This made it possible to reduce the crystal area to 140 mm 2. But at the same time, the thermal package of the CPU did not change and remained equal to 130 W. The second major update is the increase in clock speed. Its minimum value was set by the manufacturer at 2.8 GHz for 915 chips. The flagships in this case were 3. Pentium D 945 and 950 operated at 3.4 GHz, and 960 - 3.6 GHz. Another important innovation is the doubling of the L2 cache - up to 2 clusters of 2 MB each. It was through the combination of these several factors that Intel was able to achieve an increase in productivity, which in percentage terms could reach 20 percent.

The cost

At the time of the start of sales, the cost of such chips ranged from $ 70 to $ 110. Given the positioning and capabilities, this price tag was quite justified. Now, a lot of time has passed since the start of sales, but you can still find such processors on sale. Only their prices have dropped significantly and are in the range from $ 30 to $ 50. For example, Pentium D 945 now costs 3800 rubles. Considering that the main niche of such CPUs is office systems, this approach to pricing is entirely justified. Moreover, the rest of the components in such a personal computer will be much cheaper. Therefore, "Pentium D" - a worthy option for assembling inexpensive PCs with low performance.