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Standards for the electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of the backbone and intra-zone primary networks. Standardization of electrical characteristics of cable lines Norms for digital channels and paths

(Introduced as temporary operating standards for the electrical parameters of the PSTN network channels valid until 12/30/98 by order of the State Communications Committee of Russia # 74 of 06/03/97)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. These standards (draft) apply to the electrical parameters of the switched telephone communication channels of the PSTN network (local, intrazonal and intercity). The norms for the process of establishing a connection (loss) and disconnection (release) are contained in other normative documents. 1.2. The standards are given in two versions: from subscriber to subscriber and from RATS (OS) to RATS (OS), where subscribers are directly included. 1.3. These standards contain requirements for the main electrical parameters that have the greatest impact on the characteristics of telephone and documentary telecommunications. To assess the characteristics of documentary telecommunications, a generalized, integral parameter has been introduced into the standards - the throughput of a data transmission channel, organized by means of a modem, at a rate of 2400 bit / s with error correction by the repeated request method according to ITU-T Recommendations (V.22bis, V.42). 1.4. These standards serve to assess the quality of telephone communication channels during periodic operational measurements. If a non-compliance with the standards is found, the operating personnel must, in accordance with the rules of technical operation, take measures to search for the site and eliminate the causes of the non-compliance, while setting standards for each type of equipment and cable are used. 1.5. Evaluation of compliance with the norms of channels in each direction is carried out by a statistical method. When measuring up to 15 channels with an accuracy of 0.9, the quality of all channels in a given direction between a pair of subscribers or a pair of RATS is assessed. This is achieved by special statistical processing of the channel measurement results, which determines the probability of meeting the norms of all channels in a given direction. 1.6. For operational measurements of communication channels of the PSTN network, a special automated software and hardware measuring complex (PAIK) has been developed, which, according to a given program, automatically establishes connections, measures normalized parameters in the required number of channels, performs statistical processing of the results obtained and determines the probability of compliance with the norms of the measured channel bundle. The use of a software and hardware measuring complex (PAIK) significantly saves time and labor, but measurements can be carried out with other measuring devices implemented in accordance with the ITU-T recommendations of the "O" series.

2. OPERATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE CHANNELS OF THE SWITCHED NETWORK OF THE TF (II EDITION)

The following table provides operational standards for the electrical parameters of the PSTN network channels.

Table

Electrical parameter name

Norm

Notes

2.1. The limiting value of the residual attenuation between network subscribers at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz should not exceed:

for local (urban and rural) and zonal networks (dB) channels;

for long distance communication channels (dB).

Including, for some types of networks and subscribers included in certain networks and stations:

The attenuation between the network PBX, where the subscribers are included, is normalized by a value 10 dB less.

2.1.1. Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz between subscribers of urban networks should not exceed the following values \u200b\u200bfor networks: with seven-digit numbering (dB)

or by direct connection of two PBXs.

30,0
25,0
20,0

also
For subscribers included in the automatic telephone exchange, with outgoing communication, it is 5 dB less.

2.1.2. Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz between subscribers of rural and intra-zone networks, if the calling subscriber is included in ATS E, should not exceed (dB).

25,0

Attenuation between automatic telephone exchanges, where subscribers are included, are normalized by a value of 10 dB less.

2.1.3. Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz on long-distance communication channels, if the calling subscriber is included in the automatic telephone exchange, which has a diff system for switching to a four-wire channel, including automatic telephone exchange, should not exceed (dB).

26,0

Also

2.2 The frequency response of the channel is normalized at frequencies of 1800 Hz and 2400 Hz. The limiting value of attenuation at frequencies 1800/2400 between subscribers should not exceed: for channels of local (urban and rural) and zonal networks (dB);
for long distance communication channels (dB). Including, for some types of networks and subscribers included in certain stations.

37,0/41,0

Attenuation between automatic telephone exchanges of the network where subscribers are included is normalized by a value of 13.0 / 15.0 dB less.

2.2.1. Attenuation at frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz. between subscribers of urban networks should not exceed the following values \u200b\u200bfor networks: with seven-digit numbering (dB)
with six-digit numbering (dB)
with five-digit numbering (dB)
or when directly connecting two PBXs

37,0/41,0
31,0/35,0
25,0/29,0

The same For subscribers included in the automatic telephone exchange, with outgoing communication, it is 6/7 dB less.

2.2.2 Attenuation at frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz. between subscribers of rural and intra-zone networks, if the calling subscriber is included in the automatic telephone exchange, should not exceed (dB).

31,0/35,0

Attenuation between automatic telephone exchange networks, where subscribers are included, is normalized by a value of 13.0 / 15.0 dB less.

2.2.3 Attenuation at frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz. between subscribers of long-distance communication, if the calling subscriber is included in the automatic telephone exchange, which has a diff system for switching to a four-wire channel, should not exceed (dB).

32,0/36,0

also
also

2.3. The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the switched channel at the subscriber or on the RATS should not be less than the following values \u200b\u200b(dB): on the channels of an urban, rural, or intra-zone network
on long-distance network channels
length and length\u003e 2500 km.

25,0
20,0

When measuring the subscriber-subscriber, the level of the measuring generator is 1020 Hz. should be minus 5 dBM, when measuring ATC-ATC the generator level should be minus 10 dBM.

2.4. The signal phase jitter (jitter) with a frequency of 20-300 Hz, measured at the subscriber or on the RATS, should not exceed (degrees).

also

2.5. The total impact of short-term interruptions of more than 13.0 dB depth and duration of less than 300 ms and impulse noise with an amplitude greater than the signal level, measured in fractions of a second intervals affected by interruptions and impulse noise, should not exceed (%).

For outgoing communication channels on coordinate and electronic automatic telephone exchanges, the standard is reduced to 20% and 10%, respectively

2.6 Attenuation of the echo signal relative to the main one should not be less than the following values \u200b\u200b(dB):

When measuring from the subscriber to the PBX of the opposite

2.6.1. Echo of the speaker on the PBX (depending on the location of the diffsystem on the network caller:) on AMTS;
on UZSL (US, UIS);
on RATS (OS).

23,0
20,0
15,0

at the end of the channel, the attenuation is increased by double the attenuation of the subscriber line (2V AL).

2.6.2. Echo of the listener on the automatic telephone exchange (depending on the location of the diffsystem on the caller's network): on the automatic telephone exchange;
on UZSL (US, UIS);
on RATS (OS).

"K" values \u200b\u200bfor P \u003d 0.9 and 0.8

Number of sessions	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
0,9	2,74	2,49	2,33	2,22	2,13	2,06	2,01	1,97	1,93	1,89	1,87
0,8	2,11	2,87	1,74	1,65	1,58	1,53	1,49	1,45	1,43	1,39	1,37

After the eighth measurement, the sum of m +/- k s is compared with the "N" standard (according to Section 2); if m + k s N) measurements are terminated with a positive assessment; if m + k s\u003e N (for noise immunity and throughput m -k s Notes:

With the accumulation of certain experience, the operator can vary the number of measurements to a new statistical estimate in the range of more than 1-2 channels.
To reduce the amount of computations, the minimum number of measured channels can be predefined - 15.

If after measuring 15 channels the sum of m + k s\u003e N, or for noise immunity and throughput m - k s 5. METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATION WITH THE HELP OF AUTOMATED SOFTWARE - HARDWARE MEASURING COMPLEX "PAIK" 5.1. The measuring complexes are connected at two stations of the network (RATS, OS) to subscriber outputs with the corresponding number. One of the stations is outgoing, the other is incoming. The operator of the outgoing station in accordance with the schedule or agreement, guided by the instructions for the operation of the PAIK, draws up a measurement scenario, which determines:

telephone numbers of incoming stations where PAIK are installed.
list of measured parameters;
attributes of the measured parameters (frequencies, transmission level, measurement thresholds, etc.);
standards of measured parameters, depending on the structure of the network and the specifics of outgoing stations;
date, time of the beginning and end of measurements;
measurement time of each parameter;
maximum number of measured channels in a cycle (number of sessions);
specific characteristics when establishing a connection (interval between calls when busy, maximum number of calls, etc.);

Note. When the measurements determined by the scenario are completed and the PC is turned off, all the set parameters in the scenario are saved, and upon the next turn on, only the parameter changes should be re-entered into the scenario, in particular, the phone numbers with whom the measurements should be carried out. 5.2. It is recommended to set the following attributes for typical performance measurements:

Measurements start no earlier than - 8-10: 00: 00 hours;
End of measurements no later than - 20-21: 00: 00 hours;
The number of measurement sessions - 15;
Pause between dials with a busy signal - 5s;
The number of attempts to get through with a busy signal on the local connection - 3;

when entering AMTS ("8") - 10-15;
with a long-distance connection - 3-10 depending on
from the loading of intercity channels.

Measured parameters:

Residual attenuation and AFC at frequencies (Hz) 1020, 1800 and 2400. measurement time - 30 sec.
Signal-to-noise ratio (MSU-T 0.132), signal - 1020 Hz, measurement time - 40 s.
Phase jitter (jitter), ITU-T recommendation 0.91 signal 1020 Hz, measurement time - 40 s.
Impulse noises and interruptions (ITU-T 0.62, 0.71) threshold for fixing impulse noises - at the signal level, the threshold for fixing interruptions - 13 dB below the signal level, control signal - 1800 Hz or 2000 Hz; measurement time - 1 min.
Bandwidth -

modem according to ITU-T recommendation V.22bis, V.42
baud rate 2400 bps.
measurement time - 1 min.

For all measurements, the level of the transmitter of the transmitter set is minus 10 dBm (for measurements between ATCs) or minus 5 dBm (for measurements between subscribers).

5.3. The standards for the measured parameters are set in accordance with Section 5.1. Standards for the process of establishing a connection: the probability of a failure to establish a connection is 0.1; the probability of no interaction between modems is 0.1; the probability of a hang-up before the measurement is completed is 0.05. 5.4. The script set by the operator of the outgoing station is automatically transmitted to the PICC of the incoming station, which ensures the identity of the measurement process for each channel in both directions (when measuring one number). 5.5. At the end of the measurement session, a table with the session number is displayed on the PC monitor screen, where for each of the measured parameters are presented:

given rate;
measured value;
arithmetic mean (cumulative total);
standard deviation (cumulative).

5.6. At the end of the measurement cycle (with one subscriber number) after 15 sessions or with good results, with a smaller number of measurements, the channel quality class is displayed in accordance with the probability of meeting the P standards for each of the parameters:

Class I - 1.0\u003e P\u003e 0.90 (0.8 - for a discrete channel)
Class II - 0.90\u003e P\u003e 0.66
III class - 0.66\u003e P\u003e 0.50
IV class - 0.50\u003e P\u003e 0.33
V class - P

The channel quality class is determined by the probability of fulfilling the norms for the "worst" of the parameters. Statistical processing of the measurement results of all sessions is carried out automatically by assessing the general population for a limited sample using the "tolerance limits" method. 5.7. All results of measurements and statistical processing are stored in the PC database and can be displayed on the screen and on the printer at the operator's command. 5.8. When negative results are obtained for one or several parameters, the operators of interacting stations can switch the PAIK to the analyzer mode and investigate this or that parameter in more detail and for a longer time, including with intermediate stations, which makes it possible to determine the section and the reason for the poor quality of the channels.

OPERATING STANDARDS
ON ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
PSTN CHANNELS

Moscow 1999

Approved

Order of the State Communications Committee of Russia

dated 5.04.99 No. 54

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. These standards (hereinafter referred to as the Standards) apply to the electrical parameters of the switched channels of local, intrazonal and long-distance PSTN networks. 1.2. The standards for the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the PSTN network are given for two options for connecting measuring devices to the switched channel: for subscribers - instead of a telephone set (in the text subscriber - subscriber); to subscriber sets of regional automatic telephone exchanges (RATS) or terminal stations of rural communications (OS) (in the text RATS - RATS). 1.3. The standards contain requirements for the main electrical parameters that have the greatest impact on the quality of telephone and documentary telecommunications. 1.4. The standards are used to assess the quality of switched circuits during operational measurements. Since the dial-up channel provided to the subscriber for the duration of one connection consists of a large number of randomly collected elements, the parameters of this channel can be measured once, but it is practically impossible to confirm this by repeated measurements, since when reconnecting, another channel with different parameters will be organized. In this regard, not a single channel is assessed, but an aggregate (bundle) of switched direction channels. If a non-compliance with the Norms of directional channels is found, the operating and technical personnel must, in accordance with the rules of technical operation, take measures to search for a site and eliminate the causes of non-compliance with the Norms, while setting standards for the cable and technical conditions for each type of equipment are used. 1.5. Assessment of compliance with the Norms of electrical parameters of directional channels is carried out by a statistical method When measuring the parameters of several switched channels using statistical processing of the measurement results, the probability of compliance with the Norms of the parameters of all directional channels between a pair of subscribers or a pair of automatic telephone exchanges is determined. 1.6. The necessary information about the organization of measurements, statistical processing of the results and the formation of assessments of compliance of the measured parameters with the Standards are given in the section "Methods of organization of measurements and assessment of compliance with the Standards of measured parameters of switched channels".

2. OPERATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF SWITCHED PSTN NETWORK CHANNELS

The operational standards for the electrical parameters of the switched channels of the PSTN network are given in table. 1.

Table 1 .

Electrical parameter name
	subscriber - subscriber			RATS - RATS
		intrazones.	intercity.		intrazones.	intercity.
1. The limiting value of the residual channel attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz should not exceed, dB:
for ATS DSh
for ATC K
for ATS E
2. The frequency response of the channel is normalized at frequencies of 1800 and 2400 Hz.
The limiting value of attenuation at frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz should not exceed, dB:
for ATS DSh
for ATC K
for ATS E
3. The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the switched channel must be at least, dB:
4. The signal phase jitter (jitter) in the frequency range 20 - 300 Hz should not exceed, degrees:
5. The total impact of short interruptions of more than 17.0 dB depth and less than 300 ms duration and impulse noise with an amplitude of 5 dB higher than the signal level, measured as a percentage of the second intervals affected by impulse noise and interruptions to the total number of second intervals per session measurements should not exceed,%:
for ATS DSh
for ATC K
for ATS E						Table 1 P
Station type
Station type
date
Number of sessions
Quality class by parameters
Quality class by parameters
Quality class
Quality class
Table 2 P
Parameter name				Quality class
Parameter name
	Residual attenuation at a frequency of 1000 (1020) Hz
	AFC at frequencies of 1800/2400 Hz
	Signal to noise ratio
	Transmitted signal jitter (jitter)
	The cumulative effect of impulse noise and short interruptions
	NUS
	WELL IN
	Debt.

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

STANDARDS
for electrical parameters
digital channels and tracts
backbone and intrazonal
primary networks

The standards were developed by TsNIIS with the participation of operating enterprises of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

General editing: Moskvitin V.D.

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORDER

10.08.96

moscow

№ 92

On approval of Norms for electrical parameters
main digital channels and trunk paths
and intra-zone networks of VSS Russia

I ORDER:

1. To approve, and to introduce and put into effect from October 1, 1996 "Norms for electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main intra-zone primary networks of the VSS of Russia" (hereinafter the Norms).

2. Organization leaders:

2.1. Be guided by the Standards when commissioning and maintaining digital channels and paths of the backbone and intra-zone primary networks of the VSS of Russia;

2.2. Prepare and send to the Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications the results of control measurements for the existing digital plesiochronous transmission systems within a year from the date of introduction of Norm.

3. Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications (Varakin):

3.1. By November 1, 1996, develop and send to organizations the forms for registering the results of control measurements.

3.2. Ensure the coordination of work and carry out the refinement in 1997 of the Norms based on the measurement results under this order.

3.3. To develop in 1996-1997 norms for:

slippage and propagation time in digital channels and paths of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy;

electrical parameters of digital paths of the synchronous digital hierarchy at a transmission rate of 155 Mbit / s and higher;

electrical parameters of digital channels and paths organized in analog cable and radio relay transmission systems using modems, digital channels and paths of the local primary network, satellite digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbit / s (32, 16 kbit / s, etc.);

indicators of the reliability of digital channels and paths.

3.4. To develop in 1996 a comprehensive program of work on the regulation and measurement of channels and paths of the promising digital network of the OP.

4 ... NTUOT (Mishenkov) to provide funding for the work specified in this order

5. The Main Directorate of State Supervision over Communications in the Russian Federation under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation (Loginov) shall ensure control over the implementation of the Norms approved by this order.

6. Before August 15, 1996, the heads of the organizations should inform the need for the said Standards, given that they can be purchased on a contractual basis from the Resonance Association ( contact number 201-63 81, fax 209-70-43).

7. Association "Resonance" (Pankov) (as agreed) to replicate the Standards for the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the backbone and intra-zone primary networks of the VSS of Russia

8. Control over the implementation of the order to entrust UES (Rokotyan).

Federal Minister W Bulgak

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS,
SYMBOLS

ASTE - automated system of technical operation

VZPS - intra-zone primary network

VC - built-in control

FOCL - fiber-optic communication line

FOTS - fiber optic transmission system

VSS RF - interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation

VTsST - secondary digital network path

Bcc - main digital channel

PDI - plesiochronous digital hierarchy

PCST - primary digital network path

PSP - pseudo-random sequence

RSP - radio relay transmission system

SMP - backbone primary network

SSP - satellite system transmission

SDI - synchronous digital hierarchy

TCST - tertiary digital network path

DSP - digital transmission system

CST - digital network path

ChTsST - quadruple digital network path

AIS (alarm indication signal) - alarm indication signal

BER (bit error ratio) - bit error rate

BIS (bringing-into-servise) - commissioning

BISO (bringing-into-servise objective) - BIS norm

RPO (reference perfomance objective) - reference norm for technical characteristics

RO (perfomance objective) - standards for technical characteristics

ES (errored second) - second with errors

SES (severely errored second) - a second stricken with errors

LOF (loss of frame) - cycle loss

LOS (loss of signal) - signal loss

FAS (frame alignment signal) - cyclic sync signal

1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. General terms and definitions

1) Channel main digital (basic digital circuit) - A typical digital transmission channel with a signal transmission rate of 64 kbps

2) Transmission channel(transmission circuit) - A set of technical means and propagation medium, ensuring the transmission of a telecommunication signal in a frequency band or at a transmission rate characteristic of a given transmission channel, between network stations, network nodes or between a network station and a network node, as well as between a network station or network node and terminal device of the primary network

Notes:

1. The transmission channel is named analog or digital depending on the methods of transmission of telecommunication signals.

2. A transmission channel in which analog or digital methods of transmitting telecommunication signals are used at different parts of it is given a name mixed transmission channel.

3. A digital channel, depending on the transmission rate of telecommunication signals, is assigned a name main, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

3) The transmission channel is typical (typical transmission circuit) - The transmission channel, the parameters of which comply with the RF VSS standards

4) Voice channel (voice frequency transmission circuit) - A typical analog transmission channel with a frequency band from 300 to 3400 Hz

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits on PM, the channel is called composite, in the absence of transits - simple.

2. If there are sections in the composite PM channel, organized both in cable transmission systems and in radio relay systems, the channel is called combined.

5) Telecommunication channel, bearer channel (telecommunication circuit, bearer circuit) - A telecommunication signal path formed by serially connected channels and lines of a secondary network using stations and nodes of a secondary network, which, when connected to its ends of subscriber terminal devices (terminals), the transmission of a message from a source to a recipient (recipients)

Notes:

1. The telecommunication channel is assigned names depending on the type of communication network, for example, telephone channel(connections), telegraph channel (connections), data (transmission) channel.

2. On a territorial basis, telecommunication channels are divided into intercity, zonal, local.

6) transmission line (transmission line) - A set of linear paths of transmission systems and (or) typical physical circuits having common linear structures, their service devices and the same propagation medium within the range of service devices.

Notes:

1. Transmission lines are named based on:

from the primary network to which it belongs: backbone, intrazonal, local;

from the distribution environment, for example, cable, radio relay, satellite.

2. A transmission line, which is a serial connection of transmission lines of different distribution media, is assigned a name combined.

7) Subscriber transmission line (primary network) (subscriber line) - A transmission line connecting a network station or network node and a terminal device of the primary network.

8) Interconnecting transmission line - A transmission line connecting a network station and a network node or two network stations to each other.

Note. The trunk is named depending on the primary network to which it belongs, backbone, intrazone, local.

9) Primary network (transmission network, transmission media) - A set of typical physical circuits, typical transmission channels and network paths, formed on the basis of network nodes, network stations, terminal devices of the primary network and transmission lines connecting them.

10) Primary intra-zone network - A part of the primary network, providing interconnection of typical transmission channels of different local primary networks of the same telephone network numbering zone.

11) Primary backbone network - A part of the primary network that provides interconnection of typical transmission channels and network paths of different intra-zone primary networks throughout the country.

12) Primary local network - Part of the primary network bounded by a suburban or rural area.

Note. The local primary network is named: urban (combined) or rural primary network.

13) Interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation (VSS RF) - A complex of technologically interconnected telecommunication networks on the territory of the Russian Federation, provided with a common centralized control.

14) Transmission system (transmission system) - A set of technical means that provide the formation of a linear path, typical group paths and transmission channels of the primary network.

Notes:

1. Depending on the type of signals transmitted in the linear path, the transmission system is named: analog or digital.

2. Depending on the medium of propagation of telecommunication signals, the transmission system is named: wired transmission system and radio system transmission.

15) Wire transmission system - A transmission system in which telecommunication signals propagate by means of electromagnetic waves along a continuous guiding medium.

16) Group path (group link) - A set of technical means of a transmission system designed to transmit telecommunication signals with a normalized number of voice frequency channels or basic digital channels in the frequency band or at a transmission rate characteristic of a given group path.

Note. The group path, depending on the normalized number of channels, is named: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary or the Nth group path.

17) Typical group path (typical group link) - A group path, the structure and parameters of which comply with the RF Air Force standards.

18) Network path (network link) - A typical group path or several series-connected typical group paths with the equipment of the path formation included at the input and output.

Notes:

1. If there are transits of the same order as the given network path, the network path is called composite, in the absence of such transits - simple.

2. If there are sections in the composite network path, organized both in cable transmission systems and in radio relay systems, the path is called combined.

3. The path is named depending on the signal transmission method analog or digital.

19) Linear transmission system - A set of technical means of a transmission system, providing transmission of telecommunication signals in the frequency band or at a rate corresponding to a given transmission system.

Notes:

1. The linear path, depending on the distribution medium, is named: cable, radio relay, satellite or combined.

2. The linear path, depending on the type of transmission system, is named: analog or digital.

20) Transit (transit) - A connection of transmission channels or paths of the same name, which ensures the passage of telecommunication signals without changing the frequency band or transmission rate.

21) Terminal device of the primary network (originative network terminal) - Technical means providing the formation of typical physical circuits or typical transmission channels to provide them to subscribers of secondary networks and other consumers.

22) Network node (network node) - A complex of technical means that ensures the formation and redistribution of network paths, typical transmission channels and typical physical circuits, as well as their provision to secondary networks and individual organizations.

Notes:

1. A network node, depending on the primary network to which it belongs, is named: trunk, intrazonal, local.

2. The network node, depending on the type of functions performed, is assigned names: network switching node, network allocation node.

23) Physical chain (physical circuit) - Metallic wires or optical fibers that form the guiding medium for the transmission of telecommunication signals.

24) Typical physical chain (typical physical circuit) - A physical circuit, the parameters of which comply with the RF VSS standards.

1.2. Definition of error indicators for bcc

1) Second with errors (Errored Second) - ES к - a period of 1 s, during which at least one error was observed.

2) Severely Errored Second - SES k - a period of 1 s, during which the error rate was more than 10 -3.

3) Error Seconds with Errors Ratio (ESR) is the ratio of ES to the total number of seconds in the available period during a fixed measurement interval.

4) The error rate per seconds affected by SESR errors is the ratio of the number of SES to the total number of seconds in the available period during a fixed measurement interval.

1.3. Error Metrics Definitions for Network Paths

1) Block - a sequence of bits limited by the number of bits associated with a given path; however, each bit belongs to only one block. The number of bits in a block depends on the transmission rate and is determined according to a separate method.

2) Block with errors (Errored Block) - EB t - a block in which one or more of the bits included in the block are erroneous.

3) Errored Second - ES t - a period of 1 second with one or more erroneous blocks.

4) Severely Errored Second - SES t is a period of 1 second containing ³ 30% errored blocks (EB) or at least one severely disturbed period (SDP).

5) Error rate for seconds with errors - (ESR) - the ratio of the number of ES t to the total number of seconds in the ready period during a fixed measurement interval.

6) The error rate per seconds affected by SESR errors is the ratio of the number of SES m to the total number of seconds in the available period during a fixed measurement interval.

7) Severely Disturbed Period - SDP - a period with a duration equal to 4 adjacent blocks, each of which has an error rate of ³ 10 -2 or an average of 4 blocks with an error rate of ³ 10 -2, or there was a loss of signal information.

8) Backqround Block Error - BBE is an erroneous block that is not part of SES.

9) The error rate for blocks with background errors BBER is the ratio of the number of blocks with background errors to the total number of blocks during readiness for a fixed measurement interval, excluding all blocks during SES, i.e.

10) The unavailable period for one direction of the path is a period starting with 10 consecutive SES seconds (these 10 seconds are considered part of the unavailable period) and ending up to 10 consecutive seconds without SES (these 10 seconds are considered part of the unavailable period).

A period of unavailability for a path is a period when at least one of its directions is in a state of unavailability.

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2.1. These Standards are intended for use by operating organizations of the primary networks of the VSS of Russia during the operation of digital channels and paths and for putting them into operation.

The standards should also be used by developers of equipment for transmission systems when defining requirements for individual types of equipment.

2.2. These standards are developed on the basis of ITU-T Recommendations and studies carried out on the existing communication networks in Russia. The norms apply to channels and paths of the primary backbone network with a length of up to 12,500 km and intra-zone networks with a length of up to 600 km. Compliance with the standards below ensures the required transmission quality when organizing international connections with a length of up to 27,500 km.

2.3. The above norms apply:

To simple and composite basic digital channels (BCC) with a transmission rate of 64 kbit / s,

Simple and composite digital paths with transmission rates of 2.048 Mbit / s, 34 Mbit / s, 140 Mbit / s, organized in fiber-optic transmission systems (FOTS) and radio relay transmission systems (RSP) of the synchronous digital hierarchy,

Simple and composite paths organized in modern FOTS, RSP and digital transmission systems on metal cables of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH),

On PDI linear paths, the transmission rate of which is equal to the rate of the group path of the corresponding order

2.4. Channels and paths organized in DSP on metal cable and FOTS developed before the adoption of new ITU-T Recommendations, as well as in analog cable and radio-relay transmission systems organized using modems, may deviate in some parameters from these Norms.

Refined norms for digital channels and paths formed in DSPs operating on a backbone network on a metal cable (PCM-480R, PSM-480S) are given in.

Clarification of the norms for digital channels and paths of DSP and FOTS that are in operation on intra-zone networks (Sopka-2, Sopka-3, IKM-480, IKM-120 (various modifications)) will be made based on the results of implementation during years of these Norms.

2.5. These standards have developed requirements for two types of indicators for digital channels and paths - error indicators and indicators of jitter and phase drift.

2.6. The error rates of digital channels and paths are statistical parameters and the norms for them are determined with the corresponding probability of their fulfillment. For error indicators, the following types of operating standards have been developed:

long-term norms,

operational standards.

Long-term standards are determined on the basis of ITU-T recommendations G.821 (for 64 kbit / s channels) and G.826 (for paths with a speed of 2048 kbit / s and above).

Verification of long-term standards requires long measurement periods under operating conditions - at least 1 month. These standards are used when checking the quality indicators of digital channels and paths of new transmission systems (or new equipment of certain types that affect these indicators), which were not previously applied on the primary network of our country.

Operational norms refer to express norms, they are determined on the basis of ITU-T recommendations M.2100, M.2110, M.2120.

Operational standards require relatively short measurement periods for their assessment. Among the operational norms, the following are distinguished:

norms for the commissioning of pipelines,

maintenance standards,

system recovery rates.

The standards for the commissioning of paths are used when the channels and paths formed by similar equipment of transmission systems are already on the network and have been tested for compliance with long-term standards. Maintenance standards are used when monitoring the ducts during operation and to determine the need to decommission them when the controlled parameters go beyond the permissible limits. The norms for the restoration of systems are used when the path is put into operation after the equipment has been repaired.

2.7. Standards for jitter and wander performance include the following types of norms:

network limit norms at hierarchical junctions,

jitter limits for digital equipment (including jitter transfer characteristics),

jitter norms for digital sections.

These indicators do not belong to statistical parameters, and long-term measurements are not required to verify them.

2.8. The presented standards are the first stage in the development of standards for the quality indicators of digital channels and network paths. They can be further refined based on the results of operational tests for channels and paths organized in certain types of DSPs. In the future, it is planned to develop the following standards for digital channels and paths:

standards for slippage and propagation time in digital channels and PDI paths,

norms for electrical parameters of SDH digital paths at a speed of 155 Mbit / s and higher,

norms for indicators of reliability of digital channels and paths,

norms for electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of the local primary network,

norms for electrical parameters of digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbit / s (32; 16; 8; 4.8; 2.4 kbit / s, etc.).

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL
CHANNELS AND TRACKS

The general characteristics of the bcc and network digital paths of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy are given in.

Table 3.1

General characteristics of the main digital channel and network
digital paths of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy

P / p No.	Channel and path type	Nominal transmission rate, kbit / s	Transmission rate deviation limits, kbit / s	Nominal input and output resistances, Ohm
	Main digital channel		± 5 · 10 -5	120 (sim)
	Primary digital network path	2048	± 5 · 10 -5	120 (sim)
	Secondary digital network path	8448	± 3 · 10 -5	75 (carry)
	Tertiary digital network path	34368	± 2 · 10 -5	75 (carry)
	Quadruple digital network path	139264	± 1.5 · 10 -5	75 (carry)

4. NORMS FOR RATES OF ERRORS
DIGITAL CHANNELS AND NETWORK LINES

4.1. Long-term error rates

4.1.1. Long-term norms for BCC are based on measuring the characteristics of errors in second time intervals by two indicators:

error rate for seconds with errors (ESR k),

error rate for seconds affected by errors (SESR k).

The definitions ES and SES are consistent.

Measurements of error rates in the BCC to assess compliance with long-term standards are carried out when the connection is closed and a pseudo-random digital sequence is used.

4.1.2. Long-term guidelines for digital network paths (DPTs) are based on block error performance measurements (see) for three metrics:

error rate for errored seconds (ESR t),

error rate for seconds affected by errors (SESR t),

background error block error rate (BBER t).

It is expected that by meeting the norms in the DPT for error rates based on blocks, the long-term rates in the BCC generated in these DPTs will be met in terms of error rates based on second intervals.

DPT error measurements to assess long-term compliance can be carried out both during shutdown using a pseudo-random number sequence and during operational monitoring.

4.1.3. BCC is considered compliant if each of the two error indicators - ESR k and SESR k - meets the specified requirements. The network path is considered compliant if each of the three error indicators - ESR t, SESR t, and BBER t, meets the requirements.

4.1.4. Measurements should be used to evaluate performance only during periods when a channel or path is available, unavailable intervals are excluded (see definition of unavailability).

4.1.5. The basis for determining the long-term norms of a particular channel or path is the general design (reference) norms for a complete connection (end-to-end) for the error rates of an international connection with a length of 27,500 km, given in columns A for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding digital channel or path.

4.1.6. The distribution of the limiting design norms for error rates by sections of the path (channel) of the primary network of the Russian ARIA is given in, the column "long-term norms", where A is taken for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding path (channel) from the data.

4.1.7. The share of calculated operating standards for error rates for a path (channel) of length L on the backbone and intra-zone primary networks of the Armed Forces of Russia to determine long-term standards is given in.

Table 4.1

General design performance standards for error rates
for international connection with a length of 27,500 km

Type of path (channel)	Speed, kbps	AND			IN
		Long-term norms			Operational norms
		ESR	SESR	BBE R	ESR	SESR
Bcc		0,08	0,002		0,04	0,001
PCST	2048	0,04	0,002	3 · 10 -4	0,02	0,001
VTsST	8448	0,05	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,025	0,001
TCST	34368	0,075	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,0375	0,001
ChTsST	139264	0,16	0,002	2 · 10 -4	0,08	0,001
Note... Data given for long-term standards are in accordance with ITU-T RecommendationsG .821 (for 64 kbit / s channel) and G.826 (for paths with rates from 2048 kbit / s and higher), for operational standards - ITU-T Rec. M.2100.

Table 4.2

Distribution of limit norms for error indicators
along the sections of the path (channel) of the primary network

Type of path (channel)

Plot

Length, km

Long-term norms

Operational norms

ESR

SESR

BBER

ESR

SESR

Bcc

Ab. lin

0.15 A

0.15 A / 2

0.15 V

IPU

0.075 A

0.075 A / 2

0.075V

VZPS

0.075 A

0.075 A / 2

0.075V

SMP

12500

0.2 A

0.2 A / 2

0.2 V

CST

IPU

0.075 A

0.075 A / 2

0.075 A

0.075V

VZPS

0.075 A

0.075 A / 2

0.075 A

0.075V

SMP

12500

0.2 A

0.2 A / 2

0.2 A

0.2 V

Notes:

1. To the specified limit value of the long-term norm for the indicator SESR, when a section with an RSP with a length of L \u003d 2500 km is included in the path or channel of the NSR, a value equal to 0.05% is added, with one section with an SSP - a value of 0.01%. These values \u200b\u200btake into account unfavorable signal propagation conditions (worst month).

4.1.11. If a channel or a path passes through both the NMP and the VZPS, then the value of C for the entire channel is determined by summing the values \u200b\u200bof C 1 and C 2 (for both ends):

and then the norm for the corresponding parameter is determined.

Example 3. Let it be required to determine the norms of ESR and SESR indicators for the BCC channel passing along the NSR with a length of L 1 \u003d 830 km, and for two VZPS with a length of L 2 \u003d 190 km and L 3 \u003d 450 km, organized along fiber-optic lines at all three sections. We find the values \u200b\u200bof A:

The length L 1 is rounded to a multiple of 250 km, the length of L 2 is to a multiple of 50 km, and L 3 is to a multiple of 100 km:

4.2. Operational norms for error rates

4.2.1. General statements on the definition of operational standards

1) The operational norms for the error rates of BCC and DPT are based on measuring the characteristics of errors in second time intervals by two indicators:

errored second error rate (ESR),

severe Errored Second Error Rate (SESR).

In this case, for BCC, the definitions of ES and SES correspond, and for DPT -.

Measurements of error indicators in the DPT to assess compliance with operational standards can be carried out both in the process of operational control and when communication is closed using special measuring instruments. Measurements of error indicators in the BCC to assess compliance with operational standards are carried out when the connection is closed. The measurement technique is given in.

2) BCC or DPT are considered to be in compliance with the operational standards if each of the error indicators - ESR and SESR - meets the specified requirements.

3) Measurements should only be used for performance assessments during periods of link or path availability, unavailable intervals are excluded (see unavailability definitions).

4) The basis for determining the operational limits for a channel or path is the general design norms for a complete connection (end-to-end) for error rates for an international connection, with a length of 27,500 km, given in columns B for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding digital channel or path.

5) The distribution of the limiting design norms for error indicators by sections of the path (channel) of the primary network of the RF VSS is given in, the column "operational norms", where B is taken for the corresponding error indicator and the corresponding path (channel) from the data.

6) The share of the calculated operational standards for the error indicators of a path (channel) with a length of L km on the main and intra-zone primary networks of the RF Armed Forces for determining operational standards is given in. This share for the NMP path (channel) is designated D 1 and for VZPS - D 2.

Length L of the path (channel) on the NSR at L< 1000 км округляется до значения L 1 , кратного 250 км в большую сторону, при L > 1000 km - multiple of 500 km, at VZPS at L< 200 км - до значения, кратного 50 км, при L > 200 km is a multiple of 100 km. At L\u003e 2500 km for the NSR channel (path) D 1 is determined by interpolation between adjacent values \u200b\u200bor by the formula:

7) The procedure for determining the value of D for a simple BCC or CST is as follows:

the length L of the channel (path) is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in,

for the found value L 1 is determined by the value of D 1 or D 2.

For a compound BCC or CST, the calculation procedure is as follows:

the length L i of each of the transit sections is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bindicated in,

for each section is determined by the value of D i,

the obtained D i values \u200b\u200bare summed up:

The resulting total value of D should not exceed 20% for the NSR, 7.5% for the VZPS, and 35% for a channel or path passing through the NSR and two VZPS.

Table 44

Percentage of operating standards on error rates for a site
path (channel) length L km on the main and intrazonal
primary networks of the Armed Forces of Russia to determine the operational standards

SMP			VZPS
P / p No.	Length, km	D,	P / p No.	Length, km	D 2
	£ 250	0,015		£ 50	0,023
	£ 500	0,020		£ 100	0,030
	£ 750	0,025		£ 150	0,039
	£ 1000	0,030		£ 200	0,048
	£ 1500	0,038		£ 300	0,055
	£ 2000	0,045		£ 400	0,059
	£ 2500	0,050		£ 500	0,063
	£ 5000	0,080		£ 600	0,0750
	£ 7500	0,110
	£ 10,000	0,140
	£ 12,500	0,170

8) If the channel or path is international, then the operational standards for them are determined in accordance with ITU-T Recommendation M.2100. To assess the compliance with the norms of recommendation M.2100 of a part of an international channel or a path passing through the territory of our country, you can use the above method for determining the norms, but instead you must use the data of which correspond to Table. 2v / M.2100.

Table 4.5

Distribution of norms for international channels and paths

Length L, km	Share of settlement rates (% of RPO from end to end)
L £ 500 km
500 km< L £ 1000 км
1000 km< L £ 2500 км
2500 km< L £ 5000 км
5,000 km< L £ 7500 км
L\u003e 7500 km	10,0

The part of the channel or path passing through the territory of our country to the international station (international switching center) must meet these standards.

9) Monitoring of error indicators in channels or paths to determine compliance with operational standards can be carried out in operational conditions for various periods of time - 15 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days (see). To analyze the control results, the threshold values \u200b\u200bS 1 and S 2 of the ES and SES numbers are determined for the observation period T at T £ 1 day and one BISO threshold value at T \u003d 7 days (the designations for the threshold values \u200b\u200bare the same as in the ITU-T M recommendation .2100).

Threshold values \u200b\u200bare calculated in the following order:

The average acceptable number of ES or SES is determined for the observation period

(1)

where D is the total value of the share of the total norm found in.

T is the observation period in seconds.

B - the general rate for this indicator is taken from (for BCC ES - 4%, SES - 0.1%).

The BISO threshold value is determined for the observation period T

(2)

where k is a coefficient determined by the purpose of in-service control.

The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient k for various test conditions of the transmission system, network path or BCC are given in.

The threshold values \u200b\u200bS 1 and S 2 are determined by the formulas:

Table 4.6

Error metric limits (ES and SES)
in relation to the long-term reference rate

Transmission systems		Network paths, sections, bcc
Test type	k	Test type	k
Commissioning		Commissioning
Input after renovation	0,125	Input after renovation
Reduced quality input		Reduced quality input	0,75
Reference norm		Reference norm
Removal from service	> 10	Removal from service	> 10

10) If during the observation period T, according to the results of operational control, an ES or SES number equal to S is obtained, then

with S ³ S 2 - the path is not accepted for operation,

when S £ S 1 - the path is accepted for operation,

for S 1< S < S 2 - тракт принимается условно - с проведением дальнейших испытаний за более длительные сроки.

If, after additional tests (for example, 7 days), S\u003e BISO, then the path is not accepted for operation (see details).

11) In some PDH systems developed prior to the introduction of these standards and existing on the active primary network, the error rates of links and paths may not meet the specified limits. Permissible deviations from the norms for individual DSPs are given in.

4.2.2. Standards for commissioning digital paths and bcc

1) The norms for the commissioning of paths and BCC into operation are used when the channels and paths formed by similar equipment of transmission systems are already on the network and tests have been carried out for the compliance of these paths with the requirements of long-term norms.

2) When commissioning a linear path of a digital transmission system, measurements should be carried out using a pseudo-random digital sequence with the connection closed. Measurements are carried out within 1 day or 7 days (for details, see.

These calculations were performed for different paths and different D values \u200b\u200band the results are summarized in tables. It is easy to make sure that the calculated values \u200b\u200bgiven coincide with the data for the norm share D \u003d 5%.

If, according to the control results, it turns out to be necessary to carry out measurements within 7 days, then the BISO threshold value for this case is obtained by multiplying the unrounded BISO value for 1 day by 7.

4) If more than one network path or BCC is put into operation at the same time included in the same higher-order path (higher-order network path or DSP linear path), and this path is put into operation simultaneously with the lower-order paths, then only 1 path1 of this order or BCC is tested for 1 day, and the rest of the paths are tested for 2 hours (for more details, see section 6 SES: RPO \u003d 0, BISO \u003d 0, S 1 \u003d 0, S 2 \u003d l.

5) When commissioning several network paths that are part of a single higher-order path in operation between two endpoints, and in the presence of operational error monitoring devices in the paths, these paths can be tested for 15 minutes each or all can be connected sequentially on the loop and be tested simultaneously for 15 minutes. In this case, evaluation criteria are used for one direction of transmission of one path. There shall be no ES or SES events or periods of unavailability for each of the 15 min test periods. In the absence of operational error control devices, the check is carried out according to).

4.2.3. Standards for the maintenance of digital network paths.

1) The standards for maintenance are used to monitor paths during operation, including to determine the need to decommission a path with a significant deterioration in error rates.

2) Checking the path in the process of technical operation is carried out with the help of operational error control devices for periods of 15 minutes and 1 day.

3) Maintenance standards include: limit values \u200b\u200bof unacceptable quality - if these values \u200b\u200bare exceeded, the path should be taken out of service, limit values \u200b\u200bof poor quality - if these values \u200b\u200bare exceeded, the monitoring of this path and analysis of trends in characteristics should be carried out more often.

4) For all of the specified maintenance standards for the path, the threshold values \u200b\u200bfor ES and SES are set in accordance with the technical requirements determined by the developers of a particular type of equipment for the transmission system and error indicators, taking into account the hierarchical level of this path and the purpose of the tests.

If these thresholds are not specified, then they can be selected for the modes of determining the network path with reduced quality and for determining the need for decommissioning with a 15-minute observation period at the level of the values \u200b\u200bgiven in 0

3 ®

4.5 ®

7.5 ®

10,0

10.5 ®

11,0

11.5 ®

13,0

13.5 ®

15,5

16.0 ®

18,5

19.0 ®

20,0

20.5 ®

21,5

22.0 ®

24,5

25.0 ®

27,0

27.5 ®

30,0

30.5 ®

33,0

33.5 ®

36,0

36.5 ®

40,0

Example 6.

The limit values \u200b\u200bfor error rates during the commissioning of a path after repair are determined similarly to the case of commissioning a newly organized path (), but the coefficient k is chosen equal to 0.125 for linear paths of transmission systems and equal to 0.5 for network paths and sections (see. ). The observation periods and the verification procedure are in accordance with those given in.

5. STANDARDS FOR INDICATORS OF PHASE JITTER
AND DRY PHASE

5.1. Network limits for jitter at the output path

The maximum value of jitter at hierarchical junctions in a digital network, which must be observed under all operating conditions and regardless of the amount of equipment included in the path in front of the junction under consideration, must be no more than the values \u200b\u200bpresented in Table. 5.1 4, kHz

0,25

0,05

15600

2048

8448

34368

0,15

29,1

139264

0,075

3500

7,18

Notes.

1. For a 64 kbit / s channel, the given values \u200b\u200bare valid only for a co-directional interface.

2. EI - unit interval.

3. B 1 and B 2 - full swing of phase jitter measured at the output of bandpass filters with cutoff frequencies: lower f 1, and top f 4 and bottom f 3 and top f 4 respectively. The frequency response of the filters should have slopes of 20 dB / decade.

"Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation STANDARDS for the electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of backbone and intra-zone primary networks. Norms were developed by TsNIIS with the participation of ..."

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation

for electrical parameters

digital channels and paths

backbone and intrazonal

primary networks

The standards were developed by TsNIIS with the participation of operating enterprises

Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation.

General editing: Moskvitin V.D.

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

08/10/96 Moscow № 92 On the approval of the Norms for the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra-zone primary networks of the Russian Air Force I ORDER.

1. To approve and put into effect from October 1, 1996 "Norms for electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra-zone primary networks of the VSS of Russia" (hereinafter the Norms).

2. Heads of organizations:

2.1. To be guided by the Standards when commissioning and maintaining digital channels and paths of the main and intra-zone primary networks of the VSS of Russia:

2.2. Prepare and send to the Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications the results of control measurements for the existing digital plesiochronous transmission systems within a year from the date of introduction of Norm.

3. Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications (Varakin).

3.1. By November 1, 1996, develop and send to organizations the forms for registering the results of control measurements.

3.2. Ensure the coordination of work and clarify in 1997 the Norms on the basis of the measurement results according to clause 2.2 of this order

3.3. To develop in 1996-1997 norms for:

slippage and propagation time in digital channels and paths of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy, electrical parameters of digital paths of the synchronous digital hierarchy at a transmission rate of 155 Mbit / s and higher;

indicators of the reliability of digital channels and paths.

3.4. To develop in 1996 a comprehensive program of work on the regulation and measurement of channels and paths of the promising digital network of the OP.

4. NTUOT (Mishenkov) provide funding for the work specified in clause 3 of this order.

7. Association "Resonance" (Pankov) (as agreed) to carry out replication of the Standards for the electrical parameters of the main digital channels and paths of the main and intra-zone primary networks of the ARIA of Russia.

8. Control over the execution of the order to entrust UES (Rokotyan).

Federal Minister V. B. Bulgak

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, SYMBOLS

ASTE - automated system for technical operation of VZPS - intra-zone primary network VK - built-in control of fiber-optic communication lines - fiber-optic communication line FOTS - fiber-optic transmission system of the RF VSS - interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation VTsST - secondary digital network path BCC - main digital channel.

PDI - plesiochronous digital hierarchy PDSST - primary digital network path PSP - pseudo-random sequence RSP - radio relay transmission system SMP - backbone primary network SSP - satellite transmission system SDH - synchronous digital hierarchy TCST - tertiary digital network path DSP - digital transmission system DPT - digital network ChTSST path - quaternary digital network path

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

1) Basic digital circuit - A typical digital transmission channel with a signal transmission rate of 64 kbps.

2) transmission circuit - A set of technical means and propagation media that ensures the transmission of a telecommunication signal in a frequency band or at a transmission rate characteristic of a given transmission channel between network stations, network nodes or between a network station and a network node, as well as between a network station or network node and an end device of the primary network.

Notes:

1. The transmission channel is named analog or digital, depending on the methods of transmission of telecommunication signals.

2. A transmission channel, in which analog or digital methods of transmission of telecommunication signals are used in different parts of it, shall be called a mixed transmission channel.

3. A digital channel, depending on the transmission rate of telecommunication signals, is assigned the name of the main, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

3) Typical transmission circuit - The transmission channel, the parameters of which comply with the standards of the RF ARC.

4) Voice frequency transmission circuit - A typical analog transmission channel with a frequency range from 300 to 3400 Hz.

Notes:

1. In the presence of transits via PM, the channel is called composite, in the absence of transits - simple.

2. If there are sections in the composite channel of PM, organized both in cable transmission systems and in radio relay systems, the channel is called combined.

5) Telecommunication circuit, bearer circuit - A telecommunication signal path formed by serially connected channels and lines of a secondary network using stations and nodes of a secondary network, which, when connected to its ends, subscriber terminals (terminals) transmit a message from source to recipient (s).

Notes:

1. The telecommunication channel is named depending on the type of communication network, for example, telephone channel (communication), telegraph channel (communication), data channel (transmission).

2. On a territorial basis, telecommunication channels are divided into intercity, zonal, local.

6) transmission line - A set of linear paths of transmission systems and (or) typical physical circuits having common linear structures, their service devices and the same propagation medium within the range of service devices.

Notes:

1. Transmission lines are named according to:

from the primary network to which it belongs: backbone, intra-zone, local;

from the distribution medium, for example, cable, radio relay, satellite.

2. A transmission line, which is a serial connection of transmission lines of different distribution media, is named combined.

7) Subscriber transmission line (primary network) - A transmission line that connects a network station or network node and the terminal device of the primary network.

8) Interconnecting transmission line - A transmission line connecting a network station and a network node or two network stations to each other.

Note. The trunk is named depending on the primary network to which it belongs, backbone, intrazone, local.

9) Primary network (transmission network, transmission media) - A set of typical physical circuits, typical transmission channels and network paths, formed on the basis of network nodes, network stations, terminal devices of the primary network and the transmission lines connecting them.

10) Primary intra-zone network - Part of the primary network that provides interconnection of typical transmission channels of different local primary networks of the same telephone network numbering zone.

11) Primary backbone network - Part of the primary network that provides interconnection of typical transmission channels and network paths of different intra-zone primary networks throughout the country.

12) Primary local network - Part of the primary network, bounded by the territory of a city with a suburb or a rural area.

Note. The local primary network is named: urban (combined) or rural primary network.

13) Interconnected communication network of the Russian Federation (ARCC RF) - A complex of technologically interconnected telecommunication networks on the territory of the Russian Federation, provided with a common centralized control.

14) Transmission system - A set of technical means that ensure the formation of a linear path, typical group paths and transmission channels of the primary network.

Notes:

1. Depending on the type of signals transmitted in the linear path, the transmission system is named: analog or digital.

2. Depending on the medium of propagation of telecommunication signals, the transmission system is named: wired transmission system and radio transmission system.

15) wire transmission system - A transmission system in which telecommunication signals are propagated by means of electromagnetic waves along a continuous guiding medium.

16) Group link - A set of technical means of a transmission system designed to transmit telecommunication signals of the normalized number of voice frequency channels or main digital channels in the frequency band or at a transmission rate characteristic of a given group path.

Note. The group tract, depending on the normalized number of channels, is named: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, or N-th group tract.

17) Typical group link - A typical group link, the structure and parameters of which comply with the RF Air Force standards.

18) Network link - A typical group path or several series-connected typical group paths with the equipment of the path formation included at the input and output.

Notes:

1. If there are transits of the same order as this network path, the network path is called composite, in the absence of such transits - simple.

2. If there are sections in a composite network path, organized both in cable transmission systems and in radio relay systems, the path is called combined.

3. Depending on the method of signal transmission, the path is named analog or digital.

19) Linear transmission system path - A set of technical means of a transmission system that ensures the transmission of telecommunication signals in the frequency band or at a rate corresponding to a given transmission system.

Notes:

1. The linear path, depending on the propagation medium, is named: cable, radio relay, satellite or combined.

2. The linear path, depending on the type of transmission system, is named: analog or digital.

20) Transit - The connection of the transmission channels or paths of the same name, which ensures the passage of telecommunication signals without changing the frequency band or transmission rate.

21) Device terminal of the primary network (originative network terminal) - Technical means that provide the formation of typical physical circuits or typical transmission channels to provide them to subscribers of secondary networks and other consumers.

22) Network node - A complex of technical means that provides the formation and redistribution of network paths, typical transmission channels and typical physical circuits, as well as their provision to secondary networks and individual organizations.

Notes:

1. A network node, depending on the primary network to which it belongs, is named: trunk, intrazonal, local.

2. The network node, depending on the type of functions performed, is given names: switching network node, selection network node.

23) physical circuit - Metallic wires or optical fibers that form a guiding medium for the transmission of telecommunication signals.

24) Typical physical circuit - A physical circuit, the parameters of which comply with the RF VSS standards.

1.2. Definition of error indicators for bcc

1) Errored Second - ESK - a period of 1 s during which at least one error was observed.

2) Severely Errored Second - SESK - a period of 1 s, during which the error rate was more than 10–3.

3) Error rate per seconds with errors - (ESR) - the ratio of the number of ESKs to the total number of seconds in the available period during a fixed measurement interval.

4) The error rate for seconds affected by SESR errors is the ratio of the number of SESK to the total number of seconds in the readiness period during a fixed measurement interval.

1.3. Error Metrics Definitions for Network Paths

1) Block - a sequence of bits limited by the number of bits related to a given path; however, each bit belongs to only one block. The number of bits in a block depends on the transmission rate and is determined according to a separate method.

2) Block with errors (Errored Block) - EBT - a block in which one or more of the bits included in the block are erroneous.

3) Errored Second - EST - a period of 1 second with one or more errored blocks.

4) Severely Errored Second - SEST is a period of 1 second containing 30% of blocks with errors (EB) or at least one period with serious violations (SDP).

5) Error rate for seconds with errors - (ESR) - the ratio of the number of ESTs to the total number of seconds in the available period during a fixed measurement interval.

6) Error rate per seconds affected by SESR errors - the ratio of the number of SESTs to the total number of seconds in the ready period during a fixed measurement interval.

7) Severely Disturbed Period - SDP - a period with a duration equal to 4 contiguous blocks, each of which has an error rate of 10-2 or an average of 10-2 for 4 blocks, or there was a loss of signaling information.

8) Background Block Error - BBE is a block with errors that is not part of SES.

9) The error rate for blocks with background errors BBER is the ratio of the number of blocks with background errors to the total number of blocks during availability for a fixed measurement interval, excluding all blocks during SEST.

10) The unavailable period for one direction of the path is a period starting with 10 consecutive seconds of SES (these 10 seconds are considered part of the unavailable period) and ending up to 10 consecutive seconds without SES (these 10 seconds are considered part of the available period).

The period of unavailability for a path is a period when at least one of its directions is unavailable.

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2.1. These Standards are intended for use by operating organizations of the primary networks of the VSS of Russia during the operation of digital channels and paths and for putting them into operation.

The standards should also be used by developers of equipment for transmission systems when defining requirements for individual types of equipment.

2.2. These standards are developed on the basis of ITU-T Recommendations and studies carried out on the existing communication networks in Russia. The norms apply to channels and paths of the primary backbone network with a length of up to 12,500 km and intra-zone networks with a length of up to 600 km. Compliance with the standards below ensures the required transmission quality when organizing international connections with a length of up to 27,500 km.

2.3. The above norms apply:

- to simple and composite basic digital channels (BCC) with a transmission rate of 64 kbit / s,

- simple and composite digital paths with transmission rates of 2.048 Mbit / s, 34 Mbit / s, 140 Mbit / s, organized in fiber-optic transmission systems (FOTS) and radio relay transmission systems (RSP) of the synchronous digital hierarchy,

- simple and composite paths organized in modern FOTS, RSP and digital transmission systems on metal cables of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH),

- to linear PDI paths, the transmission rate of which is equal to the speed of the group path of the corresponding order.

2.4. Channels and paths organized in DSP on metal cable and FOTS developed before the adoption of new ITU-T Recommendations, as well as in analog cable and radio-relay transmission systems organized using modems, may have deviations in some parameters from these Standards. channels and paths formed in DSPs operating on the backbone network on a metal cable (IKM-480R, PSM-480S) are given in Appendix 2.

2.5. These standards have developed requirements for two types of indicators for digital channels and paths - error indicators and indicators of jitter and phase drift.

2.6. The error rates of digital channels and paths are statistical parameters and the norms for them are determined with the corresponding probability of their fulfillment.

For error indicators, the following types of operating standards have been developed:

long-term norms, operational norms.

Long-term standards are determined on the basis of ITU-T recommendations G.821 (for 64 kbit / s channels) and G.826 (for paths with a speed of 2048 kbit / s and above).

Operational norms refer to express norms, they are determined on the basis of ITU-T recommendations M.2100, M.2110, M.2120.

Operational standards require relatively short measurement periods for their assessment. Among the operational norms, the following are distinguished:

norms for putting the paths into operation, norms of maintenance, norms of restoration of systems.

2.7. Standards for jitter and wander performance include the following types of norms:

network limit rates at hierarchical junctions, limit rates for jitter of digital equipment (including jitter transfer characteristics), rates for jitter of digital sections.

These indicators do not belong to statistical parameters and do not require long-term measurements to verify them.

2.8. The presented standards are the first stage in the development of standards for the quality indicators of digital channels and network paths. They can be further refined based on the results of operational tests for channels and paths organized in certain types of DSPs. In the future, it is planned to develop the following standards for digital channels and paths:

norms for slippage and propagation time in digital channels and PDI paths, norms for electrical parameters of digital SDH paths at a speed of 155 Mbit / s and higher, norms for reliability indicators of digital channels and paths, norms for electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of the local primary network, norms for electrical parameters of digital channels with transmission rates below 64 kbit / s (32; 16; 8; 4.8; 2.4 kbit / s, etc.).

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL CHANNELS AND TRACKS

The general characteristics of the bcc and network digital paths of the plesiochronous digital hierarchy are given in Table. 3.1.

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4.1.1. Long-term norms for BCC are based on measuring the characteristics of errors in second time intervals by two indicators:

errored second error rate (ESRK); errored second error rate (SESRK).

In this case, the definitions ES and SES correspond to clause 1.2.

Measurements of error rates in the BCC to assess compliance with long-term standards are carried out when the connection is closed and a pseudo-random digital sequence is used.

4.1.2. Long-term targets for digital network paths (DPTs) are based on block error performance measurements (see definitions in 1.3) for three metrics:

errored seconds error rate (ESRT), affected seconds error rate (SESRT), background block error rate (BBERT). It is expected that by meeting the norms in the DPT for error rates based on blocks, the long-term rates in the BCC generated in these DPTs will be met in terms of error rates based on second intervals.

DPT error measurements to assess long-term compliance can be carried out both during shutdown using a pseudo-random number sequence and during operational monitoring.

4.1.3. The BCC is considered compliant if each of the two error indicators - ESRK and SESRK - meets the requirements. A network path is considered compliant if each of the three error metrics — ESRT, SESRT, and BBERT — meets the requirements.

4.1.4. Measurements should be used to assess performance only during periods when a channel or path is available, unavailable intervals are excluded from consideration (see 1.3 for the definition of unavailability).

4.1.5. The basis for determining the long-term norms of a particular channel or path is the general design (reference) norms for a complete connection (end-toend) for the error rates of an international connection with a length of 27,500 km, given in Table. 4.1 in columns A for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding digital channel or path.

4.1.6. The distribution of the limiting design norms for error indicators over the sections of the path (channel) of the primary network of the Russian ARSS is given in Table. 4.2, column "long-term norms", where A is taken for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding path (channel) from the data in Table. 4.1.

4.1.7. The share of calculated operating standards for error rates for a path (channel) of length L on the backbone and intra-zone primary networks of the Armed Forces of Russia to determine long-term standards is given in Table. 4.3.

Table 4.1 General estimated operating error rates for an international connection of 27,500 km

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Note. The given data for long-term norms comply with ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for 64 kbit / s channel) and G.826 (for paths with rates from 2048 kbit / s and higher), for operational norms - ITU-T Recommendation M.2100.

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Note:

1. A value equal to 0.05% is added to the specified limit value of the long-term norm for the SESR indicator, when a section with a RSP with a length of L \u003d 2500 km is included in the NSR tract or channel, a value of 0.01% is added for one section with RSP. These values \u200b\u200btake into account unfavorable signal propagation conditions (worst month).

2. Addition of values \u200b\u200bto the operational standards similar to clause 1 is not carried out due to the short measurement period.

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The share of operational standards for error indicators for a section of a path (channel) with a length of L km on the main and intra-zone primary networks of the Russian Air Force to determine long-term standards

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4.1.8. The procedure for calculating the long-term norm for any indicator of errors for a simple path (channel) with a length of L km, organized in a fiber-optic link or digital RSP, is as follows:

according to table 4.1 for the corresponding channel or path and the corresponding error rate, find the value of A;

the value of L is rounded off with an accuracy of 250 km for the NSR at L 1000 km and up to 500 km at L 1000 km, for VZPS at L 200 km we round off with an accuracy of 50 km and for L 200 km - up to 100 km (upward), get the value L1;

for the obtained value L1 according to table. 4.3 we determine the permissible share of the calculated norms C1 or C2 at L1 2500 km on the NSR, the proportion of the norm is determined by interpolation between two adjacent values \u200b\u200bof the table. 4.3 or by the formula: L1 x 0.016 x 10–3 for NSR or L1 x 0.125 x 10–3 for VZPS;

for ESR and BBER indicators, the long-term norm is determined by multiplying the values \u200b\u200bof A and C:

ESRd \u003d A · C BBERd \u003d A · C For SESR, the long-term norm is determined by multiplying the values

A / 2 and C:

SESRd \u003d A / 2

Example 1. Let it be required to determine long-term norms for ESRT and BBERT indicators for a digital primary network path, organized at the NSR, in PDI systems over fiber-optic communication lines, with a length of 1415 km.

According to the table. 4.1 we find the values \u200b\u200bof A for PCST:

A (ESRT) \u003d 0.04 A (BBERT) \u003d 3 x 10-4.

We round the L value to a multiple of 500 km:

We define long-term norms:

ESRd \u003d 0.04 x 0.024 \u003d 0.96 x 10–3 BBERd \u003d 3 x 10–4 x 0.024 \u003d 7.2 x 10–6.

4.1.9. If a canal or a NSR tract contains an RSP section with a length of up to L \u003d 2500 km, a value equal to 0.05% is added to the specified limit value of the long-term norm for the SESR indicator, and with one section with a BSR, a value of 0.01%. These values \u200b\u200btake into account unfavorable signal propagation conditions (worst month).

Example 2. Let it be required to determine the long-term norm for the SESRT indicator for a digital secondary network path organized at the NSR in PDI systems with a section along fiber-optic lines with a length of 1415 km and with a section of a path organized in a new digital RSP with a length of 930 km.

According to the table. 4.1 we find the values \u200b\u200bof A for VTsST:

A (SESRT) \u003d 0.002 The L value is rounded to values \u200b\u200bthat are multiples of 500 km for fiber-optic communication lines and multiples of 250 km for

L1FOLS \u003d 1500 km L1RSP \u003d 1000 km The total length of the path is rounded to a multiple of 500 km.

LFOL + LRSP \u003d 1415 + 930 \u003d 2345 km L1 \u003d 2500 km

According to the table. 4.3 determine the values \u200b\u200bof C:

SVOLS \u003d 0.024 SRSP \u003d 0.016 С \u003d 0.04

We determine long-term norms for the SESRT indicator:

SESRd FOCL \u003d 0.001 x 0.024 \u003d 2.4 x 10–5 SESRd RSP \u003d 0.001 x 0.016 + 0.0005 \u003d 51.6 x 10–5 in the worst month SESRd \u003d 0.001 x 0.04 + 0.0005 \u003d 54 x 10 –5 in the worst month.

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Example 3. Let it be required to determine the norms of ESR and SESR indicators for the BCC channel passing along the NSR with a length of L1 \u003d 830 km, and for two VZPS with a length of L2 \u003d 190 km and L3 \u003d 450 km, organized along fiber-optic lines in all three sections.

According to the table. 4.1 we find the values \u200b\u200bof A:

A (ESRК) \u003d 0.08 A (SESRК) \u003d 0.002 The length L1 is rounded to a multiple of 250 km, the length of L2 - to a multiple of 50 km, and L3 - to a multiple of 100 km:

L11 \u003d 1000 km L12 \u003d 200 km L13 \u003d 500 km

According to the table. 4.3 find the value of C:

C1 \u003d 0.016 C21 \u003d 0.025 C22 \u003d 0.0625

We determine the long-term norms for the sites:

ESRD1 \u003d 0.08 x 0.016 \u003d 1.28 x 10-3 ESRD2 \u003d 0.08 x 0.025 \u003d 2 x 10-3 ESRD3 \u003d 0.08 x 0.0625 \u003d 5 x 10-3 SESRD1 \u003d 0.001 x 0.016 \u003d 1 , 6 x 10-5 SESRD2 \u003d 0.001 x 0.025 \u003d 2.5 x 10-5 SESRD3 \u003d 0.001 x 0.0625 \u003d 6.25 x 10-5

For the entire channel, the rate is determined as follows:

C \u003d 0.016 + 0.025 + 0.0625 \u003d 0.1035 ESRD \u003d 0.08 x 0.1035 \u003d 8.28 x 10–3 SESRD \u003d 0.001 x 0.1035 \u003d 10.35 x 10–5 4.1.12. If the channel or path is international, then long-term norms for them are determined in accordance with ITU-T recommendations G.821 (for a 64 kbit / s channel) and G.826 (for a digital path with rates of 2048 kbit / s and higher). To assess the compliance with the norms of recommendations G.821 and G.826 of a part of an international channel or a path, respectively, passing through the territory of our country, you can use the above method for determining the norms. The part of the channel or path passing through the territory of our country to the international station (international switching center) must meet these standards.

4.1.13. In some PDH systems developed prior to the introduction of these standards and existing on the active primary network, the error rates of links and paths may not meet the specified limits. Permissible deviations from the norms for individual DSPs are given in Appendix 2.

4.2. Operational norms for error rates

4.2.1. General provisions for the definition of operating standards

1) Operational norms for BCC and CST error rates are based on the measurement of error characteristics in second time intervals by two indicators:

errored second error rate (ESR), affected second error rate (SESR).

At the same time, for BCC, the definitions of ES and SES correspond to clause 1.2, and for CST - to clause 1.3.

The measurement procedure is given in section 6.

2) BCC or DPT are considered to be in compliance with the operational standards if each of the error indicators - ESR and SESR - meets the specified requirements.

3) Measurements should be used to assess performance only during periods of channel or path availability, unavailability intervals are excluded (see definitions of unavailability in 1.3).

4) The basis for determining the operational norms for a channel or path is the general design norms for a complete connection (end-to-end) for error rates for an international connection with a length of 27,500 km, given in Table. 4.1 in columns B for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding digital channel or path.

5) The distribution of the limiting design norms for error indicators over the sections of the path (channel) of the primary network of the RF VSS is given in Table. 4.2, the column "operational norms", where B is taken for the corresponding error rate and the corresponding path (channel) from the data in Table. 4.1.

6) The share of the calculated operational standards for error indicators of a path (channel) with a length of L km on the main and intra-zone primary networks of the RF Armed Forces to determine the operational standards is given in Table. 4.4. This share for the NMP path (channel) is designated D1 and for VZPS - D2.

The length L of the tract (channel) on the NSR at L 1000 km is rounded up to a value of L1, a multiple of 250 km upwards, at L 1000 km - a multiple of 500 km, at the VZPS at L 200 km - to a value that is a multiple of 50 km, at L 200 km - a multiple of 100 km. At L 2500 km for the NMP channel (path) D1 is determined by interpolation between the adjacent values \u200b\u200bof the table.

4.4 or by the formula:

L1 2500 D1 \u003d 0.05 + 0.006.

7) The procedure for determining the value of D for simple BCC or CST is as follows:

the length L of the channel (path) is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in clause 6), for the found value of L1, we determine according to table. 4.4 the value of D1 or D2.

For a compound BCC or CST, the calculation procedure is as follows:

the length Li of each of the transit sections is rounded to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in clause 6), for each section is determined according to Table. 4.4 Di value, the obtained Di values \u200b\u200bare summed up:

i \u003d 1 The resulting total value of D should not exceed 20% for the NSR, 7.5% for the VZPS, and 35% for a channel or path passing through the NSR and two VZPS.

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The share of operational standards for error indicators for a section of a path (channel) with a length of L km on the backbone and intra-zone primary networks of the Armed Forces of Russia to determine operational standards

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8) If the channel or path is international, then the operational standards for them are determined in accordance with ITU-T Rec. M.2100. To assess compliance with the norms of recommendation M.2100 of a part of an international channel or a path passing through the territory of our country, you can use the above method for determining the norms, but instead of table. 4.4 it is necessary to use table. 4.5, the data of which correspond to table. 2v / M.2100.

Table 4.5

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4.2.2. Standards for commissioning digital paths and bcc

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2) When commissioning the linear path of a digital transmission system, measurements should be carried out using a pseudo-random digital sequence with the connection closed. Measurements are carried out within 1 day or 7 days (for details, see section 6).

3) When commissioning a network path or BCC, the check is carried out in 2 stages.

In stage 1, measurements are taken using a pseudo-random digital sequence for 15 minutes. If at least one ES or SES event is observed, or unavailability is observed, the measurement is repeated up to 2 times. If during the third attempt ES or SES were observed, then it is necessary to localize the inoperability.

If stage 1 is successful, then the test is carried out within 1 day. These tests can be performed with in-service monitoring devices, but also with pseudo-random numerical sequencing closed off (see Section 6 for details).

The calculated values \u200b\u200bof S1, S2 and BISO are given in tables 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1 of Appendix 1.

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These calculations were carried out for different paths and different values \u200b\u200bof D and the results are summarized in the tables of Appendix 1. It is easy to make sure that the calculated values \u200b\u200bcoincide with the data in Table. 2.1 of Appendix 1 for the share of the norm D \u003d 5%.

4) If more than one network path or BCC is put into operation at the same time, included in the same higher-order path (higher-order network path or DSP linear path), and this path is put into operation simultaneously with the lower-order paths, then only 1 path of this order or BCC is tested for 1 day, and the rest of the paths are tested for 2 hours (for more details, see section 6).

The results of calculating S1 and S2 for test periods of 2 hours are given in tables 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2 of Appendix 1.

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5) When commissioning several network paths that are part of one higher-order path that is in operation between two endpoints, and in the presence of operational error monitoring devices in the paths, these paths can be tested for 15 minutes each or can be all are connected in series via a loop and be tested simultaneously for 15 minutes.

In this case, evaluation criteria are used for one direction of transmission of one path.

There shall be no ES or SES events or periods of unavailability for each of the 15 min test periods. If there are no operational error control devices, the check is carried out according to item 4). (For details, see section 6).

4.2.3. Standards for the maintenance of digital network paths,

1) Standards for maintenance are used to monitor paths during operation, including to determine the need to take a path out of service with a significant deterioration in error rates.

2) Checking the path during technical operation is carried out using the operational error control devices for periods of 15 minutes and 1 day.

3) Standards for maintenance include:

limit values \u200b\u200bof unacceptable quality - when these values \u200b\u200bare exceeded, the path should be taken out of service, limit values \u200b\u200bof reduced quality - when these values \u200b\u200bare exceeded, the monitoring of this path and analysis of trends in characteristics should be carried out more often.

4) For all specified path maintenance standards, the threshold values \u200b\u200bfor ES and SES are set in accordance with the technical requirements determined by the developers of a particular type of transmission system equipment and error indicators, taking into account the hierarchical level of this path and the purpose of testing.

If these thresholds are not specified, then they can be selected for the modes of determining the network path with reduced quality and to determine the need for decommissioning with a 15-minute observation period at the level of the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table. 4.7.

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4.2.4. Norms for restoration of paths Limiting values \u200b\u200bfor error rates when putting a path into operation after repair are determined similarly to the case of commissioning a newly organized path (clause 4.2.2), but the coefficient k is chosen equal to 0.125 for linear paths of transmission systems and equal to 0, 5 for network paths and sections (see Table 4.6). The observation periods and the verification procedure correspond to those given in clause 4.2.2.

5. STANDARDS FOR INDICATORS OF PHASE SHAKER AND PHASE DRIFT

5.1. Network limits for jitter at the output of the pathThe maximum value of jitter at hierarchical junctions in a digital network, which must be observed under all operating conditions and regardless of the amount of equipment included in the path before the junction under consideration, should be no more than the values \u200b\u200bpresented in Table. 5.1. Measurements should be carried out according to the diagram in Fig. 5.1, the values \u200b\u200bof the cutoff frequencies of the filters are given in table. 5.1.

5.2. Network phase drift limits

The network limit rate for phase drift at any hierarchical junction has not been determined and should be developed in the future. However, the following limit values \u200b\u200bare defined for the junctions of network nodes.

The maximum time interval error (MOVI) at the junctions of any network nodes for the observation period in S seconds should not exceed:

a) for S 104 - this area is for further study,

b) for S 104 - (102 S + 10000) ns.

Notes.

1. MOTI is the maximum swing of the time delay of a given timing signal, determined between two peak deviations from the ideal timing signal within a certain period of time S, i.e. MOVI (S) \u003d max x (t) - min x (t) for all t within S (Fig.5.2).

2. The general requirements arising from this are shown in Fig. 5.3.

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Notes.

1. For a 64 kbit / s channel, the given values \u200b\u200bare valid only for a co-directional interface.

2. EI - unit interval.

3. В1 and В2 - full swing of phase jitter measured at the output of bandpass filters with cutoff frequencies: lower f1 and upper f4 and lower f3 and upper f4, respectively. The frequency response of the filters should have slopes of 20 dB / decade.

5.3. Jitter limits for digital equipment

a) Jitter and phase drift tolerance on digital inputsAny digital equipment of various hierarchical levels must withstand at its input a digital pseudo-random test signal modulated by sinusoidal drift and phase jitter with an amplitude-frequency dependence defined in Fig. 5.4, \u200b\u200band with the limit rates given in table. 5.2.

b) Maximum output jitter in the absence of input jitter The maximum jitter created by certain types of equipment in the absence of jitter at its input should be determined by the requirements for specific types of equipment. In any case, these norms should not exceed the maximum permissible network norms.

c) Jitter and wander transfer characteristics The jitter transfer characteristics determine the frequency dependence of the ratio of the output jitter amplitude to the input jitter amplitude for a given bit rate. A typical jitter transmission characteristic is shown in Fig. 5.5. The value of the levels x and y and frequencies f1, f5, f6, f7 are determined in the requirements for specific types of equipment. In any case, the norm for the transmission gain level (x) should not exceed 1 dB.

Notes.

1. The norm for the characteristic of the transfer of phase jitter is given for the purpose of accumulating statistical material and can be further refined.

2. The standard for the phase drift transfer characteristic is to be developed.

5.4. Standards for jitter of digital sections

The jitter norms refer to conventional reference digital sections, 280 km long on the backbone network and 50 km on the intra-zone network. These guidelines are derived from the assumption that only a few digital sections can be daisy-chained and does not account for jitter from asynchronous trunking equipment. If these conditions are not met on real paths, then it may be necessary to introduce more stringent standards or / and use other means of minimizing jitter. The rules for this case are subject to development.

The limit values \u200b\u200bfor digital sections must be observed in all sections, regardless of the length and number of regenerators, as well as regardless of the type of transmitted signal / Table 5.2 Values \u200b\u200bof parameters for jitter and phase drift tolerances at the path input

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Notes. 1. For BCC, it is valid only for a co-directional joint.

2. The A0 values \u200b\u200b(18 µs) represent the relative phase deviation of the incoming signal with respect to its own timing signal obtained with the reference master oscillator. The absolute value of A0 is 21 µs at the node input (i.e., the equipment input), assuming the maximum drift of the transmission path between two nodes is 11 µs. A 3 µs difference corresponds to a 3 µs tolerance for the long-term phase deviation of the national reference clock (Rec. G.811, 3 s) * - Values \u200b\u200bare under study.

a) Lower limit of acceptable input jitter.

It is necessary to comply with the requirements given in clause 5.3a (Fig. 5.4 and Table 5.2).

6) Jitter transfer characteristics.

The maximum gain of the jitter transfer function shall not exceed 1 dB.

Notes.

1. The lower frequency limit should be as small as possible within the limits of the measuring equipment (around 5 Hz is considered acceptable).

2. For linear sections with a speed of 2048 kbit / s on an intra-zone network, a larger value of the jitter amplification is allowed - in 3 dB (the limit value is subject to correction).

c) Output jitter without jitter at the input. The maximum peak-to-peak jitter at the output of the digital section in the absence of jitter at the input for any possible signal state should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table. 5.3.

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Figure: 5.2 Determination of the maximum error of the time interval Fig. 5.3 Dependence of the maximum allowable time interval error (MOVI) at the output of a network node on the observation period

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6.1.1. The measurement methods given in this section apply to the main digital channel (BDC), primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary digital network paths.

6.1.2. Measurement methods are given for two normalized parameters: error and jitter rates in sections 6.2 and 6.3, respectively.

6.1.3. Measurements of digital channels and paths for compliance with standards are carried out in different ways depending on the performed maintenance function and can be divided into the following types: measurements for compliance with long-term standards; measurements during the commissioning of ducts; measurements during maintenance.

6.1.4. Measurements for compliance with long-term standards are carried out when accepting channels and paths formed in new transmission systems that were not previously used on the Russian VSS network, usually such measurements are carried out simultaneously with certification tests of equipment, as well as during operational studies organized as part of work to improve operational reliability networks. These measurements are carried out according to a separate work schedule by the operating personnel, production laboratories with the involvement of specialists from the research institute.

Measurements of this type are the longest and most complete. Compliance with the standards for error indicators must be assessed for at least 1 month, the measurement procedure is given in clause 6.2.1. With this type of measurements, as a rule, all the normalized phase jitter characteristics are checked in order to develop recommendations for improving the operation of the channels.

6.1.5. Measurement methods during commissioning are carried out both for the cases of commissioning digital network paths and transmission channels in new transmission systems, and for the commissioning of new paths and channels organized on the existing upstream (linear and network) paths.

6.1.6. Commissioning measurements are usually carried out only for error rates for shorter periods of time. The procedure and recommendations for their implementation are given in clause 6.2.2.

In the commissioning of digital circuits and network paths, measurement of error rates is usually sufficient. But in order to accumulate statistical data on the primary network in the 1st year after the introduction of the standards, checking for compliance with the standards for jitter and phase drift is mandatory for this type of test.

In some cases, when the paths are put into operation, it may be necessary to conduct phase jitter studies if the error rates are not met.

The purpose of the measurements is to ensure that the digital link or network path is working correctly in terms of communication and maintenance.

In this case, it is assumed that the sections of the transit of the digital path (simple digital paths) have already been tested for operability during the tuning process.

6.1.7 Measurements during commissioning should include not only the periods of direct measurements of the error rates described below, but also the periods of operation of the equipment on the line, when the built-in control can be used to make sure that there are no disturbances associated with industrial activities (industrial activities are understood as anything that could adversely affect the transmission system, from maintenance actions on other equipment to vibration caused by passing traffic).

6.1.8. Commissioning tests should be carried out according to a predetermined schedule, in which it is also recommended to provide periods for solving problems arising during measurements without disturbing the test schedule.

6.1.9. Measurements during maintenance can be carried out not only in terms of error indicators, although these measurements are basic, they begin the localization of damage.

These measurements are carried out in order to find the faulty section of the path, rack, block. Depending on the degree of coverage of the standardized parameters by the built-in equipment that forms the path, monitoring without interruption of communication and the type of malfunction (damage), it is required to conduct more or less complex measurements by external measuring instruments. The measurement time can be short when repairing sufficiently gross damage, while more complex damage may require long measurement cycles. Recommendations for this type of measurement are given in clause 6.2.3.

6.1.10. Methods for measuring digital transmission channels and digital network paths are described in this document based on ITU-T Recommendations, G.821, G.826, M.2100, M.2110, M.2120, O-series Recommendations on the technical characteristics of measuring instruments, as well as the technical capabilities of domestic and foreign measuring equipment.

Requirements for error and jitter measurements are given in Section 6.4.

6.1.11. The recommended list of measuring instruments is given in Appendix 3. It contains tables with characteristics of domestic and foreign measuring instruments and explanations to them. It should be noted that to date only 2–3 foreign devices fully comply with the requirements for measuring digital paths for compliance with the standards recommended by ITU-T (this applies, first of all, to the assessment of long-term standards).

The choice of instruments should be based on the given list of measuring instruments, their technical characteristics, purpose (type of measurement) and types of paths to be measured.

6.1.12. The methodology takes into account the presence of built-in monitoring tools without interrupting communication, which are available in modern foreign ones and should be in promising domestic digital grouping equipment.

6.2. Methods for measuring error rates

6.2.1. Measurements for compliance with long-term standards (clause 4.1 of the Norms) 6.2.1.1. Evaluation with the termination of communication The error rates of digital channels and paths to assess their compliance with long-term standards are recommended to be measured with the termination of communication using specialized instruments for measuring error rates, which provide for obtaining a standardized for this type of channel or measuring signal path in accordance with ITU Recommendation T O.150 and error flow analysis in accordance with ITU-T Recommendations G.821 (for BCC) and G.826 (for paths with a rate of 2048 kbit / s and above).

Error metrics definitions consistent with these Guidelines are provided in Section 1.

The measurement period for assessing compliance with long-term standards should be at least 1 month, therefore, the measuring instruments used for this purpose should be automated, with storage and output to a computer or registration of measurement results.

6.2.1.2. Evaluation without interruption of communication If the measured path is formed with the help of modern equipment that has built-in means of control without interruption of communication, assessing the error indicators by blocks of the real signal and issuing information about the detected anomalies and defects (see Appendix 4) to the technical operation system, where their memorization and registration (with fixing the time of appearance) and / or the development of error indicators on their basis, then the assessment of the path for compliance with long-term standards can be carried out without closing the connection based on this information for long periods of time (it is recommended to store this information in the maintenance system for up to 1 of the year).

If the built-in control does not provide an assessment of error indicators without interrupting communication in the required volume, then it can be carried out by measuring instruments that perform these functions.

However, it should be borne in mind that the method of evaluating error rates without interruption of communication is considered less accurate (due to the possible omission of detected events) and measurement with termination of communication is preferred.

6.2.2. Measurements for compliance with operational standards during the commissioning of channels and paths (clause 4.2.2 of the Norms) 6.2.2.1 The error indicators of digital channels and paths to assess their compliance with the commissioning standards are measured using specialized measuring instruments and / or built-in control in accordance with the procedure in this section. For measurements with the loss of communication, error indicators should be used, which provide for obtaining a measurement signal standardized for a given type of channel or path in the form of a pseudo-random sequence (PSP) in accordance with ITU-T Rec. O.150 and analysis of the error stream in accordance with ITU Recommendations -T M.2100. See section 6.4 for instrument requirements.

If the measured path is formed with the help of modern equipment that has built-in monitoring tools without interruption of communication, which evaluate the error rates from a real signal in accordance with ITU-T Rec. M.2100 and output information about the detected anomalies and defects (see Appendix 4) to the system technical operation, where their memorization, registration and generation of error indicators is ensured, then checking the path during commissioning at certain stages of the procedure described below can be carried out without closing the connection for the necessary periods of time.

6.2.2.2. The order of measurements and their duration is determined by the structure of the path to be tested:

transit section;

simple or compound path;

primary or higher order tract;

the first of the tracts formed in the tract of a higher order, or the rest;

the presence of a built-in control system, etc. (see below for more details).

Based on the information about the path (its length, test duration), RPO norms and thresholds S1 and S2 should be determined (see commissioning standards, section 4.2). The rules for evaluating error indicators based on the results of measurements and control without interrupting communication are given in Appendix 4.

6.2.2.3. The measurement scheme must correspond to one of those shown in Fig. 6.1 (it is preferable to use schemes a) and c).

6.2.2.4. Test procedure This clause summarizes the test procedure for digital channels and paths during commissioning (see Figure 6.1).

It consists of the following steps:

Step 1:

Initial tests should be carried out with disconnection of communication within a 15-minute period of time using a measuring device that provides the input of the signal path in the form of a PSP (preferably formed in the form of a cycle) and measurement of error indicators (for requirements for measuring instruments, see section 6.4) ... There should be no errors or unavailability in the 15 minute period. If any of these events occur, this step must be repeated up to two times again. If any of these events occur during the third (and final) test, a fault localization should be performed.

a) Measurements in direction

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

c) Measurements with a crossover connector

Legend:

ОА - terminal equipment;

SI - measuring instrument;

CFB - digital crossover connector Fig. 6.1 Circuits for measuring digital paths

Legend:

VK - built-in control without interrupting communication;

SI - measuring instruments with termination of communication;

R is the measurement result;

S1 and S2 are the values \u200b\u200bof the commissioning standards for the corresponding evaluation duration (see Appendix 1);

BISO7 - value for a 7-day period;

ST1 is the operating standard values \u200b\u200bfor the evaluation period of 15 minutes.

Figure: 6.2 Test procedure for digital circuits during commissioning

Step 2:

After the first step has been successfully completed, measurements are taken over a 24-hour period (or another period corresponding to this type of path). These measurements in network paths can be carried out without interrupting communications if the path formation equipment has built-in monitoring that provides an estimate of the error rates. If there is no such control, the measurement is carried out using a measuring device.

If, at any time during these tests, an event of unavailability occurs as indicated by the measuring instrument or built-in controls, the cause must be found and new tests performed. If a new event of unavailability occurs during retests, testing shall be suspended until the cause of the event of unavailability has been eliminated.

Note. If the available technical means (measurement and control) do not allow registering cases of unavailability, it is allowed that these requirements for cases of unavailability are not taken into account.

After the end of the required time period, the measurement results are compared with the thresholds S1 and S2 of the norms for each parameter for a given channel or path and a given measurement duration.

In this case, the following cases are possible:

if both ES and SES are less than or equal to the corresponding S values, the path (channel) is received and normal operation is entered;

if the ES or SES values \u200b\u200b(or both) are greater than or equal to the corresponding S2 values, the path (channel) is rejected and the fault localization mode is entered in accordance with the procedures given in subsection 6.2.3;

if the values \u200b\u200bof either ES or SES (or both) are greater than the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof S, but both are less than the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof S2, the path (channel) can be either received conditionally or subjected to repeated tests of the same duration, if there is no built-in control, and if there is one , then the path is accepted conditionally and the tests continue up to 7 days, taking into account the first test period. At the end of the repeated tests, the results are compared with the norms for the given path (channel), i.e. with BISO values \u200b\u200bfor 7 days. The procedure for comparison with the norms at the end of step 2 is illustrated in Fig. 6.3.

Note. If measurements are carried out on the loop (diagram Fig. 6.2b), the values \u200b\u200bof S and S2 for one direction of transmission should be considered. Under these conditions, it is impossible to assess the deterioration separately by direction. If the measurements are negative, they are taken again separately in directions.

6.2.2.5. Procedure and duration of tests When commissioning one digital path (usually of the highest order, corresponding to the order of the linear path of a commissioned digital transmission system), tests should be carried out according to the procedure described in section 6.2.2.4, and the duration of measurements of step 2 should be 24 hours ...

Figure: 6.3 Limit values \u200b\u200band conditions for commissioning

When more than one digital path is put into service at the same time, the procedure to be used depends on whether the higher-order path in which the paths to be tested are formed has been in service for some time or is also new. The procedures for first-order paths also depend on whether or not there is built-in in-line monitoring (VC).

In fig. 6.1 shows the possible options, indicating the recommended duration of the 2nd measurement step. These options are described below.

In each higher-order path (with a speed higher than the primary) or transit section of such a path:

the first downstream path must be checked within 24 hours;

other downstream tracts of the same order are checked within one or two hours, depending on whether they are simple tracts or transit sections of a composite tract. In the first case, it must be checked within two hours. If the downstream path is to be connected to other transit sections to form a composite path, it must be checked within one hour and then the entire composite path between the two end stations of the path within 24 hours;

the first primary digital path of each higher order path must be checked within 24 hours, whether there is a VC or not;

the rest of the digital paths must be checked for 15 minutes each. These downstream paths can be daisy-chained and monitored simultaneously for 15 minutes. If this procedure is used, then for 15 minutes of measurement sessions there should not be a single case of seconds with errors or unavailability.

The procedure described above also applies to the BCC, taking into account that it is checked only by measuring instruments without the use of built-in control means.

6.2.3. Measurements for compliance with operational standards during maintenance of channels and paths (clause 4.2.3 of the Norms) 6.2.3.1. General provisions During the maintenance of digital channels and network paths, measurements are carried out in the process of eliminating the causes of deteriorated quality; in the absence of these, measurements are not recommended.

After the implementation of ASTE ( automated system technical operation), the main role in the process of detecting damage will be assigned to the continuous monitoring subsystem using built-in monitoring (VC) without interrupting communication, which should ensure the detection of anomalies and errors without interrupting communication, assessing the error indicators based on the information received, comparing them with the established ones. thresholds, issuing signals of degraded and unacceptable quality and identifying a damaged maintenance object. The use of measuring instruments is not required.

In the stage preceding the full implementation of the continuous monitoring subsystem (“pre-ISM” state according to the terminology of ITU-T Rec. M.2120), the output of standardized parameters from the long-term memory of quality indicators is not provided. In this situation, the only possibility after detecting damage or disturbances in the operation of the path (through consumer complaints or by means of monitoring the downstream path) is to control in the subsequent period using measuring instruments. Depending on the nature of the damage, measurements are taken without interruption or with interruption of communication.

6.2.3.2. Fault localization procedures for digital paths The effectiveness of the fault localization procedure is highly dependent on the type of information available in the path at each bit rate (i.e.

cRC information, cyclic sync word, etc.).

a) Fault localization without continuous monitoring In the absence of a continuous monitoring subsystem, the fault localization process should usually begin after a user complaint.

In this situation, the only option is post-event control.

This process cannot guarantee that the source of the original cause of the malfunction is identified, especially if it is intermittent.

The main control station responsible for the damaged path should:

determine the route of the tract;

divide the tract into sections. If the connection is not completely interrupted, instruments for measurements without closing the connection (by violation of the code algorithm, cyclic clock errors) in accordance with ITU-T Recs O.161 and O.162 (see also section 6.4), should be placed in different available points along the tract to determine which section is damaged. These measurements are carried out at protected test points or with high impedance inputs;

coordinate the measurement process so that the auxiliary control and transit stations start and end measurements at the same time;

summarize the results into one point: either to the main control station, or the point from where the message about the damage came from, and by comparison, determine the damaged area;

make sure there are no “blank spots” in the path for control. A "blind spot" is a portion of the path that exists between two controlled parts (eg distribution racks, cross-connect equipment, etc.) that is not covered by the control.

If more than one area is damaged, the location of the damage should usually focus on the worst area. Where there is an additional attempt at maintenance, the total decommissioning time can be reduced by using this additional attempt. However, this process needs to be controlled so that one technician (or group) does not mask the problem that another is working on.

If the communication is completely interrupted or there are no instruments for measurements without interrupting communication, as well as for the BCC, the same procedure for localizing the damage described above should be applied, but with the input of the measuring signal in the form of a PSP (if possible, formed in the form of a cycle) using an appropriate error metric (see section 6.4).

The placement of the points of introduction of the measuring signal and measurement should be chosen from the point of view of the effectiveness of localizing the damage. This includes the possibility of stub formation.

b) Localization of faults in the presence of a subsystem of continuous CONTROL The main control station of the path is informed about problems using built-in control tools, long-term analysis and / or through consumer complaints.

The main control station of the tract should:

take corrective action;

confirm an unacceptable or degraded path level by accessing non-volatile memory (data obtained during commissioning, etc.) along this path.

As soon as the procedures for localizing damage to the digital transmission system are started, the management station of the corresponding maintenance object should provide additional information for the ASTE database, from which the main management station of the network path receives information, as a result of which unnecessary actions are not taken.

If the above procedure cannot be applied, the path must be re-routed and higher-level management stations interrogated to determine the root cause. This survey must be performed directly or using a database. Information for exchange must be in the form of quality information specified in the Standards, and all events must be marked with the time and place of registration. The procedure should lead to the localization of the problem by the control station of the maintenance object where the malfunction occurred.

6.3. Jitter measurement methods

6.3.1. Measurement of the permissible value of the input phase jitter (clauses 5.3a and 5.4a Norm) 6.3.1.1. General Provisions Checking the operability of a digital channel or path with the maximum allowable input phase jitter is performed by feeding a measuring signal with introduced phase jitter to the input of the channel, its value and frequency are set in accordance with the norms for the maximum allowable swing of sinusoidal jitter at the input and measurement at the output of this channel or path of error indicators in accordance with the methodology of section 6.2.

A more detailed procedure for measuring the permissible jitter value at the input of a digital channel, path or equipment is described below. The jitter tolerance is defined as the amplitude of the sinusoidal jitter that, when applied to the input of a path or equipment, causes a predetermined degradation in the error rate. The jitter tolerance depends on the amplitude and frequency of the jitter applied. The amplitudes of sinusoidal input jitter allowed at a given frequency are defined as all amplitudes up to (but not including) that amplitude that causes a normalized degradation in error performance.

The normalized degradation of the error rate can be expressed in the form of two criteria: an increase in the bit error rate (K0) and the moment of occurrence of errors. It is necessary to consider both criteria, since the tolerance for the input jitter of the measured object is mainly determined by the following two factors: the ability of the timing signal recovery circuit to accurately recover the timing signal from the information signal with jitter and possibly other quality impairments (pulse distortion, transient effect , noise, etc.); the ability to withstand the dynamically changing speed of the input digital information signal (for example, the ability to digital equalization and the capacity of the buffer memory at the input and output from synchronism in asynchronous digital grouping equipment).

The criterion for increasing K0 allows one to determine (regardless of the conditions) the effect of jitter on the decision circuit, which is very important for evaluating the first factor. The error criterion is recommended for assessing the second factor. Both methods are discussed below.

6.3.1.2. Method for the criterion of increasing K0 The criterion for increasing K0 for measuring the permissible jitter value is defined as the amplitude of jitter (at a given jitter frequency), doubling K0, which is caused by a certain decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio.

The procedure of the method is divided into two stages. At the first stage, two values \u200b\u200bof K0 are determined depending on the signal-to-noise ratio at the reference points of the measured object. Zero jitter adds noise to the signal or attenuates the signal until the desired initial K0 is obtained. Then the noise or signal attenuation is reduced until the moment when K0 is reduced by 2 times.

At the second stage, phase jitter is introduced into the test signal at a certain frequency until the initially selected value of K0 is obtained. The introduced equivalent jitter is an accurate and reproducible measure of the acceptable jitter of the decision circuit. The second step of the method is repeated for a sufficient number of frequencies so that the measurement accurately indicates the constant sinusoidal input jitter tolerance for the test object over the frequency range used. The measuring device should ensure the generation of a signal with phase jitter control, obtaining a controlled signal-to-noise ratio in the information signal and measuring the resulting K0 of the test object.

In fig. 6.4 shows the measurement scheme used for the method according to the criterion of increasing K0. Dashed line hardware is optional. An optional frequency synthesizer provides a more accurate definition of the frequencies used for measurement. An optional jitter receiver can be used to monitor the amplitude of the generated jitter.

Operating procedure:

a) establish the connection as shown in fig. 6.4. Check the integrity and make sure that the measured object works without errors;

b) in the absence of jitter, increase the noise (or attenuate the signal) until at least 100 bit errors per second are obtained;

c) register the corresponding K0 and signal-to-noise ratio;

d) increase the signal-to-noise ratio by a certain amount;

e) set the frequency of the input jitter to the desired value;

f) adjust the amplitude of the jitter to obtain the original value of K0 recorded in c);

e) register the amplitude and frequency of the input jitter and repeat operations d) - e) with a number of frequencies sufficient to determine the characteristic of the admissible jitter.

Figure: 6.4 Measurement scheme of permissible jitter (method according to the criterion of increasing Kosh) 6.3.1.3. Method using the error criterion The error criterion for measuring the permissible jitter value is defined as the largest jitter amplitude at a given frequency, ultimately giving no more than two seconds with errors / summed in successive 30-second measurement intervals, during which the jitter amplitude is tremors increased.

The method under consideration consists in adjusting the jitter frequency and in determining the amplitude of the jitter of the test signal, ensuring compliance with the error criterion.

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Operating procedure:

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Operating procedure:

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- & nbsp– & nbsp–

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- & nbsp– & nbsp–

{!LANG-351e06ecce68687a877ca95841111989!}

{!LANG-416ae0a538980fec3862d3c151960ddb!}

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

{!LANG-cda3c61ea1b9948e239a0760d2e1f315!}

{!LANG-75b42ea04d1bb519c125e332ad33ff7b!}

{!LANG-ae3a4be262111b8a99054e093d0361e2!}

{!LANG-11626f06f7ceaa7cdbf22fdac65ee1f7!}

{!LANG-c9a4e54c2105e8316c29987a9c3590dc!}

{!LANG-90c0e12711548fdef89f15a61ff28628!}

{!LANG-a8ae1c0a5643551542f4fe361dbc6e31!}

{!LANG-170c719990411890d6c5eb5652667e9f!}

{!LANG-f1424735b46613eac78834cf9bae9e70!}

{!LANG-0974a75c0661e4aa7b666fcedc58cb5d!}

{!LANG-95ce70c243d1192693a7e691b34d636b!}

{!LANG-0666ccf2ca7316d6ffad43f57d87f5da!}

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

{!LANG-680e026a4ea1725c259082a91001b52f!}

{!LANG-fd6973b9ba11b966d5707ef9f65111a3!}

{!LANG-b134ad24fb5ab6eb31ba0a6f01be050a!}

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

{!LANG-1ccec1fbcadd42b77d2fa88a641f5df8!}

{!LANG-86779922bdeb9fe3491276b24b1809a4!}

{!LANG-d4f40fc8b3c1527444188b7cf06d4395!}

{!LANG-5eea64b1a1f1cc8e1f7b2e6b29413726!}

{!LANG-01f330ac55c9dcb2c5f1d84e1222e085!}

{!LANG-bce9e7cafc6ca792a0d83ee63694cdc0!}

{!LANG-f1514801a4a7962295b0390e6e9d0637!}

{!LANG-38c5227907b788db1442f57036afab3b!}

{!LANG-51913f9d9f5d9618a1d3f21b1038c1b4!}

{!LANG-4903ddf8441ab81f6649a3467a594f57!}

{!LANG-57c0245cf554e688b9633caf83e6c843!}

{!LANG-39e4489ca48837e68de128234d5ab808!}

{!LANG-780eb65190b2957ec02a1a6432583f70!}

{!LANG-eb9ea545ab6d3c5de185c3eec5e0d620!}

{!LANG-6182b511dba7232e52ea34c401713c3a!}

{!LANG-aa08772e7539681e1257d03c0f978b93!}

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

Notes:

{!LANG-30166ad63e7c214e08f404530fb7231e!}

{!LANG-84bed247d6b77cb978675a9910939e6b!}

{!LANG-a8f255d5222da6c65bf0dfb2dae156fa!}

{!LANG-16719f18308446c8043c9da74e57bada!}

{!LANG-a238cdee8e94e9d06f171e7793b1e266!}

{!LANG-bfdd979e2c996498c43057dbce66800e!}

{!LANG-a66778de0373de35cdfe8da7ff082ae5!}

{!LANG-f568473c53bba9454f13a9e0b1b1867c!}

{!LANG-3283f34dd77e1335fdf4c069705527b9!}

{!LANG-4f74ac6ec92ef9043054123ef146d84f!}

{!LANG-ef52979c9ba5a952e706285365b4e85d!}

{!LANG-8d4a9cfd59d0efdb29335301c18e31a8!}

{!LANG-e1e3a006f2f58b4131136b12c9a5f296!}

{!LANG-1caf21c1a7156006f959af7176d52660!}

{!LANG-1c439785f0eea78578bc7ea41c39dcdd!}

{!LANG-96cfb5c1bc3cbf290b709c1f2970b147!}

{!LANG-611f09b0f6eb351eb1b04c8c8bd94252!}

{!LANG-be8ef1fd9d32e3317e657712aa2c507c!}

{!LANG-86d70176fc6c871c8ddfb3d6b7c8a793!}

{!LANG-0d9eae332116cf241abf996502c317f5!}

{!LANG-d89a144dcab5af3c7fe9f771f68f29de!}

{!LANG-9b237cd05c3bea54ed84cca3b1c2e60e!}

{!LANG-ddb99fcf936d140751326b54f454f2e7!}

{!LANG-7afeaa58251b81a1344fdccb2ea8d6d6!}

{!LANG-b48d96823eb48697dfd5f190d0729ccb!}

{!LANG-4e679a9e3a131e2e34489a25793f51bd!}

{!LANG-be340d85017228354840c6bf10079236!}

{!LANG-b18c98f1fcb68ee36d0363575537f84b!}

{!LANG-674f5804237d15ea56dc89f3da50d745!}

{!LANG-371061ac27f710cda1d0d21064090872!}

{!LANG-c4b0ef38a8b958c4f5d6946df3fbf2ed!}

{!LANG-01f330ac55c9dcb2c5f1d84e1222e085!}

{!LANG-5da4a0c4739d615ed63ab384d01ada38!}

{!LANG-d057e97f18d2c1a0af79f4be7f607a17!}

{!LANG-b24a4d0db7776bf6fad1329d868e15f3!}

{!LANG-18122bb191cda83885fb354f07db61cf!}

{!LANG-d183b1d77d824332a51d223d68e36b11!}

{!LANG-5d87c5f70fd99e44f0ec71aaf193c5f1!}

{!LANG-d4b4929a93e29b9e022b3df6727a3a19!}

{!LANG-5534a2611733698fe6698137e4a01eda!}

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

{!LANG-e5c45d803d016a3207896ed215a8cff7!}

{!LANG-fb8e92632c9a4723a86d314da9cdd297!}

{!LANG-3c1feabf9d1963321798c32deda793dc!} {!LANG-42c1fa7daeb3e47622112903af9f3f7d!}{!LANG-3940540ae419d3e14e06642636681832!}

{!LANG-39c924b52855af2c9fb7eab595cb7783!}

{!LANG-b0a920082f2bbb7d8d372cfa95fb391c!}

{!LANG-e1c2c40750721f052eaa336c08419c65!}

{!LANG-03c93396cac844d7348ce5bef7ee29f3!}

{!LANG-95433a8c5eb651723e41ed12393df951!}

{!LANG-e8a695f9e3886b5fa3b53b78ea212aef!}

{!LANG-114f5342fd5939140fb5b7ae5bcde88f!}

{!LANG-11a58fb28c44ab7d33bd50d75d565b31!}

{!LANG-ff1ead1979b9f03e72fec5c617f1f1f8!} {!LANG-e2ecb10b88d418e72d725ab992979df1!}{!LANG-f2f2bd23989cf6b3b9791c43e0daddc4!}

{!LANG-d5041a951c10cce8125d490f8ba0b1b8!}

{!LANG-a63fc6ae0bdbdb3c6a72ba79ad84fba0!}

{!LANG-f0c6c5398e6b1e18e1d1b3ec99a80145!}

{!LANG-6143e19145989f3f793a6074d210f7cc!}

{!LANG-507fc4104086e012a0cab81a2ebdee38!}
{!LANG-d3689ccd5f00be52d3c174a740e91be8!}

{!LANG-3333e6b1e9331384b91ff9c440fa1f35!}

{!LANG-c39a297b6426c8a2ab9ebaee59a436dd!}

{!LANG-08489dc65497384737624aa93847374f!} {!LANG-52685a1fc1cb7df3c7dcdf56977d2bc2!}"

{!LANG-56178f9a0d5078d87ba83c252703cfab!}

{!LANG-4d0503dd6e7cea605c876d61008ff075!}

{!LANG-377697aa6251dc4d0cad5b5b374740fc!}

{!LANG-76dec9c4b7252aece781dd4a5f921854!}

{!LANG-7cb331572cfc6b27f91d6364315bac47!}

{!LANG-556f2546322aa4bb9103902cea7a349f!}
{!LANG-fba2ee6741518d5725dbe0b4154fdc54!}
{!LANG-e4d628aeeb67912b9b905ff3de052057!}
{!LANG-47466fc27dd94ddb9054f23824bcf3dc!}
{!LANG-9d2695b42f7c72fa2d9ddd4ba1e4ff3d!}
{!LANG-3f5d89b1f93d286ac991e971f80208e5!}
{!LANG-42b4ce2c6f1c1cc51b21de12f3a458c1!} {!LANG-fde2f052ec249958e53ace5d6b579dd2!} {!LANG-43f574e0bbe259dffff49b2dcc0c2bba!}
{!LANG-776ff79f6e548d5c3fbde8766cf55686!} {!LANG-12b4ed1e9279ad998cc6fa42a6aebaa5!} {!LANG-5600b0c744f81a05016b8f1d926ff583!} {!LANG-72a84687db5c16bb71eb6efb400be13b!}

{!LANG-c17a22ea871cf624bd4c10a416369d90!}

{!LANG-f66b13b35a7c14cbd90e40cae8c93e79!}

{!LANG-556f2546322aa4bb9103902cea7a349f!}		{!LANG-42aabd39762ed81694d055c8d6512816!}
	{!LANG-e14a93e55fcd47b2216ca0e95feb58ea!}
{!LANG-c1b5d52b23d022401b62a4e9bec38850!} {!LANG-06fc84368f622effad1562d900daf7a9!} {!LANG-1a57aa1298b2ecf376c7807e52a457bc!} {!LANG-ef28c8e8f4ba00c49c64add3d59fded8!}
{!LANG-86fc30f6318916ebc4f2381d07433d96!} {!LANG-06fc84368f622effad1562d900daf7a9!} {!LANG-1a57aa1298b2ecf376c7807e52a457bc!} {!LANG-ef734c63f0ebbe4f28cfcda8b0942e26!}
{!LANG-a8b469c1a6c834aa5926f6ff02a52b49!}

{!LANG-08ed119119afcfad6b01d3770536b207!}

{!LANG-5682d1723449a1174d80d0fab813d9ea!} {!LANG-53b3a852c77401fe621479d2c6eb131a!}{!LANG-501ed436bf3096ee6eb2298c8f402e30!}

{!LANG-e1256cc5dbe1e75b04a0da1b550b945c!}

{!LANG-c80b4f37cdae1e5305f1551d458ec6bf!}

{!LANG-276b3dd6d0fad4b4602bf1bf91f05f84!}

{!LANG-e85c440a263a79e4241b4aacbea664d7!}

{!LANG-f841a802e158c5e64e0dc31831144737!}

{!LANG-b90a5a4551af0077e114f8156b7d651d!}

{!LANG-6830838db36af7560d6537835c90911b!}

{!LANG-5aa251d50c1a4e899fd20f2e9d70c287!}

{!LANG-1db7bdd99a21343a8a0f5a4eab0ce833!}

{!LANG-85f575920ffc888d86d43eab9755e7db!}

{!LANG-51d0bf63f52fb99f8c2216daa7be0547!}

{!LANG-5804b37946cb8525a9376ea9431c2d1c!}	{!LANG-e02ea04c783248085f4cb3a65dc245f8!}	{!LANG-da13db9cc9cd31a474afe95c3cbaaea2!}	{!LANG-5fe7a2c3d1d1c47fa0b666c02aa7be67!}	{!LANG-ec25a5a40683a20655ee6d5182258626!}	{!LANG-727473db22c34cf28409fa0210faaca3!}	{!LANG-54f091782be3dcf37687f133a7f80ca0!}
{!LANG-911ee9ef08e35e0d1bbcef19906e8f5c!}
{!LANG-0959438eb2a5708a90e7f3115c42f87c!}
{!LANG-6d3003e7ef5e737c29bd4f4c7875b447!}
{!LANG-15325d0ec863a061264efb58671f80c2!}

{!LANG-7bddaacc0b49ab144f51da753d6185de!}

{!LANG-2686a79c63dfdc8f94d1e789dce13195!}

{!LANG-97ea4df063ed37771cb6360d89a04adc!}

{!LANG-57be67d6913b8aaf3ef9986b8c84c30d!}

{!LANG-96bd1d3d160be1e585d27b567f346fba!}

{!LANG-b8889a49f2c1738f7388ca45d5713130!}

{!LANG-f608ad38cd61d30003b7e99c31a452c4!}

{!LANG-a693aa4138f83711f05f6a03b3bb9e36!}

{!LANG-e7325b6ef0e12ae81054d558c438b90d!}

{!LANG-e48b677adcf36f5cfffedf57924dbf7e!}

{!LANG-35781f0e3703ee04f4e5f0ef6eaf294d!}

{!LANG-8819ecc1f14a87654a4f28664ca920b5!}

{!LANG-f6c7bfb51f5adc1646bb1bd8a89b839b!}

{!LANG-c426663ed087966dc8a6d3b87118782d!}

{!LANG-1e8f0c8d5204fe5802db27b13bea65dd!}

{!LANG-cd37a915943092fa622a1aa54f3ef7e9!}

{!LANG-335fbc69ad70fe80ba6c6b1783b25fe5!}

{!LANG-e08bc0ef7f70b886b58b55fdd853042b!}

{!LANG-5804b37946cb8525a9376ea9431c2d1c!}		{!LANG-e9c1c18448026a965f5cd0aebf637588!}

		1,2/4,6 (1,2/4,4)

		2,6/9,4 (2,6/9,5)

		2,6/9,4 (2,6/9,5)



		1,2/4,6 (1,2/4,4)

{!LANG-cfbc14e117dc1d0d30e352861743287a!}	{!LANG-c1107f38dd1afbb22130cf4302ba448d!}
	{!LANG-f88f72f82d92251595bddad8b0054d71!}
	{!LANG-29daa34365395e23f5726b49f034e3e4!}	2,6/9,7 (2,6/9,5)

{!LANG-526bec62c22ac4bcb96769599acb71cb!}

{!LANG-5804b37946cb8525a9376ea9431c2d1c!}	{!LANG-6a8033cdf447fd63bb5afa9503703284!}




{!LANG-5ec172816c858034a3402a194cf81306!}	{!LANG-938b346045b5175bdd03ec590601b39c!}
{!LANG-4d344c16b22ef38755aa7ca1328d39fe!}	{!LANG-1be0703223156d650549a04f21ec64e5!}
{!LANG-2b7e93626d05e6094b2739e136d99f92!}

{!LANG-1743c1078234368eaa0d86ad50f3d9da!}

{!LANG-55f3ca737f75dbe37dc1f184fadbbc96!}

{!LANG-6a2509df12a445245fc0bd823854e4f7!}

{!LANG-4f23ad83cb40c2a8a352603a978d51d8!}

{!LANG-e7b4cd4cb8a12f7d3d81c1fd6c75f82b!}

{!LANG-840ff9c6e2dbe1430175e05a291878e8!}

{!LANG-ce8fe69ab7d4332dd21cce522840719e!}

{!LANG-5b100beda8f0f3170a025f31fed86f96!}

{!LANG-d467e3df4a798e67884225da06250b8a!}

{!LANG-d417f0ef96ff481daf29c29cc68b4398!}

{!LANG-15d458eae3a5cca0ba6e20a20a828d2b!}

{!LANG-fe3f3e711b3e3edd91cd89ba9de7292e!}

{!LANG-d0768560107b64c6aca8581e12b34471!}

{!LANG-08481ac6fc62cbe633b667719281e16d!}

{!LANG-b217e31aaaf413f4af00eca2458793b1!}

{!LANG-f9f99bbd0d606787cf3ab9ec2eb0ed8a!}

{!LANG-0763d018281df0a7cc7d303fa00d9247!}

{!LANG-1f5436da804fbc2e2afc596d78918b1e!}

{!LANG-92f4947cf4f72ab17127f9edeee71ee6!}

{!LANG-30b54e5db359177088926b66931e2002!}

{!LANG-ff182a36f8d8b2245b6532859ad73e7e!}

{!LANG-d9e52c54cc740758f94bb5532e3546cf!}

{!LANG-c9af1851ba50a6444be3643169b7538e!}

{!LANG-2ab666297cdea6d1f11afd7665d181b3!}

{!LANG-d8cdde58b0b4cf56c331380733cf0eb7!}

{!LANG-3e65d11c3df0ebf510f1c8e4366eb928!}

{!LANG-9aa023deb408ce7752f50e96e52af549!}

{!LANG-c4bccf5c56f9086f137e4191f7b22846!}

{!LANG-d0707411ed41d905b73df4792f42b6bb!}

{!LANG-7d68ca30ce18df2c9a57a6602e79181b!}	{!LANG-7be4a71475f600365e2ce8ec37201424!}	{!LANG-5f8c29366958d34926181352a17f8d0e!}
{!LANG-3d65b1cf735fe17d7b3871f1228fdce3!}	0,32 0,40 0,50 0,64 0,70	458,0 296,0 192,0 116,0 96,0
{!LANG-59f9736f91d4ead2296ccf0f2a82657a!}
{!LANG-020c46310d9ae4af353f606095dc0c87!}
{!LANG-345374b57656306b2014bdc1e958a33d!}


{!LANG-70aae85f681322f1238e049f0fea4c27!}



{!LANG-cf7ca6e01eae0643e624ba1cfc1b5644!}

{!LANG-9d209afbd901f7c9c5dc628e18394fcb!}

{!LANG-631a550fa0ebb901fbdd91e0d27638df!}

{!LANG-db9eb896f9556798754ed59c4921c5c0!}

{!LANG-7d68ca30ce18df2c9a57a6602e79181b!}	{!LANG-833a4bc7d5a59f00e01e9c90dcd19a65!}
	{!LANG-11b014c6dee23f6cb11c5eafab9f468a!}
	{!LANG-f9315c142cf8c162003b8268b7306cd7!}
{!LANG-829d9fd4066bcd9a583a8cdd24c15d55!}
{!LANG-8cff6f73c053d459ef7111ccdb1a6745!}
{!LANG-94a72df7b943e65440baf955bc9829b0!}

{!LANG-0f98adf01572747184afd50bf599e363!}

{!LANG-4191ff8f8102622f1a4a5f6c72c3db9d!}

{!LANG-9fc02eb77008463585361d9b62e6ac0d!}

{!LANG-cef13d38a58e3110cd432fa6d2d21b0e!}

{!LANG-9ffcb650d437aebef5764d6529da7a6e!}

{!LANG-f4e5716791de4092d8c803ae80cea849!}

{!LANG-be67a48b1ff0edcbf47cd85906203947!}

{!LANG-7f55ac88792479814a8cc5fd10e6c2c4!}

{!LANG-24cb3d444658599a59a04fd809496a98!}

{!LANG-c25b077885ed2a5384a672afb11508be!}

{!LANG-3f328fa437d5d6c6ce379f71a259d4d9!}

{!LANG-5b619d86f27be267b884dca8ef9848f4!}

{!LANG-78a69f2aac58a09712b70b9d09961b6f!}

{!LANG-c2a3cc2d2bcc9abd5809eefe94e9dfdf!}

{!LANG-b6d65abfbf391929abaf454977d8a9af!}

{!LANG-b15539ec7a226427e3c04e0ab27420a9!}

{!LANG-3dd5a823ed416c81900622b00acf6537!}

{!LANG-cebfb42e2b29c6b12d3bad908631deb0!}

{!LANG-f8809eaa302fb522e6c00815e156ca73!}

{!LANG-ad8d0131146135956a204cfeecd2ffd4!}

{!LANG-1fccad9f8d968017ba36ef7bee046042!}

{!LANG-031be38305dac53bc91ee48d17e8eef1!}

{!LANG-037b3dd46a4607fb62985622ede0cc25!}

{!LANG-4aae9501d7f6ab6cbc2d0c80cc6197b9!}

{!LANG-c88c4bf642d60b786819a2fde501a631!}

{!LANG-5c18f860adb6c2a298cbbf0e69083aff!}

{!LANG-7652b6df9d9dcf4962585e10080a4ed2!}

{!LANG-0a768d48712675ef00de0706637a8b9b!}

{!LANG-95b04a46f2d849d0719962d239b875a7!}

{!LANG-4a83f52bf8536331970cade2b924ffa2!}

{!LANG-dac3cd1826c174784c3977742c4604aa!}

{!LANG-f303b546e07c4c372cb19ff178f5834c!}

{!LANG-ecff9944b678c72bdca949c8046920f3!}

{!LANG-fdf1fd6c128f7d03c0ade068314d1bd5!}

{!LANG-698e15aaebe7cccf96c2c5e811d73b55!}

{!LANG-51707f1ddf1e24f53785daf9339eafce!}

{!LANG-da14e167a93731992a5b6f83cdbc99ef!}

{!LANG-929f931aa750e3b57ebf6a618a5db922!}

{!LANG-30ea62cc542a805edddea1be1547d803!}

{!LANG-722f5e87eb95fec12559a4367d767327!}

	{!LANG-2af697764c3b9d29b15bc2c391613236!} {!LANG-7345ead05325fd32486406e12ae80746!}	{!LANG-e4526e3c96d55bf08d818af8ae0a7e96!}	{!LANG-b9f4cef5e196e099eec99b65ef18c4a0!} {!LANG-3a7ca8b51b2420378a09e2d7b27f563e!}	{!LANG-2e661fa172ba75611f9aa455a11826b3!}

{!LANG-4240130997c6738b4c0a647dc243b321!}
{!LANG-496182d53d60170e988ff2c37a9ef621!}
{!LANG-593e1a4eb5a1c295d60aff9f8447f84c!}
{!LANG-fa7b50c07f141f007974b114947e5679!}
{!LANG-3d87b9518c52c333a1cc913d85fdbe2f!}
{!LANG-49c18658b1304bfab2405244fbd20359!}
{!LANG-882937e7c3560c733680dd4d8c05ed60!}
{!LANG-593e1a4eb5a1c295d60aff9f8447f84c!}
{!LANG-49c18658b1304bfab2405244fbd20359!}
{!LANG-593e1a4eb5a1c295d60aff9f8447f84c!}
{!LANG-fa7b50c07f141f007974b114947e5679!}
{!LANG-3d87b9518c52c333a1cc913d85fdbe2f!}
{!LANG-49c18658b1304bfab2405244fbd20359!}

{!LANG-0064020b5fc912d180c99f2b24db43c7!}

{!LANG-679915c41a9ea254e441959108216ca3!}

{!LANG-c7e63bb86ef228797067e0ade52e16da!}

{!LANG-a669cf53785a92d0e4abf781f3e9ad2e!}

{!LANG-3022490ee0150ac91f9680e0be169f1f!}

{!LANG-2315defc5e8fbf7be03badaab0f522f9!}

{!LANG-17802e10b96579cab4f3423e7aa43715!}

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Standards for the electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of the backbone and intra-zone primary networks. Standardization of electrical characteristics of cable lines Norms for digital channels and paths

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

2. OPERATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE CHANNELS OF THE SWITCHED NETWORK OF THE TF (II EDITION)

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. OPERATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF SWITCHED PSTN NETWORK CHANNELS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, SYMBOLS

1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. General terms and definitions

1.2. Definition of error indicators for bcc

1.3. Error Metrics Definitions for Network Paths

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL CHANNELS AND TRACKS

4. NORMS FOR RATES OF ERRORS DIGITAL CHANNELS AND NETWORK LINES

4.1. Long-term error rates

ESR

4.2. Operational norms for error rates

5. STANDARDS FOR INDICATORS OF PHASE JITTER AND DRY PHASE

5.1. Network limits for jitter at the output path

"Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation STANDARDS for the electrical parameters of digital channels and paths of backbone and intra-zone primary networks. Norms were developed by TsNIIS with the participation of ..."

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, SYMBOLS

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL CHANNELS AND TRACKS

5. STANDARDS FOR INDICATORS OF PHASE SHAKER AND PHASE DRIFT

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS,
SYMBOLS

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL
CHANNELS AND TRACKS

4. NORMS FOR RATES OF ERRORS
DIGITAL CHANNELS AND NETWORK LINES

5. STANDARDS FOR INDICATORS OF PHASE JITTER
AND DRY PHASE