In which country was the plasma TV invented. Who Invented the TV? Liquid crystals for small and large

Today it is difficult to imagine that more than a hundred years ago humanity could do without television. This technique has become a familiar part of the family, entertaining, educating and informing the rest of the household. In this regard, it will be interesting to know who invented the first television.

It is very important to note that before the very first television, radio was invented. Here, opinions about its "founding fathers" differ: the domestic point of view calls the name radio inventor No. 1 A.S. Popov, and abroad the same problem was investigated by Marconi, Tesla, Branly.

The question of who exactly invented the television cannot be answered unequivocally. Further, you can name the name of Paul Nipkov. It was he who became the one who came up with a special device - a disc named after him. The invention took place in 1884. It was the radio signal and mechanical scanning that caused the appearance of television.

Few know what exactly with the help nipkow disc it turned out to read the image line by line and transfer it further to the screen. The entrepreneurial John Bird of Scotland in the late 1920s developed the first television based on this principle. He began to successfully implement the created project.

John logie baird

The leadership of mechanical television sets from the Baird corporation of the same name was entrenched in such devices until the 30s. The picture was clear, but no sound. However, the future was predetermined: it belonged to a cathode-ray tube.

The invention and use of CRT

The global trend of technical excellence forced the best minds to work for the benefit of progress: work on the invention of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) was carried out in many countries. Again worth highlighting contribution of Russian scientists - in 1907 Boris Rosing received a patent for a similar development. But he came to this, based on previous discoveries.

And here you can give a short excursion into history. You can recall that even the German Heinrich Hertz in 1887 discovered the influence of light on electricity: this is how photo effect. Then he could not explain in what capacity and why the photoeffect is needed. This was done for him a year later, Alexander Stoletov, who tried to design a prototype of modern photocells, when the device "electric eye" was invented. After him, many scientists tried to explain the nature of this phenomenon. These include Albert Einstein.

Other discoveries that influenced the future emergence of television are also important. For example, in 1879 the English physicist William Crookes creates substances (luminophores) that can glow under the influence of a cathode ray. And Karl Brown even made an attempt to create a future picture tube. Thanks to this brown tube and was able to substantiate the theory of obtaining an image in this way by the already mentioned Boris Rosing. And in 1933, his student Vladimir Zvorykin created the first TV with an iconoscope - as he called the electronic tube.

It is Zvorykin who is considered the "father" of modern TV. Even the world's first TV was created in his American laboratory of the same name (he was an emigrant who left the country after the October Revolution). And in 1939, the first models for mass production appeared.

This led to the fact that in subsequent years the first televisions were actively conquered by the countries of Europe - first in the UK, Germany and so on. At first, the entire image was transmitted in an optical-mechanical scan, but then, with an increase in the image quality, the transition to a beam scan took place in a cathode-ray tube.

The first television sets in the USSR appeared already in 1939 - the Leningrad plant "Comintern" began to produce them. The principle of operation consisted in the action of the Nipkov disk, and therefore such a prefix, having a screen of 3 by 4 cm, had to connect to radio... Then it was required to switch the radio to other frequencies - as a result, it was possible to watch those programs that were broadcast in European countries.

It was also interesting that such first TVs could be made by everyone. For this purpose, a corresponding instruction was posted in the Radiofront magazine.

Regular TV broadcasting was started in 1938 by the Experimental Leningrad Center. And in the capital, TV programs began to go on the air about six months later. Interestingly, each of the telecentres of these cities used different standards of decomposition, which required the use of certain models of technology.

1. To receive the broadcasts of the Leningrad TV and Radio Center, the TV set "VRK" (in the transcript - the All-Union Radio Committee) was used. It was a device with a 130 × 175 mm screen, in which 24 lamps provided a picture tube. Principle of operation - decomposition into 240 lines... Interestingly, in the thirties of the last century, 20 copies of such a device were released. This technique was installed in the homes of pioneers and palaces of culture for the purpose of collective viewing.
2. The Moscow Television Center was broadcasting from decomposition into 343 lines - it was perceived by the TK-1 devices. A more complex device with 33 lamps was already implied here. Only in 1938, 200 of them were produced, and by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - 2 thousand copies.

The research of human engineering did not stop there - sooner or later, simplified models had to appear. For example, at the Leningrad plant "Radist" in 1940, a serial version of "17TN-1" was proposed, which could reproduce the programs of both television in Leningrad and Moscow. Production was launched, but before the outbreak of hostilities, only 2 thousand pieces managed to come out.

You can also give an example of a simplified model called "ATP-1" (Subscriber television receiver # 1) - it was the prototype of modern cable subscriber television. It was produced by the Aleksandrovsky plant before the war.

When television became color

All of the above talks about the transfer of a black and white image. Scientists continued to work to make it colored.

When did color TVs appear? For the first time, people began to think about this during the time of mechanical television sets. One of the first developments is presented by Hovhannes Adamyan, who in 1908 received a patent for the ability to transmit signals two-color instrument... It is impossible not to mention John Loogie Brad, the very inventor of the mechanical receiver. It was he who, in 1928, assembled a color TV, which sequentially transmitted three images using a blue, red and green light filter.

But these were only attempts. The real leap in the development of color television took place after the end of the Second World War. Since all forces were thrown into civilian production, this inevitably led to progress in this area. This is what happened in the USA. An additional rationale was the use of decimeter waves to transfer the image.

This led to the fact that already in 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system. It was notable for the fact that it used three kinescopes with different colors from the phosphor glow, each of which reproduced its own color of the image.

As for domestic spaces, in the USSR, similar technical developments began to appear only in 1951. But a year later, ordinary TV viewers could see a test color broadcast.

In the 70s, the TV became a common technical device in many homes around the world. Soviet space was no exception, the only thing worth noting: color television sets remained in our country scarce almost until the end of the eighties of the last century.

Progress does not stand still

The inventors tried to improve the result obtained - this is how the remote control appeared in 1956. Who created such a useful device? It was developed by Robert Adler in 1956. The principle of its work was to transfer ultrasonic signalswhich have been modulated by the corresponding commands. The very first remote control could only control the volume and switch channels, but even at that time it was quite a weighty statement.

Concerning infrared version of the remote controlthen it appeared in 1974 as a result of the development of Grundig and Magnavox. Its birth was dictated by the emergence of teletext, which required more precise control, which means that buttons appeared then. And already in the eighties, the remote control is additionally used as an analogue of a gamepad, because then televisions became an additional monitor to the first household computers and game consoles.

With the advent of video tape recorders, it became necessary to additionally introduce a component video input (in addition to the already existing analog antenna).

With the beginning of the twenty-first century, the era of picture tubes came to an end - plasma panels began to appear and lCD TVs... And by the 2010s, CRT models were practically ousted from the market by flat devices in the LCD and PDP format. Many of them can connect to the internet and even showcase 3D content viewing capabilities.

Today's television set bears little resemblance to its progenitor - it has functions home media centerwhile maintaining the functions of watching terrestrial and cable television. And this is not to mention the very quality of the image transmitted in the high standard (and in top models and ultra high) definition.

Today you can write a whole book about the history of such a familiar subject of technology as a TV set - it is so rich in curious facts and significant discoveries. We decided to present to you those of them that would certainly find coverage in the last chapter of this tome. We are sure that even in the latest television history there are little-known facts!

Models of the first TVs

80s of the XIX century:

Remote control principles

Patent No. 613809 for the first remote control system belongs to the well-known scientist Nikola Tesla: he demonstrated the ability to turn on and off electrical appliances by means of radio signals to the Royal Academy back in 1882.

They began to use the idea for military purposes, but for a long time it did not find its domestic application: they were too cumbersome at that time batteries and electrical circuits. In addition, radio waves were not suitable for these purposes, primarily because there are practically no obstacles for them.

For example, by toggling buttons on their remote control, the user could control televisions throughout the house. In the very middle of the 20th century, TV people nevertheless came up with a simple alternative to them, called Lazy Bones (from the English "lazy bones").

The control buttons were taken out on a separate board, connected to the TV using a long and thick cable. At the same time, the dimensions of the first remote control were comparable to those of modern laptops. However, it was a real breakthrough.

The developer of this remote control - Zenith Radio Corporation - did not stop there, and soon introduced a new version of the remote control called Flashmatic. The cable in it was replaced by a beam of visible light, and the device itself was essentially an ordinary flashlight, resembling a pistol in design.

By aiming it at one of the photocells built into the TV, you could change the volume or change the channel. The shortcomings of the novelty were revealed immediately. The main ones were false alarms from lighting lamps and sunlight: it was enough to turn on a desk lamp for the TV to spontaneously change settings. As a result, the development abandoned the novelty.

The next idea for signal transmission was related to ultrasound. In 1956, one of the employees of the same company developed the Space Command system, which worked according to the xylophone method - when the user pressed a button, the remote control made a certain sound. He, in turn, was perceived by a microphone built into the TV.

Such a remote control turned out to be more convenient: its length was no more than 5 cm, it worked without power sources and was equipped with three buttons - switching channels in one order or another and turning off the TV. But the disadvantages were revealed here as well: the developers failed to completely eliminate false positives.

Despite everything, it was these remote controls that began to be massively sold all over the world. Their popularity passed only in the 80s, when ITT Corporation proposed using infrared radiation, invisible to the eye, for signal transmission.

The future of the remote control

Since the late 1980s, there have been numerous attempts to create a universal remote control capable of simultaneously controlling many technical devices - TVs, a music center, air conditioners, garage doors, etc.

The pioneer in this business was Stefan Wozniak, known as the creator of the famous Apple 2 computer. The first development of his universal remote control was presented in 1987, but it turned out to be too complicated for the average user. Today, ordinary people have become more advanced, and remote control devices have become familiar.

One of the latest developments in this area belongs to Philips. Its Prestigo SRT9320 remote control is equipped with a touch screen and can control 20 devices! It is programmable to perform numerous functions and modes. The device has not yet gone on sale, but, according to the Internet, it will be available in the first quarter of this year for about $ 250.

60s of XX century:

The invention of the plasma screen

The "progenitor" of the plasma screen is considered to be an information board similar to those used at train stations and airports. Such simple plasmas, proposed by the staff of the University of Illinois laboratory in 1964, were monochrome and could reproduce only static pictures with a resolution of only 4x4 pixels.

It took 3 years to improve the image to 16x16 pixels, but this was not enough to transform the scoreboard into a TV. A real breakthrough happened only in the 90s, when a state program for the development of display technologies was being implemented in Japan and whole research institutes were involved in the problem.

The result of their work was a full color plasma panel, released by Fujitsu in 1992. In 1996, the world saw an even more improved version of AC cells developed by Panasonic, and three years later, Panasonic also offered 60-inch plasma with incomparable brightness and contrast. But even at that time, not all problems in the work of plasma were completely solved.

How to achieve the desired brightness for each pixel? How to deal with afterglow? How to organize efficient heat removal from the matrix? Gradually, it was possible to find a rational solution to all these problems. New companies entered the market, and each of the players, seeking to improve the characteristics of color reproduction, contrast and controllability, added something of their own.

The future of plasma TVs

Despite talk about the inefficiency of plasma technologies, manufacturers are not losing their optimism, offering more and more new developments. Full HD technology can be considered one of the most important achievements of the "plasma age".

The breakthrough in the struggle for high resolution belongs to the same Panasonic company - this is 1920 x 1080 pixels by 42 inches, combined with the innovative development of a 480 Hz Sub-fi eld drive, which ensures flawless reproduction of dynamic scenes.

At the moment, Full HD technology is recognized as the most advanced among other developments for plasma TVs. In recent years, Panasonic has made several more important advances in this area: it has launched mass production of the world's largest 150-inch panel, introduced several models of super-thin and light "plasma of the future". It is noteworthy that liquid crystal competitors are still far from such indicators.

A new addition to HD products this year is Bang & Olufsen's BeoVision 4 that delivers even higher picture quality. This plasma has an integrated Automatic Picture Control system, the sensors of which constantly register the light parameters in the viewing room and adjust the brightness and contrast accordingly.

But that's not all. BeoVision 4 delivers the right picture quality for a long time thanks to the patented Automatic Color Management technology, which is technically implemented as a transformable camera arm. After every 100 hours of viewing, or as you wish with the camera's viewfinder, it scans the test image that appears on the screen.

Within a few seconds, this manipulator analyzes the color temperature and makes its adjustment, the purpose of which is to ensure consistent color reproduction even after thousands of hours of use.

70s of XX century:

The advent of the lcd TV

It is surprising that the discovery of liquid crystals took place back in 1888: then the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer discovered them while studying cholesterol in plants. He was attracted by the unusual structure of the substance, which, when heated, turned into a liquid, while retaining its crystalline properties.

It took science almost a century to find the perfect application for this amazing find. The pioneer in this business was the Radio Corporation of America, which presented a monochrome screen operating on liquid crystals. This technology immediately gained popularity and began to penetrate the consumer technology market - in particular, wristwatches and calculators.

But before the advent of color LCD screens, she still had a long way to go. A giant leap in the evolution of televisions came with the invention of the first laptops. Of course, LCD matrices in them were then very primitive: they controlled only three basic pixels (red, blue and green), moreover, they could hardly cope with displaying moving images - when the pictures quickly changed, the video sequence turned into a mess.

But this served as an impetus for further refinement of LCD panels and contributed to the early appearance of active matrices, in which each subpixel is controlled separately, and the number of shades reproduced by the monitor reaches 16 million!

The future of LCD TV

Today, the main struggle between manufacturers of LCD TVs unfolded over thickness, and the account is in valuable millimeters. For buyers, such nuances do not matter, but manufacturers dream of going down in history as the creators of the thinnest TV. Several brands are fighting for these laurels, but so far the Sharp XS1 TV with a thickness of only 2.3 centimeters holds the championship. True, it is known that Hitachi is developing a concept thinner by 0.4 mm!

There are also revolutionary discoveries in the LCD technology market. Thus, the company Active (Japan) has developed a "composite liquid crystal display", capable of transmitting light rays from external sources when switched on.

Surprisingly, but true: looking at such a TV, you can observe what is happening not only on the monitor, but also behind it. Now developers are seriously thinking of making an LCD TV with two panels: a traditional LCD on the back and a transparent LCD on the front.

With such a TV, you can watch two films at once, watch the children and watch a movie, or watch a movie and play on the console. Today, this miracle of technology is going through a lot of tests in preparation for launching into production.

In the meantime, in search of new effects and sensations, you can try out Philips' backlighting system on all four sides of the Ambilight Full Surround TV. With coordinated lighting effects, it helps bring mood and movement beyond the screen. Independent research conducted in 2004 found that this enhances perception and engages viewers more in the action.

The Center for the Study of Light (New York, USA) has confirmed that Ambilight reduces eye strain, discomfort and eye fatigue compared to normal TV viewing.

Manufacturers of LCD TVs do not disregard another important characteristic of their product - design. The same Philips in the fall of this year offered an interesting novelty - a TV that changes its appearance at the request of the owner thanks to removable frames of various colors, patterns and materials that are attached to hidden magnets.

As a finishing touch to this Flavors product line, you can choose to style the on-screen menus to match the frame. Thus, the frame around the screen responds to what is happening on the screen.

helpful

To check the TV for dead pixels, take a laptop and a VGA cable with you to the store. First download Nokia Monitor Test from the Internet. Ask the manager to connect the laptop to the desired display device and carefully examine every centimeter of the matrix in all three color fields (red, blue, green) available in Nokia Test.

90s of XX century:

OLED developmenttechnology

OLED displays are one of the latest technologies in image transmission. It is still little known and has not become widespread, to a greater extent because its use in the production of TVs and monitors requires serious improvement.

The concept of OLED itself stands for organic light-emitting diode, that is, a thin-film LED in which the emitting layer is made of organic materials. Dozens of companies and specialists have already had a hand in its creation and refinement, but CDT (Cambridge Display Technologies), UDC (Universal Display Corporation) and Kodak are considered the pioneers.

They still take an active part in improving and promoting technology today. Interest in this development is due to some of its advantages over LCD TVs and plasmas. It features a fast sensor response (about 10 ms), a fairly wide viewing angle and a wide operating temperature range (-40 to + 70 ° C). Plus, OLED is an organic light source that would work very well for backlighting LCD TVs, which would greatly simplify the backlight optics and eliminate the need for light scattering from the front of the panel.

The only thing that hinders the mass adoption of the technology today is the ratio of price and quality with an increase in size. So far, OLED screens are profitable to produce only with a diagonal of 2-3 inches.

Large models are not only difficult to manufacture, but also very expensive. That is why the main field of application of this technology remains mobile phone displays, car consoles, players, etc.

The future of OLED technology

The developers are sure that the mass release of OLED panels will not have to wait so long. This event could happen this year. It was assumed that in 2009 Samsung and Toshiba will start producing their OLED models.

However, Toshiba recently announced that the start of mass production of OLED TVs will be delayed and will not begin until 2010.

Nowadays, despite the fact that the market for electronic devices is literally overflowing with all kinds of gaming and multifunctional gadgets, the TV is still one of the most popular and used household electrical appliances. But how did people do without this miracle of modern technology at the dawn of the formation and development of electronics? Let's dive into the history of TV.

The first mechanical device for displaying static images was created in 1884 inventor Paul Nipkov. It was called "Nipkov's disc". The first electronic television receiver appeared much later - in 1907... This event was preceded by the creation of the electron tube by Karl Ferdinand Braun and the subsequent use of this electronic component by the inventor's student, Max Dieckmann. It was Dieckmann October 10, 1906 filed a patent for the use of the Brown tube as a device for displaying visual information (pictures).

The first television receiver with a 3 x 3 cm screen with a scanning frequency of only 10 frames per second was presented to the scientific community by Max Dieckmann early 1907... Almost immediately behind him July 25, 1907 Russian professor Boris Lvovich Rosing filed an application for a patent "A method for transmitting images over a distance." In his invention, the prototype of which Rosing demonstrated only in 1911, the scientist and inventor used a cathode ray tube, in which an image was formed by deflecting a beam using a magnetic field. The Rosing tube also had a system for modulating the beam in terms of brightness, the role of which was played by a capacitor.

In 1908 Inventor and scientist from Armenia Hovhannes Adamyan applied for a patent for a two-color image transmission apparatus. It was thanks to this invention that black and white television appeared. In 1918 an Armenian scientist demonstrated a working setup that allowed a black and white static image to be displayed on the screen. After another 7 years in 1925 he patented a device for displaying a color image. True, the color in the new installation was obtained not due to the use of a three-beam electron tube, as is the case in modern CRT TVs and monitors, but due to the mechanical rotation of a disc with three holes.

The first demonstration of a moving picture was also carried out in 1925 thanks to the Scottish engineer and inventor John Lodge Bird. Eventually, Byrd founded the Baird Corporation, a TV company, which for a short time was the only manufacturer of such technology in the world. True, the first Byrd TVs cannot be called completely electric, since they used a mechanical "Nipkov disc".

The first fully electronic transmission device to display information was in 1931 the iconoscope is an electron tube with a mosaic photocathode invented and created by Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin, a student of Boris Lvovich Rosing. It was thanks to him and his invention, as well as the creation a little later of the prototype of the CRT receiving unit, that the mass production of fully electronic television receivers began.

Until the end of the 20th century, the main product in television was a cathode ray tube (CRT) television. Its various modifications, created over the course of 60 years, had only minor design differences that affected the image quality. Only in the late 1990s large projection televisions appeared, created using the same CRT.

With the beginning of mass production of devices with a liquid crystal (LCD) screen, the same type of TVs appeared. Users saw the first large-scale models at the beginning of the XXI century. Almost simultaneously with LCD TV receivers with plasma screens appeared. From that time on, screen size was no longer a problem for electronics manufacturers, so models with displays of 80 cm (diagonal) and larger began to appear. Already in our days, LCD TVs with an array of LEDs have gained great popularity. Inexpensive LED TVs began to appear (http://50hz.biz.ua/ru/produkciya/televizory/televizory-led/). October 28, 2008 the world's first laser TV was created.

Today every home has a television. He acts as a source of information, an entertainment resource. The history of the invention of these devices is about 90 years old. It is closely related to the development of television - a way of transmitting images at any distance.

The history of the development of televisions

The first discoveries of scientists in the field of television are associated with a detailed study and development of photomechanical processes, the discovery of the photo properties of chemical elements. The achievements of many physicists formed the basis of the first television set, for example, Bane's facsimile device, Nipkov's disk scanning.

Mechanical television period

In 1906 M. Dieckmann and G. Glage patented Brown's tube, and the following year they presented a television receiver with a 20-line screen measuring 3 X 3 cm and a scan rate of 10 frames per second.

In 1907, Professor B. Rosing patented the "method of image transmission." The first experience was not entirely successful: the first picture was motionless. A cathode-ray tube was used to demonstrate the image, and a scan was used to transmit data. This method is also used in modern TV models.

Serial TVs in 1929 were produced by the American corporation Western Television. A special feature was a small screen, on which it was difficult to see something. The device could only be used with a radio receiver. He caught the video signal and transmitted the image to the screen.

The evolution of televisions is inextricably linked with the discovery of vacuum devices. Since 1934, DFR, the German Television Radio Broadcasting television station, began operating on the territory of the German state; it transmitted a signal in 180 lines. In Germany in 1936, the events of the Berlin Sports Olympics were widely covered by live television.

In the same year, the German production company Telefunken began mass production of CRT TVs. At the same time, Great Britain began producing television sets with a scanning frequency of 405 lines - the image had the greatest clarity at that time.

First TVs in Russia

In 1938, television broadcasting was carried out by the Experimental Leningrad Television Center. To receive the signal, 20 TV sets "VRK" with screens of 13 X 17.5 cm were produced. In Moscow, television broadcasting began in 1939. The first program is a documentary about the opening of the 18th Congress of the Bolshevik Communist Party. The reception was carried out by more than 100 television sets "TK-1" with a screen size of 14 X 18 centimeters. The first television receivers were used for viewing by collectives of citizens. In 1949, the KVN-49 device appeared in the USSR with a decomposition frequency of 625 lines.

TV sales growth

By the middle of the 20th century, there were more than 10 million instruments in America. This is due to the high purchasing power, the presence of industrial enterprises that produce weapons and tanks during the war. In peacetime, they were repurposed for the manufacture of electronic devices used in everyday life in every family.

Particularly popular were television radios - devices consisting of a radio receiver, a record player, a television set.

Color television

In 1950, the CBS television broadcasting system operated in the United States, which was later canceled due to the inability to reproduce on black and white screens. On the territory of the Soviet Union, since 1953, broadcasting in color has been working experimentally. An electric motor with special light filters was connected to the working receiver. In 1955, this scheme was closed due to the complexity of the design.

An indispensable stage in the evolution of televisions is the discovery of standards that transmit images in color to black and white receivers. Since the 1960s, two color television systems began to operate: the German PAL and the French SECAM. The latter was recognized as the best according to the results of long-term tests for transmission of image and sound over long distances. It was used on the territory of the USSR.

The discovery of color transmission possibilities led to the modernization of televisions and the production of color receivers. The first device to transmit information in color, in 1953, was the RCA CT-100, operating on the American NTSC system.

Japanese radio electronics companies quickly began producing color televisions. Their active sale in the American sales markets began in the middle of the 20th century.

High definition television

In the 90s of the XX century, systems appeared that made it possible to reduce the amount of interference in the transmission and reception of signals at any distance.

The next step in the evolution of televisions was the era of digital television.

The computerization of all spheres of human life has led to the discovery of digital coding and minimization of losses in compressing information for subsequent transmission. It was decided to bring the development of the American ATSC standard, Japanese ISDB-T and European DVB-T to uniform requirements.

The improvement of signal transmission channels has led to the next stage in the evolution of televisions, a change in external characteristics. This was manifested in a decrease in the volume of the kinescope, an increase in the TV receiver screen diagonally. The discoveries of plasma, LED, and liquid crystal panels made it possible to reduce the depth of the device to several centimeters.

Internet TV

The prospects for the development of televisions are inextricably linked with the influence of the Internet on human life. Earlier, terrestrial, cable, satellite technologies for transmitting television data were used. Internet, smart, IPTV television is popular now.

The sales volumes of TVs with high quality picture and sound characteristics are constantly growing. Buyers are faced with a difficult choice when buying a common household appliance. Size, screen curvature, resolution, matrix technologies, 3D support, maximum Wi-Fi bandwidth, price - this is not a complete list of factors that determine the purchase of the desired model. Undoubtedly, the further evolution of televisions is associated with the development of Internet technologies, the discovery of new substances, inventions in the field of the radio-electronic industry.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, inventions of scientists, the discovery of new photographic properties of materials laid the foundation for the development of television. The first receivers were bulky with small screens. The image on the first television sets did not move, only general outlines were visible.

New ways of data transmission were discovered experimentally. The war of 1941-1945 prevented the improvement of television sets on the territory of the USSR. But the United States and Japan have succeeded in modernizing television sets. The evolution of televisions is clearly visible from the photos presented in the article in chronological order.

The possibilities of transmitting data via the Internet, connecting devices directly to web channels, discoveries of scientists and the introduction of developments to reduce the kinescope and increase the screen diagonal have led to significant changes in the appearance of televisions.

What has the evolution of TVs looked like since their first appearance? Let's consider historical events and highlight the key points.

1. In 1873, British scientists, in the course of prolonged testing in the field of image transmission, managed to achieve the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect.

2. In 1888, Russian scientist Alexander Stoletov developed the first modifications of photocells, which became the basis for the emergence of future television technology.

3.1907 is distinguished by the first demonstration of a compact television with a screen height of twenty pixels and dimensions of only 3 by 3 cm.

4.1932 - the first mechanical television is presented to the world. From 1931 to 1934, the broadcasting system was intensively developed on the territory of the USSR; by 1934, scientists and engineers were able to achieve sound transmission during the broadcast. It is noteworthy that in 1933 an electronic transmitting tube called an iconoscope was produced.

5. In 1936, Vladimir Zvorykin managed to create the first television, similar to modern electronic technology, based on the discovery in the previous paragraph.

6. The first electronic TV was released in 1949. From that moment, scientists and engineers around the world began to intensify the development of color devices, the first mass production of this type of television equipment took place in 1967.

World experts determined that electronic TVs did not differ much from optical-mechanical TVs in terms of external characteristics. The only significant difference was considered to be the built-in rather complex electronic circuit in more advanced devices. Special magnifiers and other optical devices were responsible for enlarging the image. With the development of image technologies, the characteristics of the physical dimensions of devices and the resolution of screens have increased. Due to the rapid growth of image technology, the diagonal of TV screens was increased, in connection with which manufacturers needed to lengthen the size of the cathode-ray tube. Many engineers in every possible way tried to at least slightly reduce the length of this cabin, because because of it, TVs took up too much space in the premises. The optimal solution of its time was the vertical positioning of the tube.

An important task for manufacturers of television equipment in the fifties of the 20th century was to reduce the size of various radio elements, along with an increase in the screen size of devices. All televisions of the time were based on vacuum tubes. The difficulty of reducing the dimensions of these parts became an obvious problem. By 1960, the Japanese corporation Sony released the first semiconductor TV. The new technology has increased the number of consumers, and all other manufacturers using this technology in the future were able to adjust the dimensions of their TVs depending on the size of the cathode-ray tubes. Semiconductor TVs enjoyed an extensive level of popularity until the early 90s of the 20th century. During this time, Sony presented innovative devices, the screens of which were part of the cylinder, and not part of the entire sphere. The screens of such TVs were flat in vertical direction and became a significant breakthrough in the field of television technology. By the end of the 90s, the Korean company LG released a model of the TV with a full flat display. After such a discovery, other manufacturers began to supplement their devices with new functionality, such as stereo sound, tele-text, and so on.

After the above-discussed discoveries of Sony and LG, manufacturers began to pay special attention to liquid crystal devices, as well as plasma TVs. The main task of world production was the release of completely flat screens and the device body itself. Then they began to introduce even more advanced options, for example, the ability to watch 3D films. Functions have appeared that allow owners of television equipment to access the World Wide Web. Nowadays, SmartTVs have become popular, world manufacturers are paying special attention to the promotion of innovative OLED display technology, which has a high screen resolution and provides the viewer with a high-quality image.