Information input devices include: Data input devices. Automation tools for input and editing

Did you know What is the falsity of the concept of “physical vacuum”?

Physical vacuum - the concept of relativistic quantum physics, by which they mean the lowest (ground) energy state of a quantized field, which has zero momentum, angular momentum and other quantum numbers. Relativistic theorists call a physical vacuum a space completely devoid of matter, filled with an unmeasurable, and therefore only imaginary, field. Such a state, according to relativists, is not an absolute void, but a space filled with some phantom (virtual) particles. Relativistic quantum field theory states that, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, virtual, that is, apparent (apparent to whom?), particles are constantly born and disappeared in the physical vacuum: so-called zero-point field oscillations occur. Virtual particles of the physical vacuum, and therefore itself, by definition, do not have a reference system, since otherwise Einstein’s principle of relativity, on which the theory of relativity is based, would be violated (that is, an absolute measurement system with reference to the particles of the physical vacuum would become possible, which in turn would clearly refute the principle of relativity on which the SRT is based). Thus, the physical vacuum and its particles are not elements of the physical world, but only elements of the theory of relativity, which do not exist in the real world, but only in relativistic formulas, while violating the principle of causality (they appear and disappear without cause), the principle of objectivity (virtual particles can be considered, depending on the desire of the theorist, either existing or non-existent), the principle of factual measurability (not observable, do not have their own ISO).

When one or another physicist uses the concept of “physical vacuum,” he either does not understand the absurdity of this term, or is disingenuous, being a hidden or overt adherent of relativistic ideology.

The easiest way to understand the absurdity of this concept is to turn to the origins of its occurrence. It was born by Paul Dirac in the 1930s, when it became clear that denying the ether in its pure form, as was done by a great mathematician but a mediocre physicist, was no longer possible. There are too many facts that contradict this.

To defend relativism, Paul Dirac introduced the aphysical and illogical concept of negative energy, and then the existence of a “sea” of two energies compensating each other in a vacuum - positive and negative, as well as a “sea” of particles compensating each other - virtual (that is, apparent) electrons and positrons in a vacuum.

With technological progress, more and more devices appear that are designed to enter data into a computer. The following article contains information about these devices.

Initially, the only way to enter information into computer memory was to type it by hand using a keyboard. However, as technology developed, newer and faster input devices began to be created. They help to enter significant amounts of information into a computer without the need for lengthy manual work. Tech-savvy users know computer input devices like the back of their hand, but if you still find it difficult to answer the question of what exactly can be called a computer input device, then this article will most fully answer your question.

What are computer input devices?

These are hardware components that help you put information into your computer's memory. A computer that does not have devices for inputting information or commands can only be used as a regular TV. Such devices help you not only store data in the computer’s memory, but also subsequently print it on a printer, send it by email, and copy it to portable devices. Therefore, an input device can be considered any peripheral device that helps input data and controls the commands executed by the computer.

Input devices are divided into the following categories:
- audio, video and mechanical devices;
- continuous input devices (for example, a mouse, the position of which changes quite quickly and constantly, which can be considered as continuous input);
- devices for spatial use, such as a 2D mouse or 3D navigator (especially for CAD applications).

Also, many computer pointing input devices are classified according to the way they control the cursor:
- direct input, when control is carried out directly at the location where the cursor is visible. For example, touch panels and screens;
- indirect pointing devices, e.g. Trackballs or mice.

Types of computer input devices

Now let's look at various devices that can help with information processing on a computer.

Keyboard is the oldest and most widely used input device. It is used with desktop computers, laptops and other types of computing devices. The computer keyboard contains all the most essential alphabetic and numeric symbols for entering data and commands. Most often, the keyboard is connected to the computer using a wire, but wireless keyboards are now widespread.

Mouse- a small hand-held computer device that helps you navigate the screen and perform the necessary action. The computer mouse is displayed on the monitor as a cursor, which is used to open files, folders and allows you to select the desired menu items. A mouse, like a keyboard, is either connected to the computer via wires or has a wireless connection.

Graphic tablets . A graphics tablet uses pen-like input devices called styluses. With this device you can write on a tablet or touch screen as if you were using a regular pen. Some styluses have special buttons that allow you to use the device as a mouse. Many of the latest graphics tablets are designed to be used with your fingers instead of a stylus.

Joysticks. If you are an avid gamer and like to spend time playing computer games, then a joystick (or gamepad) will be the best assistant for you. This is a movable handle with a button or two that helps control the movements of the characters in the game. The latest generation of joysticks come with a variety of button modifications to allow you to perform many complex in-game moves with just the press of your finger.

Scanners- computer input devices that will help you create an electronic copy of a document or even a photograph. You can then copy the digital image of the document you want to display and save it to your computer or print it. This copy can also be modified using graphics or text programs.

Headsets. This includes devices such as headphones and a microphone. They will help you record your voice, dictate data or even commands to your computer. Modern headsets leave your hands free to perform a variety of tasks. You can even install voice recognition software so that the computer only accepts commands spoken in your voice.

Multimedia input devices . There are many different devices that will help you exchange information in various formats with your computer. The following are devices designed to perform image digitization, video or audio processing functions:

Webcam
- graphic scanner
- digital cameras
- barcode reader
- fingerprint scanner
- 3D scanner
- laser meter
- hardware video recording
- MIDI keyboard

Listed above are some of the computer input devices that will help you transfer data to your computer from other devices. As technology grows, methods for converting information and entering data continue to improve. This article discussed those devices that are most often used by home users today.

Input and output devices - devices for interaction between a computer and the outside world: with users or other computers. Input devices allow you to enter information into the computer for further storage and processing, and output devices allow you to receive information from the computer.

Input and output devices are classified as peripheral (additional) devices.

Peripherals - these are all computer devices, with the exception of the processor and internal memory.

Classification of peripheral devices by location (relative to the system unit of a desktop computer or laptop case):

• internal - located inside the system unit / laptop case: hard drive (hard drive), built-in disk drive (disk drive);
• external - connect to the computer via I/O ports: mouse, printer, etc.

By another definition, peripheral devices are devices that are not included in the computer system unit.

Input and output devices are divided into:

• input devices,
• output devices,
• input/output devices.

Input devices

Classification by type of information entered:

• text input devices: keyboard;
• graphic input devices:
  • scanner,
  • digital photo and video camera,
  • web camera - a small digital photo or video camera that takes photos or records video in real time for further transmission over the Internet;
  • graphic tablet (digitizer) - for entering drawings, graphs and plans using a special pencil, which is moved across the tablet screen;
• sound input devices: microphone;

Manipulator devices (convert hand movements into control information for the computer):

• non-sensory:
  • mouse,
  • trackball - a ball-shaped device controlled by hand rotation;
  • trackpoint (Pointing stick) - a very small joystick (5 mm) with a rough top, which is located between the keyboard keys and is controlled by pressing a finger;
  • game controllers: joystick, pedal, steering wheel, dance platform, game console (gamepad, joypad);
• sensory:
  • touchpad (touch pad) - a rectangular pad with two buttons, controlled by moving a finger and pressing buttons, used in laptops,
  • touch screen - a screen that responds to the touch of a finger or a stylus (a stick with a special tip), used in tablet personal computers;
  • graphic tablet (digitizer) - for entering drawings, diagrams and plans using a special pencil, which is moved across the tablet screen,
  • light pen - a pen-shaped device that enters data by touching or drawing lines across the screen of a CRT monitor (a monitor based on a cathode ray tube). The light pen is not currently in use.

Output devices

Classification by type of information displayed:

• graphic and text information output devices:
  • monitor - for displaying (monitor screen),
  • projector - for displaying on a large screen,
  • Printing devices:
    • printer - for outputting information onto paper, as well as onto the surface of disks;
    • wide format printer ("wide" printer) - for output on sheets of formats: A0, A1, A2 and A3,
    • plotter (plotter) - for displaying vector images (various drawings and diagrams) on paper, cardboard, tracing paper;
    • cutter (cutting plotter) - cuts images from film, cardboard along a given contour;
• sound output (playback) devices:
  • headphones,
  • speakers and acoustic systems (speaker, amplifier),
  • built-in speaker (PC speaker; Beeper) - to sound a sound signal in case of an error.

I/O devices:

• hard drive (hard drive) (the disk drive included in it) - for input/output of information onto the hard platters of the hard drive;
• flash drive (flash drive or USB flash drive) - for input/output of information to the flash drive memory chip
• optical disk drive - for input/output of information on optical disks,
• floppy disk drive - for input/output of information onto floppy disks,
• streamer - for input/output of information onto cartridges (tape media);
• card reader - for input/output of information onto a memory card;
• multifunctional device (MFP) - a copy machine with additional functions of a printer (data output) and a scanner (data input)
• modem (telephone) - for connecting computers through the telephone network;
• network card (network card or network adapter) - for connecting a personal computer to the network and organizing interaction with other network devices (exchange of information over the network).

Every day, sitting down at his workplace in the office, a person takes a mouse in one hand and begins to perform his duties. He knows why he needs a keyboard, a printer, a scanner, but he doesn’t even realize that they have their own official name. All this - and the output of information.

How does this work

All devices in a personal computer are controlled by a central processor. To ensure interaction with it, output and input devices make requests to the logical element of the motherboard. It serves to ensure communication and process requests from external devices to the north bridge or central processor if there is no bridge.

In general, computer science deals with the study of the structure of a personal computer. She defines input and output devices as components of a typical personal computer that provide interaction between the user and the computer. But before we begin to describe all the devices, the basic I/O device deserves special mention. It's also BIOS. This chip on the motherboard of a personal computer provides an initial check of all connected devices and starts the operating system.

Classification

Personal computer input and output devices can be classified in different ways. The determining factor for this will be their functional responsibilities.

The first point will be the main input/output devices. In fact, only one item could be specified here - the keyboard, since without it not a single user's computer will continue to boot. You can completely turn off the monitor and mouse, but the computer will not work without the keyboard. The exception is server computers, which operate without any connected external devices at all. So, the main input/output devices, without which the average user cannot work, are:

• keyboard;
• monitor;
• mouse.

You can also select additional I/O devices:

• printers;
• scanners;
• joystick;
• projector;
• I/O devices also include audio devices.

This is not a complete list of possible devices that interact with the user; the list of them could take a very long time. So let's look at the computer's input/output devices in more detail.

Monitors

Computer monitors have undergone many changes throughout their history. Starting from old ones using a cathode ray tube to modern LCDs.

The monitor or display itself is a device that provides output to the end user. They can be divided according to several criteria.

1. By type of information.

• Alphanumeric. These displays are intended to display text information only.
• Graphic. We encounter these monitors every day when we sit down at a personal computer. They are intended to present information in graphic form, including video.

2. By screen type.

• based on something you might have worked with in 2000.
• LCD is a liquid crystal "flat" display that is now used everywhere. This type of monitor is also used in laptops.
• Plasma.
• Laser - not yet in mass production.

Keyboards

What about keyboards? The imagination of manufacturers in this area has stepped far forward, and their sense of humor pushes them to the most daring experiments.

Among the keyboards, you can find minimalistic options - without a side additional panel with numbers, and huge gaming keyboards with built-in joysticks, additional buttons and speakers. There are keyboards with an additional USB connector and pink keyboards with “obscure buttons” for “blondes”. There are also silicone keyboards that roll up to make them easier to carry, or simply fold into three folds.

If you are going to buy yourself a keyboard, just go to a computer store and choose the one that suits your taste.

Mouse

Computer mice are computer input/output devices without which the work of an ordinary user is impossible. If an advanced user can navigate through folders and files, as well as some programs and games, solely using the keyboard, then the average person is simply not able to do this. Over the entire period of their existence, computer mice have not undergone such significant changes.

The first mice worked on the basis of a ball at the base. By moving it in different directions, the ball rotated and controlled the controllers.

Then it was replaced by optical mice based on LEDs. The first generation of optical mice required the presence of a special mat, on which shading was applied to increase the light reflectivity of the surface. Moreover, the first mice had personal mouse pads; they could not be replaced with others.

The second generation of optical mice has a more complex design. A mini-video camera is installed on the bottom of the mouse, continuously taking microphotographs of the surface and comparing them with each other to determine the displacement of the device.

A newer device are mice. Among their advantages are low energy consumption, reliability, and lack of glow.

Another version of the mouse is found as an addition to a graphics tablet. Such induction mice are quite inconvenient to use, since they cannot be replaced with more comfortable ones that fit the hand, and the increased accuracy is discredited by the small ability to move away from the tablet with it.

Printers

These are devices for printing information. Throughout their existence, printers have not changed much. Technologies are developing, inkjet printers are being replaced by laser ones, but previous generations continue to live. What is the reason for this? The fact is that different types of printers are suitable for different types of printing. They all perform the same function and are not very different in design. The following types of printers exist:

• matrix;
• jet;
• laser;
• thermal printers.

When choosing such a device, people usually adhere to their personal preferences and habits. However, if you are going to print photos on it, and not just text documents, then laser is more suitable for you due to the increased print quality.

Scanners

A device for entering information into a computer. The peculiarity is that scanners enter information into the PC exclusively in graphic form. The development of scanners has stalled solely on changing their sizes. At first they became smaller and more compact, and then they were replaced by huge “combines” - output and input devices that combine a copier, printer and scanner.

Sound

Each of us likes to watch movies and listen to music at home. Speakers, headphones, audio systems and home theater systems, as well as headsets and microphones, all refer to audio output and input devices.

There are many different microphones and speakers, varying in the quality of audio recording or playback, respectively. Probably, anyone can determine for themselves how good the sound of a particular speaker is. When choosing an audio system, it is also recommended to be guided by the design and power to your taste.

Video

To work with video graphics, special output and input devices are used - cameras and projectors.

A projector is a device designed to create an image of an object on a large screen. The following types of projectors are distinguished:

• Diascopic. The image appears due to the passage of light rays through a transparent film with a picture.
• Episcopic. Creates an image using the projection of reflected rays.
• Epidiascopic creates an image of both transparent and opaque objects on the screen.
• Multimedia the projector is directly related to the topic of the article. This is a device for displaying graphic information from a computer on a large surface.

As for cameras, there is no need to tell anyone. In most cases, the higher the resolution of the camera, the better the finished image. With the advent of laptops, USB cameras began to be replaced by ones built into the laptop monitor.

After reading this article, you learned what output and input devices exist, what types they are divided into and what types of them are relevant today. If you are going to independently arrange your work and play space, as well as independently choose the devices that you want to have at hand at home, then this article should help you with choosing gadgets.

Remember the main rule of the buyer: more expensive does not mean better. In a computer store, when purchasing a printer or headset, you may well overpay for the brand, and then regret your purchase for a long time.

An example is HP printers. Yes, they are considered one of the best, but replacing an exhausted cartridge or just a minor malfunction will cost you a pretty penny solely because of the manufacturer’s reputation.

When purchasing a sound system, do not hesitate to check the sound and performance of the speakers. And if you are going to buy a webcam, then test its image, since the resolution stated in the documentation may not always correspond to the existing one.

And the main rule. When purchasing any product, check with the seller for warranty information. For example, for some devices, services require the box in which the unit was supplied. A striking example is Asus laptops. In most cases, nowhere on the store’s website is there information that manufacturers require a branded box when contacting the service center.

Be careful and have a good shopping!

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"Brotherly State University"

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY

Coursework

by discipline

"Informatics"

INFORMATION DEVICES

Completed

st. gr. K-09:

Checked

Ph.D., Associate Professor: P.A. Fedyaev

Bratsk 2010

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…3

1 Information input devices……………………………………….….5

1.1 Keyboard………………………………………………………………………………5

1.2 Manipulators………………………………………………………..6

1.2.1 Mouse………………………………………………………………………………..6

1.2.2 Trackball……………………………………………………………...8

1.2.3 Joystick………………………………………………………...….9

1.2.4 Touchpad…………………………………………………………….....9

1.2.5 Trackpoint……………………………………………………….…12

1.3 Scanner……………………………………………………………………………….14

1.4 Digitizer……………………………………………………………...15

2 WINDOWS operating system……………………………………..17

2.1 Viewing files…………………………………………………….…17

2.1.1 Automation tools for input and editing…………………18

2.2 EXCEL spreadsheet processor…………………………………………18

2.2.1 Entering the table name and headings……………………………..18

3 PC block diagram……………………………………………....…20

3.1 PC internal devices………………………………………….…20

3.2 External PC devices……………………………………………..26

4 Description of actions………………………………………………………..33

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….36

List of references……………………………………………………………...37

Applications………………………………………………………………………………..38

Introduction

The IBM PC was launched in 1981 and quickly became
won enormous popularity among users. IBM PC and compatibles
These computers now make up the majority of the fleet of professional PCs in the world.

A personal computer includes the following devices:

A processor that performs computer control, calculations, etc.;

A keyboard that allows you to enter character information into a computer;

Monitor (or display) for displaying text and graphic information;
- drives (or drives) for floppy magnetic disks, used for reading and writing information on floppy magnetic disks (floppy disks);
- a hard magnetic disk drive designed for reading and writing information onto a non-removable hard magnetic disk (hard drive).
In addition, a printer can be connected to the computer for printing
some text and graphic information; mouse - device, facilitate-
for entering information into a computer and other manipulating devices.
Input devices include the following devices: keyboard, scanner, digitizer, speech input device, mouse, ball, joystick, light pen, and
etc.

The purpose of the course work is to study the design and operating principles of information input devices, printing devices of personal computers and familiarize themselves with their main characteristics and software.

Coursework objectives:

understand what input devices are;

get acquainted with some functions of WINDOWS, WORD and EXCEL.

Goals and objectives determined the structure of the course work. It consists of six sections, ten subsections, introduction, conclusion, appendix and list of references.

1 Input devices

Keyboard

The keyboard is the main device for entering information into a computer. In the technical aspect, a computer keyboard is a set of mechanical sensors that sense pressure on the keys and close a certain electrical circuit in one way or another. There are currently two common types of keyboards:

With mechanical switches;

With membrane switches.

In the first case, the sensor represents a traditional mechanism with precious metal contacts, and in the second, thin silver-plated sheets of plastic, between which there is, for example, a conductive liquid with a small air gap. It's no surprise that less expensive membrane switch keyboards have become more common. But their keys are designed for several million keystrokes.

Inside the keyboard body, in addition to the key sensors, there are electronic decryption circuits. The keyboard controller, with the help of which the keyboard interacts with other components of the computer, is located directly on the system board (with the exception of older models of XT and AT 286 computers, in which the controller was implemented as a separate chip). The basic principle of how a keyboard works with a controller is to scan the key switches. The closing and opening of any of these switches (i.e., pressing or releasing any of the 101 or 104 keys) corresponds to a unique digital code - a one-byte scan code.

The attractiveness of a particular keyboard mainly depends on the location of the keys, tactile sensations and the force when pressing the key. Regardless of the technology used, the force required to press a key is about 200...500 N, and the working stroke is about 4 mm.

The most common key layout (keyboard layout) is QWERTY. There are about 60 keys with letters, numbers, punctuation and other symbols, and about 40 more keys for controlling the computer and executing programs. The cursor control keys, as well as the Ctrl, Alt, ÿ (Win) keys, have been duplicated. Function keys F1...F12 are placed in the top row.

Figure 1 – Keyboard

Manipulators

Mouse

The second, but no less important tool for controlling a computer and entering information is undoubtedly the mouse. The desire to eliminate the unproductive frequent repeated pressing of certain keys, especially when operating in the environment of many programs, arose among hardware developers immediately after the mass distribution of personal computers began. The prototype of the “mouse” was developed by the American D. Engelbart back in the 60s of the 20th century. However, the manipulator received its real embodiment (in a significantly simplified form) only in the 1980s. in personal computers Xerox, Apple, later IBM.

Figure 2 – Mouse manipulator

A mouse is a device designed to provide ease of use with modern software. The essence of program management often comes down to combining the mouse cursor on the screen with the corresponding command buttons on the screen and pressing one of the two mouse buttons (usually even one is enough). It is clear that the movements of the “mouse” body correspond to the movements of the “mouse” cursor on the screen, which creates the illusion of “an extension of the hand on the screen” and ensures simple control and ease of mastering the computer.

A mouse is an electronic-mechanical device that is used to remotely control a cursor on a monitor screen. A rubber ball is placed inside the mouse. When you move the mouse on a smooth surface, the ball rotates. Its rotation is transmitted to two rollers, the axes of which are perpendicular to each other. The rollers are equipped with discs with slots. On one side of the disk there is a small light source (LED), and on the other side there is a light receiver (phototransistor). When the disks rotate, the beam of light coming from the LED to the phototransistor is interrupted, resulting in pulses (signals) appearing at the phototransistor. These signals are transmitted via wires to a computer, where they are processed.

The computer mouse continues to evolve: optical mice (without a ball, and therefore do not get dirty) and wireless mice (via infrared remote control ports), waterproof mice and many other interesting developments have appeared.

Trackball

Trackball(English) trackball) - a pointing device for entering information about relative movement for a computer. Similar to a mouse in terms of operation and functions. The trackball is functionally an inverted mechanical (ball) mouse. The ball is located on the top or side, and the user can rotate it with the palm or fingers without moving the body of the device. Despite the external differences, the trackball and the mouse are structurally similar - when moving, the ball rotates a pair of rollers or, in a more modern version, it is scanned by optical motion sensors (as in an optical mouse).

Figure 3 – Trackball

Joystick

An information input device, which is a manipulator through which you can set the screen coordinates of a graphic object; can also function as a keyboard. The joystick is a handle, by tilting which you can set the direction in a two-dimensional plane. On the handle, as well as in the platform on which it is mounted, there are usually buttons and switches for various purposes. In addition to the X and Y coordinate axes, it is also possible to change the Z coordinate by rotating the handle around the axis, having a second handle, an additional wheel, etc.

The joystick is widely used in computer games, but can also be used for other purposes. By analogy with this device, a joystick is a playful name for the control handle of industrial mechanisms and vehicles (airplanes, etc.).

Figure 4 – Joystick

Touchpad

English touchpad- touch pad), touch panel- a pointing input device, most often used in laptops.

Like other pointing devices, a touchpad is typically used to control the "pointer" by moving your finger across the surface of the device. Touchpads come in different sizes, but usually their area does not exceed 50 cm².

Before touchpads, laptops used trackballs.
In 1988, George E. Gerpheide invented the touchpad (touchpad). Apple licensed his design and began using it in its PowerBook laptops starting in 1994. Since then, the touchpad has become the most common cursor control device for laptops.

The operation of touchpads is based on measuring the capacitance of the finger or measuring the capacitance between the sensors. Capacitive sensors are located along the vertical and horizontal axes of the touchpad, which allows you to determine the position of your finger with the required accuracy.

Since the device operates by measuring capacitance, the touchpad will not work if you move a non-conductive object, such as the base of a pencil, across it. If you use conductive objects, the touchpad will only work if there is sufficient contact area. (Try touching the touchpad with your finger only slightly.) Wet fingers make the touchpad difficult to operate.

Touchpads are fairly low resolution devices. This is enough to use them in everyday computer work (office applications, web browsers, logic games), but makes it difficult to work in graphics programs and almost impossible to play 3D shooters.

However, touchpads also have a number of advantages compared to other manipulators:

do not require a flat surface (unlike a mouse);

do not require a lot of space (unlike a mouse or graphics tablet)

The location of the touchpad is fixed relative to the keyboard (unlike the mouse);

To move the cursor across the entire screen, just a small movement of your finger is enough (unlike a mouse or a large graphics tablet);

working with them does not require much getting used to, as is the case with a trackball, for example.

Using one touchpad (without touching the buttons) you can perform some of the manipulations of the left mouse button:

• short touch - click

  double short tap - double click

  incomplete double tap followed by movement - moving an object or highlighting

separate areas of the touchpad (bar on the right and top/bottom) can be used for vertical and horizontal scrolling.

Apple, Asus, as well as almost anyone from Synaptics (using a separate program) can simulate pressing the right button and wheel without using additional buttons:

scrolling - tap with two fingers and move

right button - short press with two fingers

Zoom in/out - pulls or stretches two fingers on the touchpad surface relative to each other

Flip - changing the plane of the position of two fingers on the touchpad in the desired direction

Flipping - lightly touching in a movement from left to right or vice versa with three fingers

Figure 5 – Touchpad

1.2.5 Trackpoint

Pointingstick(also known as TrackPoint, PointStick, TrackStick, StickPoint and others) is a miniature strain gauge joystick used in laptops as a mouse replacement.

Typically the joystick has a replaceable rubber casing. On ThinkPad laptops it is red, other manufacturers use other colors. The casing is often made of a slightly rough material.

The QWERTY joystick is located between the "G", "H" and "B" keys, and the mouse buttons are located under the "space" key.

Mouse buttons are usually pressed with the right thumb, but some people use both fingers for the 1st and 3rd buttons respectively.

The cursor is controlled by detecting the applied force (hence the name strain gauge joystick), using a pair of resistive strain sensors (resistive strain gauges). The cursor movement vector is determined in accordance with the applied force.

TrackPoint sensitivity is typically adjustable and can be set to provide an extremely light degree of response.

Press-to-select is an optional feature where pressing firmly on the joystick is equivalent to pressing a button. The + button whose press is transmitted can be configured as 1st, 2nd or 3rd. However, it is easy to accidentally press the joystick while printing.

Together with software mouse wheel emulation, TrackPoint can provide the full behavior of a 3-button mouse with 2 scroll wheels. Pressing button 2 creates a middle button click, holding button 2 while simultaneously moving the cursor will create vertical and horizontal scroll events.

TrackPoint III and TrackPoint IV have a feature called "Negative Inertia" which causes the cursor's movement vector to be "overly responsive" when the movement vector is increased or decreased using the joystick. Usability tests at IBM showed that it was easier for users to move the cursor with the feature enabled Negative Inertia than when it is disabled.

Cursor drift is a common problem among this type of pointer, requiring frequent recalibration. However, TrackPoint devices automatically recalibrate when the joystick detects persistent cursor drift. To recalibrate, simply remove your finger from the TrackPoint for about 1 second.

The joystick seems like an old design to those who prefer a mouse or touchpad. However, this device is especially popular with touch typists and IT professionals because it is the only pointing device that does not require the user to remove their fingers from the starting position on the keyboard.

Some users find it easier to position the cursor using a joystick rather than a touchpad because there is virtually no dead zone. The only criticism of this device is that it requires the user to apply pressure, which can cause hand spasms (even though this can be partially avoided by setting the sensitivity to maximum, and lifting the finger when the cursor does not need to be moved) .

Figure 6 - TrackPoit

Scanner

Increasingly, next to the computer there is a device for entering documents (texts, drawings, drawings) from a sheet of paper - a scanner. There are flatbed, sheet-fed and hand-held scanners. A beam of light travels line by line (several hundred lines) at enormous speed across the sheet, light-sensitive sensors perceive the brightness and chromaticity of the reflected color, and transform it into a binary code.

Figure 7 – Scanner

Flatbed scanners are similar to a photocopier: the image to be copied is placed on horizontal glass with the scanned image facing down. When scanning on a flatbed scanner, the sheet remains stationary, but the halogen lamp and the reading head move. with a broach scanner, the lamp and head are stationary, but the sheet of paper itself moves. When using small hand-held scanners, much greater care is required from the user, because the quality of the resulting image can depend on the uniformity of hand movement.

All of the above applies to scanners operating on reflected light. These scanners can take images printed on a hard surface, but they cannot scan film in this way. For this you need scanners that work in transmission. Therefore, to scan photographic films, special scanners are used that work in transmission and have a higher resolution and color.

Scanners are also used for keyboardless text entry. The scanner perceives any information as graphic. If it was text that would otherwise have to be typed again, then after the scanner has worked, a special text recognition program, which allows you to select individual characters in the read image and associate them with the corresponding character codes, converts it into text suitable for processing.

Digitizer

It is a graphics tablet that is used to convert technical drawings and diagrams into digital format. The digitizer, in addition to the tablet itself, includes a special pointer with a sensor similar to a magnifying glass with a black crosshair in the center.

Graphic tablets are used both for creating images on a computer in a way that is as close as possible to how images are created on paper, and for general work with interfaces that do not require relative input (although entering relative movements using a tablet is possible, it is often inconvenient).

In addition, they are convenient to use for transferring (rendering) ready-made images to a computer.

Some instant messaging programs (such as MSN Messenger (now WINDOWS Live Messenger) and Skype 2) allow a user with a graphics tablet to interactively show what they are drawing to the person on the other end.

Some such applications have the function of collaborative image editing (English whiteboard) using, for example, Jabber protocols. Among them is the IM client Coccinella (English . ), IM client Tkabber and graphic editor Inkscape. Whiteboard support is also being developed in the Jabber Psi client.

Some users prefer small graphics tablets to computer mice because they require less strain on the hand, as do trackballs.

Figure 8 – Digitizer

Operating systemWINDOWS

2.1 Viewing Word Processor FilesWORD

Explorer is now the de facto basis of the Windows user interface.

Windows Explorer is the main tool for working with files and folders. In fact, every time you open a folder, you are actually looking at an Explorer window. Several Explorer windows can be open at once, each of which displays different folders with different display options. Let's study the main elements of the program window.

Some of the main window elements are listed below.

Address line. This line displays your current location.

Toolbar. One of the main panels of the Explorer program. It always contains the Arrange, Views and Burn to Optical Disc buttons. Depending on what files you are working with, the contents of the toolbar will change.

Navigation panel. The panel allows you to go to the file you are interested in.

Status bar. This line displays various parameters and characteristics of the selected file or object. In particular, the currently open folder and file size are displayed.

Details panel. This panel also displays some properties of the selected file, such as Modified Date, Size, and Created Date.

2.1.1 Automation tools for input and editing

The current document window always contains a blinking vertical bar - the cursor. Text input is carried out by typing from the keyboard. The characters you type appear at the cursor location. The cursor moves to the right as you type.

To ensure that the entered text replaces, rather than shifts, existing text, enable the replacement mode. Switching the replacement mode is done by pressing the INSERT key or double-clicking on the ZAM indicator in the status bar.

When the text reaches the right edge of the page, it automatically wraps to a new line. To force a line to end and start a new paragraph, press ENTER.

The easiest way to place the cursor in the desired place in the document is to click the mouse at the desired point. The same can be done with the cursor keys.

2.2 Table processorEXCEL

2.2.1 Entering table names and headings

To create a table, open the Excel Microsoft Office application. After entering the table name, fill in the column headings and format them. To do this, select the menu commands Format-Column-Width and set the required values ​​(in accordance with the number of characters in each field specified in the database structure). After entering the column headings, select the appropriate type of formatting. To do this, use the Cell Format menu items and activate the corresponding tabs: Number-Alignment-Font. In numeric fields we set 2 characters after the period, alignment in test fields is set to the right edge of the cell, alignment of numeric fields is performed in the center.

3 PC block diagram

Block diagram of a typical PC

Figure 9 – PC block diagram

3.1 PC internals

Motherboard (system, main) board is the central part of any computer. The motherboard generally houses a central processor, a coprocessor, controllers that provide communication between the central processor and peripheral devices, random access memory (RAM), cache memory, a ROM-BIOS element (basic input/output system), a battery, a quartz clock oscillator frequencies and slots (connectors) for connecting other devices.

The overall performance of the motherboard is determined not only by the clock frequency, but also by the amount (bit depth) of data processed per unit time by the central processor, as well as by the bit width of the data exchange bus between various devices on the motherboard.

The data bus exchanges data between the central processor, expansion cards and memory. The data bus width varies from 8 bits (not currently used) to 64 bits in modern PC motherboards.

The address bus is used to address memory cells into which data is written.

The control bus or system bus transmits control signals between the central processor and peripherals. On the motherboard, the system bus ends with slots for installing other devices. Address buses and data buses sometimes occupy the same physical wires.

The modern period of electronics development is increasingly characterized as the era of microprocessors. A personal computer is primarily a microprocessor computer. Most often, this means that the central processor of such a computer is mainly implemented on a single integrated circuit with a large or ultra-large degree of integration of electronic components, which represents microprocessor. Personal computers use functionally complete single-chip microprocessors with a fixed bit depth and a fixed instruction system.

One of the main characteristics of a microprocessor is its capacity. This characteristic indicates the number of binary bits that the microprocessor can simultaneously work with, i.e., the number of bits (the length of the binary number) that the processor processes in one clock cycle.

When talking about the capabilities of a personal computer in terms of hardware, they first of all name the model of the main microprocessor used in it, which, as a rule, performs the function PC central processor. The central processing unit is the brain of your computer. It is capable of interpreting and executing all commands stored in memory, writing information to and reading from memory, accessing external devices such as the serial port and disk controller, and incorporating complex control logic and a set of registers. The registers form an internal memory that is optimized for efficient access speed. The central processing unit understands the lowest level language (machine code), the functions of which are limited to the operations performed using these registers. Information coming from external memory can be added or subtracted to the contents of some registers. These include a register called the program counter, which contains the number of the next instruction to be executed. It “knows” the address of the memory cell where this instruction is stored and fetches it to the central processor. In this case, the contents of the program counter increase and point to the address of the next instruction, etc.

Another particularly important characteristic of a computer is memory capacity. These are actually two characteristics - one of them relates to the internal memory, its capacity RAM(RAM and storage devices), and the second - to an external storage device on magnetic disks. In the second case, the benefit of increasing memory capacity is obvious: the larger it is, the more useful programs and information we can store in the computer.

Of these two types of internal PC memory, the most interesting is the random access memory (RAM). It is worth paying special attention to the word “operational” - only what is in RAM can be freely and quickly managed by the computer, since this memory is implemented on integrated circuits and its performance (writing/reading speed) is commensurate with the speed of the processor.

The capacity of RAM largely determines the computer's capabilities in solving complex problems, in spectacular dynamic games, and in working with graphics. The number of RAM cells cannot be unlimited; in particular, it is limited by the width of the microprocessor address bus (backbone). To feel the real values ​​of RAM capacity will help you know that 1 character = 1 byte = 8 bits, and a 256-color picture with a resolution of 640´480 pixels takes 307 KB, a picture of 1024´768 pixels with 256 colors takes 768 KB.

Therefore, the more RAM, the more opportunities for configuring the system for specific tasks, the faster - on average - the computer will work. The capacity of RAM can be changed depending on the needs of the user of the personal computer. For this purpose, the RAM is made in the form of special SIMM modules (Single In-line Memory Module - a memory module with single-sided pinouts) with memory capacities of 256 KB, 1 MB, 4 MB, 8 MB, 16 MB and 32 MB. Typically, there are 4 to 8 slots on the motherboard for connecting these modules, which can only be partially filled. Accordingly, the RAM capacity of modern computers can vary from 1Myte (4´256KB SIMM) to 256MB (8´32MB SIMM).

Computer RAM is divided into several types:

standard (conventional) memory of 1 MB in size, which includes base (base) - 640 KB and reserve (reserved or upper - UMB), which is reserved to accommodate peripheral device drivers, volume 384 KB;

extended (XMS) memory (over 1 MB);

expandable (EMS) memory. To use memory over 1 MB in application programs, Lotus, Intel, and Microsoft have developed the LIM EMS (Lotus, Intel, Microsoft Expanded Specification) standard, which allows addressing up to 32 MB of RAM. In accordance with this standard, RAM over 1 MB is divided into pages, the addressing of which is controlled by a special driver (usually called EMM - Expanded Memory Manager) through a page buffer, which is allocated in the backup memory (UMB). Currently, this type of memory is practically not used and is supported only to maintain compatibility with older programs.

This organization of memory is explained by the continuity of processors of different generations of personal computer processes.

When the power is turned off, the contents in RAM are erased. For this reason, personal computers include read-only memory (ROM) small container. It usually contains a set of utility routines and bootloader programs - BIOS (bases input/output system) that allow you to start the system after turning it on. These programs are recorded at the factory.

Cache memory designed to match the speed of relatively slow devices, such as dynamic memory, with a fast microprocessor. Using cache memory avoids wait cycles in its operation, which reduce the performance of the entire system.

With the help of cache memory, an attempt is usually made to coordinate the operation of external devices, for example, various drives, and the microprocessor. The appropriate cache controller must ensure that instructions and data that will be needed by the microprocessor at a certain point in time are in the cache memory at that moment.

For long-term storage of information they are used flexible magnetic disks (floppy disks) and hard magnetic disks (“hard drive”).

Hard drives with a capacity of 240-3600 MB and an average access time of 8-15 ms are widely used. Moreover, the requirements for the volume and parameters of the hard drive included in the basic configuration of a computer are constantly growing. This is primarily due to the increase in the volume and complexity of the underlying software.

It is customary to qualify hard drives, first of all, by the diameter of the disks on which information is recorded. Almost all personal computers use 3.5-inch hard drives, and 2.5-inch ones are used mainly in notebook-type computers. A special class of devices are hard drives with a diameter of 1.8 inches in the PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) standard. Having the dimensions of a standard credit card with a thickness of 10.5 mm, a capacity of about 130 MB and the possibility of “hot” connection (while the computer is running), such a hard drive allows you to implement the concept of personal storage of information.

Modern hard drives are available with two types of interfaces:

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface). Data transfer speeds using the SCSI-2 standard reach 10 MB/s in 8-bit Fast mode and 20 MB/s in 16-bit FastWide mode, which allows this interface to be used for a wide class of computers, including supercomputers.

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics or ATA) is a much cheaper option and until recently was significantly inferior in capabilities to the SCSI interface. The situation changed with the introduction of the ATA-2 (or Enhanced IDE) standard. Its features: support for up to 4 devices, including CD-ROM drives and ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) tape drives, data transfer speed when using a controller with a local bus can reach 11-13 MB/s, the 504 MB barrier for storage capacity.

The most common of all types of floppy magnetic disks are floppy disks with a diameter of 133 mm (5.25 inches) and 89 mm (3.5 inches), with a maximum capacity of 1.2 MB and 1.44 MB, respectively. Although some users continue to use outdated 5.25-inch floppy disks, their share in total consumption is considered negligibly small.

New devices actively entering the disk drive market are Jaz and Zip.

Jaz is a new type of storage device that uses removable hard drives. Structurally, the Jaz device is something like a disk drive, only the “floppy disk” is, instead of the usual flexible circle, two rigid magnetic plates, each with a capacity of 540 MB, enclosed in a kind of cartridge, which, when removed, is absolutely sealed. Jaz devices use the SCSI interface for data exchange. The search time for such a device is 12 ms, and the access time is 17 ms. The data exchange speed is 12 MB/s, i.e. 1 GB is written in about 5 minutes. This speed allows you to record full-screen video in real time.

Zip is a new generation of floppy drives. According to the principles of operation, it is almost similar to a regular 3.5-inch floppy disk drive, but the capacity of a floppy disk is 70 times greater and is 120 MB. Zip's data exchange speed is much higher - it takes less than 2 minutes to write a 100 MB floppy disk. Zip drives have become not only very popular, but are also supported by many hardware and software manufacturers as a data storage standard.

3.2 External PC devices

The highlighted position is occupied by keyboard. Great importance is attached to its convenience and ergonomics. After all, keyboards remain the main input means in almost all applied tasks - spreadsheets and databases. The design of the keyboard and the way it interprets keystrokes allows it to perceive not only individual keypresses, but also many combined keystrokes. The keys can be assigned sequences of characters or commands for changing modes, changing display windows, and much more.

If a key is pressed for more than a quarter of a second, a simulation of very fast key presses is automatically generated.

An integral part of the keyboard today are control arrows, the main use of which is to control the movement of the cursor.

In most cases, keyboards are interchangeable: a keyboard from one PC can be connected to another. The exception is keyboards for PCs of the Macintosh family (company: Apple), which meet the requirements of the manufacturer’s unique standard.

The standard keyboard of an IBM-compatible computer today contains 101 or 102 keys, including 12 function keys. The keys for entering numbers and controlling the cursor are structurally separated. And the keyboard of computers produced with the Designed for Windows'95 logo has an additional 3 keys, the purpose of which corresponds to pressing the "Start" button on the taskbar in Windows'95 (2 buttons) and calling the context menu of the selected object on the screen (similar to pressing the right button on "To the mouse")

There are several special combinations of function and control key presses that are processed uniquely.

The capabilities of keys such as arrows for controlling cursor movement are significantly enhanced by special devices - manipulators such as: "mouse"(mouse) or "trackball"(trackball), two-axis handle

"joystick"(joystick), tablet manipulators. The first of these allows you to convert mechanical movement into an equivalent sequence of repeated arrow presses; in the second manipulator, the signal-generating role is played by the deviation of the lever in any desired direction from the vertical position; the third allows you to position the cursor in accordance with the position of the sensitive element on a special rectangular tablet.

Although no official standards for mice have yet been developed, there are two standards on the market that mouse manufacturers strive to follow in every possible way. We are talking about mice from Microsoft (two-button) and Logitech (three-button) - they are among the most popular products of this kind, which are also supported by most application software systems.

The trackball is similar to the “mouse” both in principle and in functions; They differ, essentially, only constructively. The trackball is a “mouse” turned on its back; the ball is on top, and the user must rotate it with the palm of his hand or fingers, but there is no need to move the body of the device.

The output of information from the computer is carried out, for the most part, on the screen display (monitor). At the present stage, graphic displays are widely used, allowing the formation of any image on the screen. Physically, the graphic display screen is implemented on a monochrome or color cathode ray tube, similar to a television screen. Also used (mainly in portable personal computers) are screens based on the properties of liquid crystals, similar to the indicator on an electronic watch, as well as “plasma” screens, made up of a very large number of miniature light indicators, similar to a neon bulb. Regardless of the design of the screen and its control scheme, “logically” the screen field represents a raster grid of dots. Therefore, the most important characteristic of a display is its resolution, i.e. the number of dots (emitting elements) on the surface of the screen.

The second important requirement is the frame rate of the display system (monitor + video controller), which must be at least 70Hz (70 frames per second).

Another parameter that is worth paying attention to in the technical documentation for the monitor is the image point pitch, which determines the distance between the points (more precisely, triplets - groups of three points - red, green and blue) that form each logical point of the image. High-quality monitor models have an indicator of 0.23-0.28 mm. Monitors with an indicator of 0.31 mm or more should simply be excluded from the shopping list.

Printer serves to display information on paper to create a document. The physical and technical principles on which the operation of modern printers is based are quite different. What is common is the absence of fundamental restrictions on the type of document received. It can be text, table, graph, drawing. As a rule, the following types of printers are used on personal computers: matrix, inkjet and laser. All these printers can be divided into sequential, line and page. Whether a printer belongs to one or another of the listed groups depends on whether it forms on paper character by character or an entire line at once, or even a whole page.

Scanner designed for inputting graphic images, such as black-and-white or color photographs, into a computer. Using a scanner, you can enter a graphic image of a book page with text into your computer. The computer will be able to “read” this image and convert it into plain text. This text can later be edited or formatted. However, the most common use of a scanner is to capture photographs.

By using plotter the computer can draw a drawing of a part, a geographic map, or other similar image. The plotter draws with special colored felt-tip pens. The quality is usually less than what can be achieved with a laser printer, but there are plotters that can handle very large paper sizes, such as A0 size (33.11" x 46.81" or 841mm x 1189mm). Laser printers usually use A4 paper size (8.27" x 11.69" or 210 mm x 297 mm), and only a few use A3 (11.69" x 16.54" or 297 mm x 420 mm).

A device like digitizer, Not everyone needs it. This device consists of a tablet and a special box with buttons. The digitizer is designed for semi-automatic input of drawings, diagrams, and geographic maps into a computer. The drawing or picture is placed on the tablet, with a box connected to the tablet on top. Through a special lens with intersecting lines, you see the surface of the drawing or drawing on which the box lies. By moving the crosshairs from one point in the drawing to another and pressing buttons on the box, you can enter a pencil sketch of a part or a geographical map into the computer.

Modem- a device that allows a computer to communicate with another computer via telephone lines. Based on their appearance and installation location, modems are divided into internal and external. Internal modems are an electronic board installed directly into the computer, while external modems are a stand-alone device connected to one of the ports. An external modem costs more than an internal modem of the same type due to its visual appeal and easier installation. The main parameter in modem operation is the data transfer speed. It is measured in bps (bits per second). Today, a modem with a speed of 33600 bps (about 230Kb per minute) is considered a fairly good modem. Also important indicators in modern modems are the presence of an error correction mode and a data compression mode. The first mode provides additional signals through which modems check data at both ends of the line and discard untagged information, while the second mode compresses the information for faster and clearer transmission, and then reconstructs it at the receiving modem. Both of these modes significantly increase the speed and purity of information transmission, especially in Russian telephone lines. There are also world standards for modem speed, data compression and error correction. Now the global modem market is actually ruled by 2 companies: ZyXEL and US Robotics. They produce the fastest and highest quality modems. Very expensive, ultra-modern ZyXEL modems have the ability to reproduce voice recorded in digital mode and compress speech signals, which allows them to be used as answering machines. Also, some ZyXEL and US Robotics Courier models are equipped with a speech/data switch, built-in testing, caller ID and other useful features. In recent years, the demand for modems has become quite high, because... They are necessary for almost every person who works on a computer. Modems allow you to quickly transfer packages of documents from one computer to another and communicate via e-mail, and also provide access to global networks.

You can also connect other devices to the computer, for example, a device for reading bar codes used to label goods in stores.

To summarize what has been said, we note the hierarchy of computer memory. Directly in the central processor there is a very high-speed memory of small size (tens of bytes). The motherboard has slightly slower RAM and ROM memory with a capacity of about several megabytes (ROM capacity is usually hundreds of kilobytes). Finally, relatively slow external memory devices are connected to the computer, capable of storing thousands of megabytes of data. The table below shows the approximate characteristics of the main types of storage devices used in personal computers.

The hierarchical construction of computer memory allows you to reduce the cost of the computer's memory subsystem, since the data that is needed more often is stored in high-speed (and more expensive) memory, while a large amount of rarely used data can be stored in relatively cheap external memory.

4 Description of actions

I We carry out the specified filtering and grouping of data:

1) For option 19, based on the available information about goods sold in the chain of stores for 2009 and 2010, you need to select a group of goods with the manufacturer “NATTY BALL”. To do this, let's filter the data using AutoFilter. On the main sheet with the source data, execute the command Data – Filter. In this case, the TP will automatically determine the data fields. Then, using the filter marker, select the Text filter by content “NATTY BALL” in the manufacturer field. As a result, we will get a list of goods with the manufacturer “NATTY BALL”. Let's give the sheet a name - “Table 1”.

2) For group “K” and option 19, the data for the “Material” groups should be divided into new tables. To do this, we will use AutoFilter in the same way as 1) adding new content conditions for the “Material” field, copying the “Table 1” sheet each time, assigning the new name “Table 2”, “Table 3” and so on for all groups of the “Material” field. As a result, we get 6 tables with the names “Table 2”, ..., “Table 6”, containing groups of goods from different materials.

II Let's calculate certain indicators:

1) It is necessary to calculate the annual turnover for 2009 and

2010 for each product of each name according to the following formula:

where p is the price of the product, rub.;

q – number of goods sold, pcs.

To do this, on the resulting tables “Table 2”, ..., “Table 6” we will create new data fields, 4 on each sheet with the names “Value of retail turnover for 2009.” and “Value of wholesale trade turnover for 2010.” Then we will enter into the first cell a mathematical multiplication function with direct links to cells for “Price” and “Quantity of goods sold...”. Next, using AutoFill, drag its marker first horizontally and then vertically (depending on the dislocation of the original cell). We repeat the steps for each table (or sheet). As a result, we obtain information about the calculation of annual turnover for each year.

2) It is necessary to construct a graph of the dependence of “Sales volume on turnover” at retail price (odd option) for each of the resulting tables. To do this, on each sheet of tables we will carry out the following operations: Insert – Graph, Working with charts – Selecting data: For rows, select cells containing sales volume values, for columns – turnover. As a result, we get 12 diagrams with a visual representation of the desired relationship.

3) It is necessary to find the average value of turnover for each of the tables “Table 2”, ..., “Table 6” and build a summary graph, for example on a separate sheet (“Table 7”), of the dependence of Sales Volume on Turnover. To do this, on each of the tables “Table 2”, ..., “Table 6” we will create separate cells with the function “AVERAGE ()”, indicating in them the range of turnover values ​​for each year.

To create a summary table “Table 7” we will need organized data, so we copy all the previously obtained average values ​​onto a separate sheet in 4 columns (“Number of goods sold at retail for 2009”; “Number of goods sold at retail for 2010.” ; “Value of retail turnover for 2009”; “Value of retail turnover for 2010”). Let’s select this data and create diagrams that will be summary graphs of the relationship between “Sales volume and turnover” in bulk. The resulting diagrams contain curves reflecting this dependence for 2009 and 2010, respectively.

4) It is necessary to calculate the number of goods whose turnover is more than 80 thousand rubles. To do this, in each of the tables “Table 2”, ..., “Table 6” we will create 4 new fields, the cells of which will contain a function of the form “IF (AND (selected cell)>80000);1;0)”. ..." Next, using AutoFill, drag the marker first horizontally and then vertically.

Conclusion

In this work, I analyzed data from the store for two years - 2009 and 2010. I also did an analysis of the turnover of the company NATTY BALL, represented in the store. An analysis of the material was made, graphs were drawn and results were summed up.

Having done this work, we can draw the following conclusions:

The main material of NATTY BALL is denim;

The company's wholesale turnover increased in 2010 compared to 2009;

and the company's retail turnover, on the contrary, decreased.

In the theoretical part of my work, I summarized my knowledge about the structure and information input devices of PCs, described the tasks that WINDOWS performs, as well as the performance of some operations in the WORD word processor and the EXCEL spreadsheet processor.

List of used literature

1 Belenky P.P., “Informatics”, ed. “Phoenix” - Rostov-on-Don: 2004.-156s.

2 Gubarev V.G., “PC software and operating systems,” ed. “Phoenix” - M.: 2002.- 398 p.

3 Leontyev V.P., “The latest encyclopedia of the personal computer,” ed. “OLMA-PRESS” - M.: 2004. – 267 p.

4 Nikolaev V.G., “PC: a tutorial for the novice user,” ed. “UlTRIX” - M.: 1997. – 200 p.

5 E. Rathbone, “Windows XP,” ed. “Dialectics” - M.: 2004. – 487 p.

6 Winn, L., The Personal Computer Upgrade Bible, ed. “Tivali-Style”, 1995. – 350 p.

7 Shautsukova L.Z., “Informatics”, ed. “Enlightenment” - M.: 2003. -379 p.