What system is called an information system. Abstract: Definition of an information system. Information system: definition

Information in the modern world has become one of the most important resources, and information systems (IS) have become a necessary tool in almost all areas of activity.

An information system (or information and computing system) is a set of interconnected hardware and software tools for automating the processes of accumulation and processing of information.

Data enters the information system from the information source. This data is sent for storage or undergoes some processing in the system and then transferred to the consumer.

Information systems can be classified according to a number of different characteristics. The classification under consideration is based on the most essential features that determine the functionality and features of the construction of modern information systems. Depending on the volume of tasks to be solved, the technical means used, and the organization of functioning, information systems are divided into a number of groups (classes) (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. IP classification.

By type of stored data IP is divided into factual and documentary.

Factual systems designed for storing and processing structured data in the form of numbers and texts. Various operations can be performed on such data.

IN documentary systems information is presented in the form of documents consisting of titles, descriptions, abstracts and texts. Unstructured data is searched using semantic features. Selected documents are provided to the user, and data processing in such systems is practically not performed.

Based on degree of automation information processes in the company's management system, information systems are divided into manual, automatic and automated.

Manual ICs are characterized by the lack of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans.

In automatic ICs all information processing operations are performed without human intervention.

Automated ICs involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the process of information processing, and the main role in performing routine data processing operations is given to the computer. It is this class of systems that corresponds to the modern concept of the concept of “information system”.

There is a classification of IP depending on management level on which the system is used.

Strategic Information System- a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of strategic long-term development goals of the organization.

Strategic-level information systems help senior managers solve unstructured problems and carry out long-term planning. The main task is to compare changes occurring in the external environment with the existing potential of the company. They are designed to create a common environment for computer telecommunications decision support in unexpected situations. Using the most advanced programs, these systems are able to provide information from many sources at any time. Some strategic systems have limited analytical capabilities.

Operational level information system- supports performers by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Tasks, goals, information sources and processing algorithms at the operational level are predetermined and highly structured.

Functional IS.

Information systems specialists- support work with data and knowledge, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.

Management level information systems- used by middle management employees for monitoring, control, decision-making and administration. The main functions of these information systems:

Comparison of current indicators with past ones;

Drawing up periodic reports for a certain time, rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level;

Providing access to archival information, etc.

Depending on the nature of data processing IS are divided into information-retrieval and information-solving.

Information retrieval systems They enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. (For example, IS for library services, reservation and sale of transport tickets, hotel reservations, etc.)

Information decision systems In addition, they carry out information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Based on the nature of the use of output information, such systems are usually divided into control and advisory systems.

Depending on the scope of application The following classes of IP are distinguished.

Organizational Management Information Systems- designed to automate the functions of management personnel of both industrial enterprises and non-industrial facilities (hotels, banks, shops, etc.).

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales management, supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Information systems for technological process control (TP)- serve to automate the functions of production personnel to control and manage production operations. Such systems usually provide for the presence of developed means for measuring parameters of technological processes (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, etc.), procedures for monitoring the admissibility of parameter values ​​and regulating technological processes.

Computer-aided design information systems (CAD)- designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Automated training systems (ATS) – complexes of software and hardware, educational and methodological literature and electronic textbooks that provide educational activities

Integrated (corporate) IS- are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from activity planning to product sales. They include a number of modules (subsystems) operating in a single information space and performing functions to support relevant areas of activity. Typical tasks solved by corporate system modules are given in Table 1.

An analysis of the current state of the IS market shows a steady trend of growing demand for organizational management information systems. Moreover, the demand continues to grow specifically for integrated control systems. Automation of a separate function, for example, accounting or sales of finished products, is considered a completed stage for many enterprises. Table 1 shows the composition of the modules of such a system and indicates the functions of these modules.

Table 1.

Functional purpose of corporate IS modules.
Marketing subsystem	Production subsystems	Financial and accounting subsystems	Personnel (human resources) subsystem	Other subsystems (for example, management IC)
Market research and sales forecasting	Planning the scope of work and developing schedules	Order portfolio management	Analysis and forecasting of labor resource needs	Control over the company's activities
Sales management	Operational control and production management	Credit policy management	Maintaining archives of personnel records	Identifying operational problems
Recommendations for the production of new products	Equipment operation analysis	Development of a financial plan	Analysis and planning of personnel training	Analysis of managerial and strategic situations
Analysis and pricing	Participation in the formation of orders for suppliers	Financial analysis and forecasting		Ensuring the process of developing strategic decisions
Order accounting	Inventory Management	Budget control, accounting and payroll

Table 2 shows a list of the currently most popular software products for implementing organizational management information systems of various classes.

table 2

Basic concepts of databases.

A database is an organized structure designed to store information designed to satisfy the information needs of a certain subject area.

With the concept Database closely related concept database management systems.

A database management system (DBMS) is a set of software tools designed to create the structure of a new database, fill it with content, edit content and visualize information.

The combination of a database and a DBMS is usually called an automated information bank.

Under information visualization refers to the selection of displayed data in accordance with a given criterion, their ordering, design and subsequent output to an output device or transmission via communication channels.

There are many DBMSs that provide the user with a wide variety of services, but most of them rely on a single, well-established set of basic concepts. This makes it possible to consider one system and generalize its concepts, techniques and methods to the entire class of DBMS. In the future, the Microsoft Access 2007 DBMS will be considered as a training object.

The essence of the concept of databases (and banks) is that data about a specific subject area is stored in one large data warehouse, which is a collection of data files and relationships between them, and this data can be accessed by various categories of end users of the database. Moreover, the users can be human users and task program users. Human users may differ in their background and level of computer skills.

Some of them, such as, for example, a database administrator (DB) are specialist programmers, others - end users may not have special knowledge in the field of computer technology and language software, and at the same time they can use simple query languages ​​to issue data from The database and reports actively use the database to accumulate and update the database.

The database administrator is responsible for the condition and maintenance of the database. The concept of databases has a number of advantages over “conventional” file systems, the main ones being:

Reducing redundancy of stored data;

Resolving data inconsistencies;

Comprehensive optimization of data storage structures;

Single input and multi-aspect use of data;

Ensuring the possibility of authorized access to data;

Ensuring the possibility of standardization of data stored and entered into the computer;

Ensuring the independence of application programs from data.

Classification of information systems

Information system- an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a given goal

Classification by scale

By scale, information systems are divided into the following groups:

single;

group;

corporate.

Classification by area of ​​application

According to the scope of application, information systems are usually divided into four groups:

transaction processing systems;

decision making systems;

information and reference systems;

office information systems.

Classification by method of organization

According to the method of organization, group and corporate information systems are divided into the following classes:

systems based on file-server architecture;

systems based on client-server architecture;

systems based on multi-level architecture;

systems based on Internet/intranet technologies.

In any information system, it is possible to identify the necessary functional components that help to understand the limitations of various information system architectures.

Based on the nature of the information stored, databases are divided into factual And documentary. If we draw an analogy with the examples of information repositories described above, then factual databases are card indexes, and documentary databases are archives. Factual databases store brief information in a strictly defined format. Documentary databases contain all kinds of documents. Moreover, these can be not only text documents, but also graphics, video and sound (multimedia).

An automated control system (ACS) is a set of technical and software tools, together with organizational structures (individuals or teams), that provides control of an object (complex) in a production, scientific or public environment.

There are information systems for education management (For example, personnel, applicant, student, library programs). Automated systems for scientific research (ASNI), which are software and hardware systems that process data coming from various kinds of experimental installations and measuring instruments, and, based on their analysis, facilitate the discovery of new effects and patterns. Computer-aided design systems and geographic information systems.

An artificial intelligence system built on the basis of high-quality specialized knowledge about a certain subject area (obtained from experts - specialists in this field) is called an expert system. Expert systems - one of the few types of artificial intelligence systems - have become widespread and have found practical application. There are expert systems in military science, geology, engineering, computer science, space technology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, industry, agriculture, management, physics, chemistry, electronics, law, etc. And only the fact that expert systems remain very complex, expensive, and most importantly, highly specialized programs is holding back their even wider distribution.

Expert systems (ES) are computer programs created to perform those types of activities that a human expert can do. They work in a way that imitates the behavior of a human expert, and are quite different from the precise, well-reasoned algorithms and mathematical procedures of most traditional designs.

Types of information services

In the process of development of automated information retrieval systems, three types of information services were formed: documentary, factographic and conceptographic. Each of these types has its own information system.

The essence of documentary services is that the information needs of members of society are satisfied by providing them with primary documents, from which consumers extract the necessary information themselves. Typically, competent documentary service is carried out in two stages: first, the consumer is provided with a certain set of relevant (relevance is the semantic correspondence of the document content to the information request (semantic correspondence between two texts)) secondary documents to his request (this stage is called bibliographic), and then, after the consumer selects from This set of a certain number of already pertinent (pertinent is the correspondence of the content of a document to the information needs of a particular specialist) documents are provided to him by the documents themselves (this stage is called library service). Thus, the need for information during documentary services is satisfied indirectly, through the primary document.

Unlike documentary services, factual services involve satisfying information needs directly, i.e. by presenting the information itself (individual data, facts, concepts) to consumers. This information, also relevant to consumer requests, is preliminarily extracted by information workers from primary documents and, after some processing (formatting), is presented to consumers. The very concept of “factual information” should be clarified. It should be understood as information not only of a factual nature, but also of a theoretical, conjectural, evaluative nature, i.e. include both facts and concepts, everything that can be the object of extraction from a text, description in a certain information language, storage and search in a particular information system.

If in the case of documentary and factual services, the information consumer is provided with documents or information extracted from the information flow, so to speak, in “natural” form, then in conceptual services all this (documents and information) is subject to interpretation, evaluation, and generalization by the information worker. As a result of this interpretation, so-called situational information is formulated, containing an assessment of the information under consideration, trends and prospects for the development of individual scientific and technical areas, recommendations, etc. For this reason, conceptual service can also be understood as the formulation and delivery of situational information to consumers, explicitly form not contained in the analyzed sources, but obtained as a result of information-logical and conceptual analysis of a certain set of messages. In other words, in the case of conceptual services, the consumer is presented not only with information about the document or the information itself from the document, but also with some additional information introduced by the information worker in the process of their interpretation.

All types of information services operate on the basis of their specific series of secondary documents. In fact, each type of service comes down to the creation of its own series of secondary documents and bringing them to the consumer by various means and in various modes of information services.

A significant increase in the efficiency of information systems in the present conditions, when the possibilities of introducing high-performance technical means into the information process are open, can be achieved through their automation. The emergence of automated information systems is the result of an objective process caused by the scientific and technological revolution. These systems, by integrating information, provide a comprehensive solution to management problems.

Documentary information systems serve a fundamentally different class of tasks that do not require an unambiguous answer to the question posed. The database of such systems is formed by a set of unstructured text documents (articles, books, abstracts, texts of laws, etc.) and graphic objects, equipped with one or another formalized search apparatus.

The goal of the system, as a rule, is to respond to a user request with a list of documents that to some extent satisfy the conditions formulated in the request. For example, display a list of all articles in which the word "entropy" appears. The fundamental feature of a documentary system is its ability, on the one hand, to produce documents unnecessary to the user (for example, where “entropy” is used in a different sense than intended), and on the other hand, not to produce necessary ones (for example, if the author used some synonym or misspelled).

Factual information systems record facts—specific values ​​of data (attributes) about objects in the real world. The main idea of ​​such systems is that all information about objects (surnames of people and names of objects, numbers, dates) is reported to the computer in some predetermined format. The information that a factual IS works with has a clear structure that allows the machine to distinguish one data from another, for example, a person’s last name from his position, date of birth from his height, etc.

Factual systems, unlike documentary ones, are capable of unambiguously solving assigned problems and giving unambiguous answers to queries. These information systems are sometimes conventionally divided into information and reference systems, information retrieval systems and operational data processing systems.

Based on the scale and principles of access to data, we distinguish:

Desktop (standalone) or “personal” ICs;

Simple network information systems built using file-server technology;

Powerful information systems in a client-server architecture.

Factual information systems can be classified according to the following criteria: universal and specialized.

Universal systems can work with any subject area, with any “stuffing”, if the data is organized in accordance with the principles we have discussed and formalized in accordance with the additional requirements of a specific IS. In addition, it can sort texts, compile dictionaries, and perform a number of other formal data processing operations. For such a system, say, there is no concept of “Disease” (“Diagnosis”) - there is a certain instance code, which is accompanied by a set of arbitrary characters of a certain length (name) and which can equally be a disease code, a plant code, and a personnel code person's number. The scope of application of such systems is wide - from personal (“personal”) databases for all kinds of purposes to professional systems (humanitarian databases, medicine, small offices).

Specialized IPs are widely used in material production, banking, forensics, and scientific research.

Information systems can be classified according to a number of different characteristics. The classification under consideration is based on the most essential features that determine the functionality and design features of modern systems. Depending on the volume of tasks to be solved, the technical means used, the organization of functioning, information systems are divided into a number of groups (classes)

Rice. 1.1.

• 1. Based on the type of stored data, information systems are divided into factual and documentary.
• - Factual systems are designed for storing and processing structured data in the form of numbers and texts. Various operations can be performed on such data.
• - In documentary systems, information is presented in the form of documents consisting of titles, descriptions, abstracts and texts. Unstructured data is searched using semantic features. Selected documents are provided to the user, and data processing in such systems is practically not performed.
• 2. Based on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are divided into manual, automatic and automated.
• - Manual information systems are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans.
• - In automatic information systems, all information processing operations are performed without human intervention.
• - Automated information systems involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the information processing process, and the main role in performing routine data processing operations is given to the computer. It is this class of systems that corresponds to the modern concept of “information system”.
• 3. Depending on the nature of data processing, ISs are divided into information-retrieval and information-solving.
• - Information retrieval systems enter, systematize, store, and issue information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. (For example, IS for library services, reservation and sale of transport tickets, hotel reservations, etc.)
• - Information decision systems also carry out information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Based on the nature of the use of output information, such systems are usually divided into control and advisory systems.

The resulting information from the control systems is directly transformed into decisions made by humans. These systems are characterized by computational tasks and processing of large volumes of data. (For example, IS for production planning or orders, accounting.)

Advising information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and taken into account when forming management decisions, rather than initiating specific actions. These systems simulate intelligent processes of processing knowledge, not data. (For example, expert systems.)

• 4. Depending on the scope of application, the following classes of IP are distinguished.
• - Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of management personnel of both industrial enterprises and non-industrial facilities (hotels, banks, shops, etc.).

The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales management, supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control systems (TP) are used to automate the functions of production personnel to monitor and manage production operations.

Such systems usually provide for the presence of developed means for measuring parameters of technological processes (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, etc.), procedures for monitoring the admissibility of parameter values ​​and regulating technological processes.

• - Computer-aided design (CAD) systems are designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.
• - Integrated (corporate) information systems are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from activity planning to product sales. They include a number of modules (subsystems) operating in a single information space and performing functions to support relevant areas of activity.
• 5. There is a classification of IS depending on the level of management at which the system is used.
• - An operational level information system supports performers by processing data on transactions and events (invoices, invoices, salaries, loans, flow of raw materials). The operational level information system is the link between the company and the external environment.

Tasks, goals, information sources and processing algorithms at the operational level are predetermined and highly structured.

• - Information systems of specialists support work with data and knowledge, increase the productivity and productivity of engineers and designers. The task of such information systems is to integrate new information into the organization and assist in the processing of paper documents.
• - Management level information systems are used by middle management employees for monitoring, control, decision making and administration. The main functions of these information systems:
  • * comparison of current indicators with past ones;
  • * compiling periodic reports for a certain time, rather than issuing reports on current events, as at the operational level;
  • * providing access to archival information, etc.
• - Strategic information system - a computer information system that provides decision support for the implementation of strategic long-term development goals of the organization.

Strategic-level information systems help senior managers solve unstructured problems and carry out long-term planning.

The main task is to compare changes occurring in the external environment with the existing potential of the company. They are designed to create a common environment for computer telecommunications decision support in unexpected situations.

Using the most advanced programs, these systems are able to provide information from many sources at any time. Some strategic systems have limited analytical capabilities.

• 6. From the point of view of software and hardware implementation, a number of standard IS architectures can be distinguished.
• - Traditional architectural solutions are based on the use of dedicated file servers or database servers.
• - There are also options for the architecture of corporate information systems based on Internet technology (Intranet applications).
• - The next type of information system architecture is based on the concept of a “data warehouse” (DataWarehouse) - an integrated information environment that includes heterogeneous information resources.
• - And finally, to build global distributed information applications, an architecture for integrating information and computing components is used based on an object-oriented approach.

Information system is a system of software, hardware and organizational support that solves the problems of information support for various spheres of human activity. Thus, an information system includes not only running software applications, but also computers, communication equipment, databases, as well as personnel servicing the system and interacting with it according to certain regulations.

There are quite a few ways to classify information systems, but each of them characterizes only certain aspects of it. For example, information systems are divided into automated systems, functioning under the control and with human participation; And automatic systems, operating without human intervention. Large information systems can include both automated subsystems and subsystems operating in an automatic or even completely autonomous mode. Also, information systems are classified according to their architecture, scope of application, regulations for use, etc. In this section, I want to dwell on the classification of information systems according to their purpose and requirements for their mode of operation.

Classification of information systems

Information retrieval systems. Actually, everything is clear from the name: a regular user of such a system has the opportunity to search and view the information he needs. An example is, such as Google or Yandex.

Data processing systems. Such systems, in addition to information retrieval functions, allow you to change the data under their control. Here we can already distinguish the following types of information systems:

1. Automated control systems (ACS)

   A fairly wide class of information systems created to manage a large enterprise. Management systems can be of different scales: from an automated management system for the entire enterprise (ACS), to the management of individual technological processes (APCS), financial management or accounting automation. Enterprise-level management systems include components of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) class software systems used for planning and information support of production management processes. Examples of ERP: domestic product “1C Enterprise” and foreign SAP ERP, from SAP AG (Germany).



2. Dispatch systems

   Dispatch systems are part of management systems and are used for remote control over the use of production assets (equipment) of an enterprise and operational management of these assets. The peculiarities of such systems are that they must provide a centralized monitoring mode for all observed objects, through the rapid exchange of information with these objects and the consolidation of this information on central control input/output devices. Based on such data, the dispatcher makes decisions regarding the operational management of technological processes in which dispatch objects are involved.



3. Decision support systems or expert systems

   Expert systems belong to the class of artificial intelligence systems. They work with knowledge bases and are able to draw certain conclusions based on this knowledge. Decision support systems are capable of simulating real situations and predicting their development based on the mathematical models embedded in them. Such systems can also be part of, since they are an indispensable tool for solving planning problems.




4. Systems that allow organizing the collection, storage and visualization of spatial data. Spatial data are objects described not only by a set of attributes, but also by geometry. In GIS, point geometry is distinguished when only the location of the object is important (pillar, tree), linear geometry when the length and linear configuration of the object is also important (various overpasses) and areal geometry, which allows you to fully represent the object in the GIS context (forests, lakes , buildings). Visualization of spatial data in GIS is most often done in the form of two-dimensional graphic maps. Maps are usually created and configured for different scales and, as a result, with different degrees of detail, so the same objects on one scale can be represented by points, and on another - by area objects. Some GIS use their own file formats to store data, and some use . Geographic information systems allow you not only to edit and view spatial data, but also to perform spatial queries on it, for example, select all objects in a certain territory or select all intersecting objects of a particular class. These capabilities are classified as GIS spatial data analysis tools. The most famous, at least in Russia, are GIS offered by ESRI (ArcGIS), Intergraph (Geomedia) and MapInfo Corporation (MapInfo).



5. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems

   Systems designed to automate engineering design processes. In English, the abbreviation CAD (computer-aided design) is used to refer to these systems. Using CAD, electronic versions of various types of engineering documentation are created, most often represented by drawings of design objects in two or three dimensions. The most famous representative of CAD in Russia is the AutoCAD software product from Autodesk.



6. Database management systems (DBMS)

   Systems of this class most often act as database subsystems of other information systems. From their name everything is clear: they are used to manage large amounts of structured data, and their tasks include adding, deleting, editing data in the information storage and processing. There are desktop (Microsoft Access) and distributed, capable of managing large enterprise data volumes (Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle).



7. Content management systems (, Content management system)

   The purpose of these information systems is to provide the administrator with the ability to enter various information through predefined user forms, place (publish) this information in accordance with specified templates and organize user access to it in a free mode or with pre-registration. Quite a lot is created using a CMS. The most famous of them are WordPress, Joomla and Drupal. Often, users of such systems don’t even need to - the CMS will create the required Internet page for them, and they will only need to select the type of page (news, review, article, etc.), enter text and click something like “Publish” . Of course, the functionality of more or less serious information systems of this class is not limited to this. The most famous commercial CMS of domestic production is 1C-Bitrix.



8. Operating Systems

   System software representative. System and application software differ from each other in the way they use computer hardware resources: system software uses resources through firmware built into these same resources, and application software through software interfaces of the system software. Operating systems are designed to manage everything and plan the use of its resources by application programs. The most well-known representatives of operating systems are Microsoft Windows and UNIX-class systems and the like, such as Linux, Mac OS, Android and others.



9. Real-time systems

   Real-time systems are systems whose quality of operation is determined not only by the fact that their functions work correctly from the point of view of the logic embedded in them, but also complete their work within the established time frame. A real-time system cannot afford delays in responding to intended external influences. In other words, such a system can interrupt ongoing calculations if they cannot adequately process the signals coming to it in real time. In fact, this aspect of information systems already relates to operating modes, and not to their purpose, since a real-time system can be of various kinds, including. Dispatch systems operating in real time belong to the class of SCADA systems (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition), which are required to exchange data with dispatch objects strictly in accordance with established time limits.

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Information Systems

Information system (IS) is a system that implements an information model of a subject area, most often of any area of ​​human activity. The information system must ensure: receipt (input or collection), storage, search, transmission and processing (conversion) of information.

Information system(or information and computing system) is a set of interconnected hardware and software tools for automating the accumulation and processing of information. Data enters the information system from the information source. This data is sent for storage or undergoes some processing in the system and then transferred to the consumer.

Feedback can be established between the consumer and the information system itself. In this case, the information system is called closed. A feedback channel is necessary when it is necessary to take into account the consumer’s reaction to the information received.

The information system consists of databases, in which information is accumulated, source of information, IC hardware, software part of the IS, information consumer.

Composition of information systems

• local networks

Classification of information systems by degree of automation

Usually the term IS in our time refers to automated information systems.

Classification of information systems by the nature of information use

• Information retrieval systems are a system for accumulating, processing, searching and issuing information of interest to the user.
• Information-analytical systems are a class of information systems designed for analytical data processing using knowledge bases and expert systems.
• Information decision systems are systems that accumulate, process and process information using application software.
  • management information systems using databases and application software packages.
  • advising expert information systems using applied knowledge bases,
• Situation centers (information and analytical complexes)

Classification of information systems by architecture

• Local IS (running on one electronic device that does not interact with the server or other devices)
• Client-server IS (working on a local or global network with a single server)
• Distributed IS (decentralized systems in a heterogeneous multi-server network)

Classification of information systems by scope of application

• Information systems for organizational management - ensuring automation of the functions of management personnel.
• Information systems for managing technical processes - ensuring control of mechanisms and technological modes in automated production.
• Automated scientific research systems are software and hardware systems designed for scientific research and testing.
• Computer-aided design information systems are software and hardware systems designed to perform design work using mathematical methods.
• Automated learning systems are complexes of software and hardware, educational and methodological literature and electronic textbooks that support educational activities.
• Integrated information systems - ensuring automation of most enterprise functions.
• Economic information system - ensuring automation of the collection, storage, processing and issuance of the necessary information intended to perform management functions.

Classification of information systems based on the structure of the tasks being solved

• Model information systems allow you to establish a dialogue with the model in the process of its research (while providing information missing for decision-making), and also provides a wide range of mathematical, statistical, financial and other models, the use of which facilitates the development of a strategy and an objective assessment of decision alternatives. The user can obtain the information he needs to make a decision by.
• The use of expert information systems is associated with the processing of knowledge to develop and evaluate possible decision alternatives for the user. Implemented at two levels:

First level(the concept of a “standard set of alternatives”) - reduction of problem situations to some homogeneous classes of solutions. Expert support at this level is implemented by creating an information fund for storing and analyzing standard alternatives. Second level- generation of alternatives based on transformation rules and procedures for evaluating synthesized alternatives, using the database of data available in the information fund.

Expert systems represent a set of facts, information and data with a system of rules for the logical inference of information based on the logical model of databases and knowledge bases. Databases contain a set of specific data, and knowledge bases contain a set of specific and generalized information within the framework of the logical model of the knowledge base.

Notes

see also

Information sources

• Izhevsk State Technical University

Links

• Organization of management in developing companies and new tasks of information systems

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Information systems” is in other dictionaries: Systems for storing, processing, converting, transmitting, updating information using computer and other equipment. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA M. 479 p… Economic dictionary - infoRMATION SYSTEMS Systems that provide a process through which the collection and processing of relevant information and its timely transmission are organized, which gives management (managerial structures) the opportunity to clearly perform their functions...

Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

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