The first mobile phone in the world. The world's first mobile phone. Turning "mobile" communication into truly mobile

All services, including specials, use trunk communication.

In today's business world, more and more attention is paid to funds mobile communications: pagers, cell phones and satellite communications, personal communicators and similar devices. Indeed, in order to be competitive, modern companies need to be in constant communication with their customers and, just as important, between the employees of their organization. Recently, some mobile operators have been offering so-called "corporate" tariffs (for example, the corporate MTS program), which are just intended to create a "virtual telephone network" for company employees. However, such programs are not the cheapest solution to the communication problem, but, fortunately, not the only possible one.

For a company that has decided to "connect" its mobile employees, there is an alternative solution - the use of trunk communication. Perhaps, many readers see the phrase "trunk communication" for the first time. Indeed, trunking systems are now receiving less attention than even paging systems. To some extent, this is due to the fact that trunking systems are intended primarily for use by large organizations, and not by mass users. Despite this, this technology has its merits and deserves to be considered within the framework of this article.

So what is behind the term "trunked system"? Paradoxically, we use it every day without even thinking about it. It is on the trunking principle that modern PBXs operate. Let's see what happens when you try to call from home phone, let's say, to your friend. You pick up the phone, wait for the "line free" signal, then dial the number and wait for an answer. All other actions are performed by the PBX: it selects one of the free communication channels and commutes (connects) your telephone set with a friend's telephone set. At the end of the conversation, the line that was used is released and becomes available for use by other people. As you might guess, the number of communication lines is limited and obviously less than what is required to connect all telephones in the city. Thus, the PBX controls the distribution of a limited number of lines between a large number of subscribers. It is assumed that a situation where all subscribers suddenly decide to simultaneously contact each other will not arise. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly calculate the minimum required number of communication channels so that during the operation there are no problems associated with their shortage. This issue is effectively solved using the mathematical theory of queuing systems.
In trunk telephony, the subscriber simply dials a number, and the PBX allocates a free line through which you can talk.
Trunked radio systems are mobile radio systems that are based on the same principles as conventional telephone networks... In other words, in a trunked radio communication system, there is a limited number of radio channels (usually from two to twenty), which are allocated by the central controller for negotiations as needed.
In conventional radio communication systems, the user has to manually reconfigure to a free radio channel; in trunk communication systems, this work is taken over by the central controller, which itself allocates a free channel to two radio stations. Thus, the user just needs to dial the number of the called subscriber, the system will do the rest itself. Trunking system can be defined as follows: Automatic and dynamic allocation a small number of channels among a large number of radio users.
Now that we know the basic principles of trunk systems, let's talk a little about their areas of application and the benefits of using them. Applications - large commercial and government organizations, such as traffic police, various repair services, companies specializing in the field of industrial mountaineering (maintenance of high-rise buildings) and so on. A trunk communication system can be deployed both in a large city and in a remote, sparsely populated point, which is especially important in our country. Trunking systems effectively use the bandwidth allocated to them, provide high level confidentiality (there are even means that allow you to encode speech in the process of its transmission), are reliable, provide a large number of service functions. Finally, almost their greatest advantage is that an organization can itself become the owner of a trunked radio communication system, freeing itself from subscription fees and traffic charges.
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In the 90s, while the cellular communication was only swinging, on the periphery, in particular in Irkutsk, the trunk even made some competition for it.

It's hard to imagine today modern man without a mobile phone, although only 25 years ago only the wealthiest citizens could afford to buy this device in Russia. According to TMT Consulting, at the end of 2015, there were 251.8 million mobile subscribers in Russia, which is 105.3 million more than the entire population of the country - one and a half mobile phones per person. Phones have long ceased to be a luxury item. It is all the more interesting to look into the recent past, when mobile phones in Russia were considered exotic, and only a select few could talk with relatives and friends from different parts of the country.

A bit of history

The development of the first cell phone began in 1947 by the American company Bell Labs. The idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a device instantly captured the minds of leading engineers in the United States and Russia. Another American company interested in mobile phones is Motorola. In Russia, in 1957, engineer Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich demonstrated the portable telephone LK-1. It weighed 3 kg, worked no more than 30 hours, but provided a range of up to 30 km. In 1958, he was presented with a device weighing 500 g, and already in 1961, a phone with a weight of only 70 g was allegedly appeared. Only a photograph of this device of dubious quality has survived to this day, the development of which was either discontinued or transferred to the special services (supporters of conspiracy dedicated).

 

Instead of this revolutionary device, the Russians saw the Altai apparatus, which could only be transported in a car, which was used by the ambulance staff. Kupriyanovich's developments formed the basis for several Bulgarian devices of 1966, the PAT-05, ATRT-05 and the RATTs-10 base station, which were used at industrial facilities. In 1973, Motorola put an end to the struggle for supremacy: Martin Cooper called Bell Labs from a phone that easily fits in his hand and does not require additional accessories. measuring 22.5x12.5x3.75 cm weighed 1.15 kg, consisted of 2000 parts, and the battery charge was enough for only 20 minutes of conversation. It took another 10 years to finalize the mobile phone and only on March 6, 1983 the phone, weighing 800 grams, went on sale for $ 3500.

In Russia, the topic of commercial mobile communications was not raised until 1986. The Minister of Communications of the USSR Gennady Kudryavtsev said that the KGB and the security forces considered the available cellular communication a threat to national security. A landmark event was Mikhail Gorbachev's call from Helsinki to Moscow in 1987 on the first telephone for NMT networks. There were 5 years left before the release of the first GSM-phone - it was and this changed the cellular communication forever.

Russian realities

The first call from Russia to the United States took place on September 9, 1991 within the walls of Delta-Telecom using a Nokia Mobira MD 59 NB2 device using the NMT-450 communication standard. It was carried out by the mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak. The phone weighed about 3 kg, cost $ 4000 (and $ 1995 under the operator's contract), and a minute of conversation cost $ 1. Despite the high cost and size of the device, Delta managed to make mobile 10,000 subscribers in the first 4 years of operation.

Cellular communications reached Moscow only in 1992 by the efforts of Ericsson and Moscow Cellular Communications. Within a year, cellular communication became available to 5,000 Muscovites. In the same 1992 at russian market a new player, VimpelCom, has appeared with the Beeline trademark. On July 12, 1992, the first call from Motorola DynaTAC, popularly called "brick", rang in the company's office.

At this time, the GSM network was launched in Germany, which quickly became the world standard. In Russia, the first operator to adopt GSM was MTS, which began commercial operation of the network in 1994. In the same year, the first call came from the office of the North-West GSM operator (now MegaFon), but it only started commercial activity in 1995.

Ericsson's Jan Varebi says the implementation gSM networks allowed Russia to start developing cellular communication faster than many other countries, ahead of the founders of the standard.

Mobility price

Not everyone could become the owner of a mobile phone. average price the device was $ 2,500, and the subscriber had to pay almost $ 2,500 as a down payment and connection fee. "Only" for $ 5000 it was possible to become mobile and modern. But this was far from the end of waste. Expensive subscription fee and the price of a minute of conversation forced subscribers to pay at least $ 200 monthly at the end of 1998. Now communication services with unlimited access Internet access and messaging costs no more than $ 10. Nevertheless, by the end of the 90s, about 20 million SIM-cards were sold in the country, but a real boom happened in the early 2000s. There were about 30 million subscribers in the country already in 2003, and by 2010 their number had grown to 216 million. The release of more and more affordable mobile phones contributed to the cheapening of cellular communications, many of which have become cult:, and many others.

Next Generation Communication

In 2003 Delta-Telecom launched a 3G / CDMA200 network under the Sky-Link brand, but a commercial network based on the EV-DO standard was ready only by 2005. In 2007, MegaFon built the first 3G / UMTS-based network, and in 2008, all the Big Three operators began developing 3G in the regions. The emergence of mobile phones of the type with large touch screens and support for high-speed connections required an increase in the speed and capacity of networks to transmit not only voice, but also photo or video images, multimedia messaging... In 2008, under the Yota brand, Scartel launched the first commercial WiMAX network in Russia, and became the first device in the world to support this network simultaneously with GSM. The rapid development of 4G LTE networks in Russia began at the end of 2011, and MegaFon became the first operator to provide new generation communications for subscribers.

From this moment the modern mobile story Russia. Over the past 5 years, subscribers have begun to actively use mobile internet, preferring communication via the Internet to regular calls. All modern smartphones have quick access to the network, and the most available phones with 4G support can be found at a price of 3,500 rubles in operator salons. The mobile phone has become as familiar and commonplace as the electric kettle. Reducing the cost of production and the emergence of new players on the market make mobile communications more accessible even for the most remote and poorest corners of the world. 25 years ago it was impossible to imagine the scale of the spread of cellular communications in Russia, but what awaits us in another 25 years?

The ability to contact family and friends at any moment seems natural to us today, like breathing, but this was not always the case.


Even mobile phones became widespread no more than 15-20 years ago, and wired telephones appeared a little over a hundred years ago. Do you know who invented the telephone and what year it happened?

In almost all modern textbooks and encyclopedias, the American Alexander Bell is named the inventor of the telephone. However, this is not entirely true: Bell was just the man who was able to first patent the telephone, and this happened in 1876.

The real inventor is Antonio Meucci, who was born in Florence, Italy, who later crossed overseas and settled in the United States. He founded the first factory in the world to manufacture paraffin candles, but later became interested in the idea of \u200b\u200btransmitting sounds over long distances. His work progressed successfully, and already in 1860 the inventor showed the public a device, which he called a telelectrophone. It used the principle of converting sound waves into electromagnetic waves and vice versa, which later formed the basis of all telephones.

Unfortunately, soon after the demonstration of the new invention, disaster struck, and the designer went to bed for a long time. During this time, his factory went bankrupt, and in order to somehow live, his wife had to sell some devices made by Meucci, including a telephony. Later he was able to restore his invention and in 1871 tried to get a patent for it. However, due to extreme poverty, Meucci could not pay for the services of the patent office, and soon died in poverty and obscurity. Only in 2002, justice was restored, and the US Congress recognized the Italian émigré Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone.

Few people know that the first mobile phone was created in the USSR in 1957. It consisted of the telephone itself and the base station, which was connected to an ordinary city GTS. The telephone set weighed about 3 kg, and Leonid Kupriyanovich became its inventor. The designer continued to work on his development, and by 1961 the weight of the handset was reduced to only 70 grams. The distance between the handset and the base station reached 80 kilometers on level ground. In 1957, the inventor received a patent for his development under the number 115494.


The disadvantage of Kupriyanovich's device was the small number of phones that could connect to one base station. Their number was limited by the number of frequency channels allocated to the station. According to the inventor, in order to cover the entire area of \u200b\u200bMoscow, it would be required to install no more than ten base stations... Subsequently, on the basis of the development of Kupriyanovich, since 1965, the Bulgarian enterprise "Radioelectronics" has been producing mobile mini-automatic telephone exchanges for 15 subscribers. They were used mainly at large construction sites as departmental communications.

The inventor of the world's first cell phone is Motorola employee Martin Cooper. He made the first cellular telephone in 1973. The device weighed over a kilogram and was later named Motorola DynaTAC. There were only 12 buttons on the handset, of which 10 were numeric, and the other two were used to call and to end a conversation.

The first cell phone did not have a display, and the battery provided no more than an hour of talk time, but it was charged for 10 hours in a row. Total until 1983 motorola released five different prototypes of the DynaTAC phone. The first cell phones were marketed in 1983 under the name DynaTAC 8000x. They sold for 3995 dollars, which was a very large sum for that time, but the queues for their purchase reached several thousand people.

The first telephone equipped with touch screen, was manufactured in 1993 by employees of the famous computer corporation IBM. It was called the IBM Simon, and its black and white screen was controlled by a stylus, although some operations could be performed with your fingers. The phone weighed about 0.5 kg.

The battery charge lasted only an hour of talk time or 8-10 hours of standby. Although the novelty aroused the interest of buyers, the excessively high price and frequent breakdowns of the gadget quickly brought it to nothing. The production of the IBM Simon was soon discontinued.

As you know, iPhones are produced by the American corporation Apple, which has gained popularity due to its non-standard and high-tech solutions. The main generator of ideas at Apple since its inception was the legendary computer scientist and entrepreneur Steve Jobs, the creator. In 1999, Jobs came up with the idea that the company, in addition to computers, should make the world's best mobile phones. He came up with the concept of the iPhone, but the idea was realized only in 2005 together with Motorola specialists.


Apple's first phone, called the Purple-1, was a symbiosis of a phone and an audio player. It did not receive the expected popularity, but the Apple team continued to work, and in 2007, the iPhone was presented to the public in San Francisco for the first time, which later became the iconic phone. Today, the happy owners of iPhones are millions of people in all countries of the world.

In our century, when science and technology is developing at a rapid pace, many of us cannot imagine life without mobile phones. Undoubtedly, telephones have become such a convenient thing that giving up on them means getting into the "Prehistoric" era. Now the phone can not only transmit sound over a distance. It most likely looks like an apparatus with great opportunitiesthan what is called a telephone.

And that is why the mobile phone is so popular among the masses. Each customer can choose a mobile phone among a wide range of lineup... The operator's coverage allows the use of communications almost throughout the entire planet.

Idea establishing wireless mobile devices began to worry scientists as soon as the usual landline phone... Back in 1947, Bell Laboratories, which belonged to AT&T, suggested create a mobile phone... Even then, there were the first attempts: a hybrid of a radio transmitter and a telephone was created. The car housed a radio station that transmitted the signal to the automatic telephone exchange. And to connect to the radiotelephone, you had to call the telephone exchange and say the number of the telephone set in the car. To transmit sound, a button was used, which was held down during a conversation. And to hear the answer, they let her go. The possibilities for this type of communication were very limited. This kind of connection was hampered by a variety of obstacles that greatly impaired the quality of the transmitted speech.

For the sake of such pleasure, some device weighing 12 kilograms was placed in the trunk of a car. The control panel and the handset were located in the cabin. And the antenna was mounted in the roof. This device has greatly helped mobile users by freeing their hands from such a burden.

On April 3, 1973, the head of the mobile communications department made the first call in the history of Mankind. Walking the streets of Manhattan, Martin Cooper decided to call AT&T Bell Labs on his cell phone. He was standing next to the first cellular antenna, which was installed on one of the nearby skyscrapers. Who do you think Cooper called? He called a competitor named Joel Angel. Passers-by were greatly surprised, since at that time no one had seen anything like it. Before the advent of commercial mobile communications, there were 10 years left.

And on March 6, 1983 there was the first commercial cellular telephone ... The result of 15 years of development by Motorola is a mobile device called the DynaTAC 8000X. For implementation this phone about $ 100 million was spent. The weight of the phone was 794 grams, dimensions - 33 * 4.4 * 8.9 cm. The battery charge was enough for an hour of talks, and in standby mode for 8 hours. The display was LED. Although the first phone was priced at $ 3,995, its popularity skyrocketed and thousands of Americans were queuing up to buy the DynaTAC 8000X.

No consumer technology has gone by for such an extended period of time (37 years). From the beginning of the creation of the first cellular technology to the permission for its commercial use.

Motorola began to massively produce mobile devices and has been a legislator in wireless cellular communications for many years. Popularity new technology was gaining momentum. Companies could not provide mobile communications to everyone. The reason for the slow introduction of new subscribers was the insufficient capacity of the PBX, the insufficient number of transmitters and the small frequency range.

Bell System, which created my first phone model half a year later than the manufacturer Motorola, in 1978 had 545 customers in New York, and there were still 3.7 thousand future subscribers in the queue for the phones. The waiting period for such a luxury could last 5-10 years. The general picture in the USA is 20 thousand customers buying Bell System phones.

Every year we are provided with more and more new phone models. And their capabilities are becoming more and more complex and functional. And who knows what awaits us next year. What else will the manufacturers of mobile devices please us with? In pursuit of new models of mobile phones, we forget their original purpose - voice communication between subscribers. But everything in the World is changing, and technologies unknown to us are turning into our assistants. And yet, you see, they make our life more interesting!

Motorola employee Martin Cooper

In 1973, the first prototype of a portable cell phone was released - the Motorola DynaTAC.

Its release gives the answer to the question: the first mobile phone in the world?

What year did

The historic call on the world's first mobile phone took place on April 3, 1973, when its creator, Motorola employee Martin Cooper, phoned Joel Engel, head of research at Bell Laboratories.

It is noteworthy that Joel Engel was chosen as an interlocutor for a reason. The fact is that in those days, AT&T was the unspoken leader in the development of mobile technologies. Many believed that the engineers of this particular company would be able to create the first such device.

Who invented and how it was born

The idea of \u200b\u200ba mobile phone in its modern version was born from a less mobile prototype - a car radiotelephone. These devices were extremely bulky, weighed about 15 kilograms, but, nevertheless, their popularity grew every day.

Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer who was involved in this area, proposed to modify the phone, reducing the weight, so that people can carry it with them without any problems. Several companies have worked to reduce the weight of the phone as well, but Motorola was far ahead of all the competition. Cooper's idea took 15 years and $ 90 million to implement.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X - the first mobile phone

On that memorable day, April 3, 1973, a bell rang in the office of the head of the Bell Laboratories design bureau, Joel Engel. He picked up the receiver and heard the voice of his sworn enemy - Martin, who said: "Guess where I'm calling from? .. I'm calling you from a real cell phone." Cooper later recalled: "I don't remember what he answered then, but, you know, I thought I heard his teeth grinding."

First call cost

It is worth noting that the cost of the first call on a mobile phone in the history of mankind was about $ 90 million. Motorola made such investments in the process of designing the device.

Martin Cooper demonstrates Motorola DynaTAC 8000X in 2007

Joel Engel can be understood - the era of new communications was beginning, and Bell Laboratories was rapidly flying into the ditch of history. Later, life put everything in its place - Bell did not disappear into oblivion, but showed itself in mobile communications no less than Motorola.

How much weighed

The world's first mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (prototype) weighed about 1.15 kg and measured 22.5x12.5x3.75 cm. A small LED display showed the phone being dialed. The battery charge was enough for 30 minutes of conversation, but it took about 10 hours to charge it.

In total, until 1983, 5 pieces of DynaTACs were manufactured, and from 83 an improved commercial version of this model was produced, which weighed 850 grams and sold for $ 3995. In the first year of sales, 12,000 Americans have acquired mobile phones.