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Presentation on the von Neumann principle. Presentation on the theme "von Neumann architecture". Computer memory cells have addresses that are sequentially numbered

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The von Neumann architecture is a well-known principle for storing programs and data together in computer memory. When talking about the von Neumann architecture, they mean the physical separation of the processor module from the storage devices for programs and data. The overwhelming majority of computers are based on the following general principles formulated in 1945 by the American scientist John von Neumann. 1. The principle of programmed control. It follows from it that the program consists of a set of instructions that are executed by the processor automatically one after another in a certain sequence. * The selection of the program from memory is carried out using the command counter. This processor register sequentially increases the address of the next instruction stored in it by the instruction length. 2. The principle of homogeneity of memory. Programs and data are stored in the same memory. Therefore, the computer does not distinguish between what is stored in a given memory location - a number, a text or a command. You can perform the same actions on commands as on data. This opens up a whole range of possibilities. ** Commands of one program can be received as results of execution of another program. The methods of translation are based on this principle - translation of the program text from a high-level programming language into the language of a specific machine. 3. The principle of targeting. Structurally, the main memory consists of renumbered cells; any cell is available to the processor at any time. Hence, it is possible to give names to memory areas, so that the values \u200b\u200bstored in them can be subsequently accessed or changed during program execution using the assigned names. Computers built on these principles are of the von Neumann type.

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Processor Memory The execution of commands can be traced according to the following scheme: INPUT OUTPUT PROGRAM DATA COMMAND COUNTER COMMAND REGISTER UU OPERAND REGISTERS SUMMATOR ALU The von Neumann machine consists of a storage device (memory) - memory, arithmetic-logical device - ALU, control device - UU, and also input and output. Programs and data are entered into memory from an input device through an arithmetic logic device. All program commands are written into adjacent memory cells, and data for processing can be contained in arbitrary cells. For any program, the last command must be a shutdown command. The next command is selected from the memory cell whose address is stored in the command counter; the contents of the command counter are then increased by the length of the command. The selected command is transmitted to the control unit at the command register. Next, the UU decrypts the address field of the command. According to the UU signals, the operands are read from memory and written to the ALU on the special registers of the operands. The arithmetic logic unit performs the operations indicated by the commands on the indicated data. From the arithmetic logic unit, the results are output to memory or output device. The difference between a memory device and an output device is that the data is stored in the memory in a form convenient for processing by a computer, and the output devices are received in a manner convenient for a person. As a result of the execution of any command, the command counter changes by one and, therefore, points to the next command in the program. all the previous steps are repeated until the “stop” command is reached. But data can also remain in the processor if the result address has not been specified.

"John von Neumann" - John von Neumann came up with the scheme for building a computer. The cycle runs unchanged. Central processor commands. Von Neumann architecture. John von Neumann. Hungarian-American mathematician. The forefather of modern computer architecture. Stages of the cycle. CPU. Transition speed.

"Stages of computer development" - Informatics in faces. Electronic computing stage. Stage. Colossus machine. Howard Aiken. Route. Period. He is faster than a person. Electronic computing stage. Years of application. The first electronic computer. A computer was created. Fascist regime. The progress of sciences and machines. Mechanical period. Computing technology and man.

"The first mechanical machines" - In 1948 the Curta was introduced, a small mechanical calculator that could be held in one hand. In 1977, the first mass-produced personal computer Apple II appeared, which was a harbinger of a boom in universal computerization of the population. In the 1950s and 1960s, several brands of similar devices appeared on the Western market.

"First computers" - The first model of an electronic tube computer, J. Athlon XP (Pentium 4) 2003. Salamis board. IBM computers. about. Salamis in the Aegean Sea (300 BC). Magic mouse (apple firm). ILLIAC-IV (USA) 20 million op / s multiprocessor system 1976. Intel 4004 4-bit data 2250 transistors 60 thousand

Calculating Machines - The brainchild of James. Employees. Cash machine. The origin of the account. All generations of humanity needed an account. Working programmable computer. Working with punched tape. Colossus. Serial electronic computers. Pascal. Russian abacus. Whole corn cobs. The history of the origin of calculating machines. For the Chinese, the score was based not on ten, but five.

"The history of the development of generations of computing" - Arab scientist. Key dates. Development of domestic computer technology. Rods. Sergei Alexandrovich Lebedev. Indian scientists. American entrepreneur. Jill Amdal. Bulgarian. Shares. The first representatives of III generation computers. High-speed computer. Generations of computers. Automatic computing device.

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Von Neumann Architecture The Principles of John von Neumann The von Neumann Machine A Brief Biography of John von Neumann Achievements of John von Neumann

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Von Neumann architecture.

The von Neumann architecture is a well-known principle for storing programs and data together in computer memory.

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When talking about the Neumann architecture, they mean the physical separation of the processor module from the storage devices for programs and data.

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The principles of John von Neumann.

“A universal computing machine should contain several basic devices: arithmetic, memory, control and communication with the operator. It is necessary that after the start of calculations, the operation of the machine does not depend on the operator. " "The machine needs to be able to memorize in some way not only the digital information required for a given calculation, but also the commands that control the program with which these calculations are to be made."

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“If orders to the machine are presented using a numerical code and if the machine can somehow distinguish a number from an order, then the memory can be used to store both numbers and orders” (the principle of a stored program).

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"In addition to the memory for orders, there must also be a device capable of automatically executing orders stored in memory."

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"Since a machine is a calculating machine, it must have an arithmetic device capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing." "Finally, there must be an input and output device through which the communication between the operator and the machine takes place."

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The machine must work with binary numbers, be electronic, not mechanical, and perform operations sequentially, one after the other.

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Thus, "according to von Neumann" the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic logic unit is provided for them.

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The control of the ALU - and in general of the entire machine - is carried out using a control device. (As a rule, in computers, the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit are combined into a single unit - the central processor.) The role of information storage is performed by random access memory. It stores information for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit.

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The von Neumann machine.

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Short biography of John von Neumann.

American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann was from Budapest. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke the ancient Greek language, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. Until the 1930s he worked in Germany. (1903-1957)

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He carried out fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics, and developed game theory and automata theory.

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In 1945, von Neumann's report was published, in which he outlined the basic principles and components of a modern computer. The ideas reflected in the report developed, and about a year later the article “Preliminary consideration of the logical design of an electronic computing device” appeared. It is important here that the authors, distracted from electronic lamps and electrical circuits, were able to outline the formal organization of the computer.

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Achievements of John von Neumann.

John von Neumann received the highest academic honors. He was elected a member of the Academy of Exact Sciences (Lima, Peru), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Lombard Institute of Sciences and Literature, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Academy of the United States, honorary doctors of many universities in the United States and other countries. John von Neumann died on February 8, 1957.

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The architectural principles of computer organization, indicated by John von Neumann, remained almost unchanged for a long time, and only at the end of the 1970s deviations from these principles appeared in the architecture of supercomputers and matrix processors. ...

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John von Neumann

John von Neumann (December 3, 1903 - February 8, 1957) American mathematician and physicist. Transactions on functional analysis, quantum mechanics, logic, meteorology. He made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application. His game theory has played an important role in economics.

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The first computer The first computer was built in 1943-1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineers at the University of Pennsylvania and was named ENIAC (after the first letters of the English name - electronic digital integrator and calculator). Von Neumann suggested to its developers how ENIAC could be modified to simplify its programming. But in the creation of the next machine - EDVAK (electronic automatic calculator with discrete variables), von Neumann took a more active part. He developed a detailed logic diagram of a machine, in which the structural units were not physical elements of circuits, but idealized computational elements. The use of idealized computational elements was an important step forward, as it made it possible to separate the creation of a basic logic diagram from its technical implementation. Also von Neumann proposed a number of engineering solutions. Von Neumann suggested using not delay lines as memory elements, but a cathode-ray tube (electrostatic storage system), which should have greatly increased the speed. In this case, it was possible to process all the bits of the machine word in parallel. This machine was named JONIAC \u200b\u200bafter von Neumann. With the help of JONIAC, important calculations were carried out in the creation of the hydrogen bomb.

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Von Neumann proposed a system for correcting data to improve the reliability of systems - the use of duplicate devices with the choice of a binary result based on the largest number. Von Neumann worked a lot on the self-reproduction of automata and was able to prove the possibility of self-reproduction of a finite automaton with 29 internal states. Of Neumann's 150 works, only 20 deal with problems of physics, while the rest are equally distributed between pure mathematics and its practical applications, including game theory and computer theory.

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Groundbreaking work in computer theory

Neumann is the author of innovative works on computer theory related to the logical organization of computers, problems of the functioning of machine memory, imitation of randomness, and problems of self-reproducing systems. In 1944 Neumann joined the Mauchly and Eckert group on the ENIAC machine as a mathematical consultant. Meanwhile, the group began developing a new model, the EDVAC, which, unlike the previous one, could store programs in its internal memory. In 1945 Neumann published his "Preliminary Report on the EDVAC Machine," which described the machine itself and its logical properties. The computer architecture described by Neumann was called "von Neumann's", and thus the authorship of the entire project was attributed to him. This subsequently resulted in a patent litigation and led to Eckert and Mauchly leaving the laboratory and founding their own firm. Nevertheless, the "von Neumann architecture" was the basis for all subsequent computer models. In 1952, Neumann developed the first computer using programs written on flexible media, MANIAC I.

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One of Neumann's utopian ideas, for the development of which he proposed using computer calculations, was the artificial warming of the Earth's climate, for which it was supposed to cover the polar ice with dark paint to reduce the reflection of solar energy by them. At one time this proposal was seriously discussed in many countries. Many of von Neumann's ideas have not yet received proper development, for example, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe relationship between the level of complexity and the ability of a system to reproduce itself, the existence of a critical level of complexity, below which the system degenerates, and above it acquires the ability to self-reproduce. In 1949 the work "On rings of operators. Decomposition theory" was published.

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In 1956, the Atomic Energy Commission awarded Neumann the Enrico Fermi Prize for outstanding contributions to computer theory and practice. John von Neumann received the highest academic honors. He was elected a member of the Academy of Exact Sciences (Lima, Peru), Académie dei Linchei (Rome, Italy), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Lombard Institute of Sciences and Literature, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Academy of the United States, honorary Doctor of many universities in the USA and other countries.

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Groundbreaking work in computer theory

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One of Neumann's utopian ideas, for the development of which he proposed using computer calculations, was artificial warming of the Earth's climate, for which it was supposed to cover the polar ice with dark paint to reduce the reflection of solar energy. At one time this proposal was seriously discussed in many countries. Many of von Neumann's ideas have not yet received proper development, for example, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe relationship between the level of complexity and the ability of a system to reproduce itself, the existence of a critical level of complexity, below which the system degenerates, and above it acquires the ability to reproduce itself. ... In 1949 the work "On rings of operators. Decomposition theory" was published.

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In 1956, the Atomic Energy Commission awarded Neumann the Enrico Fermi Prize for outstanding contributions to computer theory and practice. John von Neumann received the highest academic honors. He was elected a member of the Academy of Exact Sciences (Lima, Peru), the Academy deiLinchei (Rome, Italy), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Lombard Institute of Sciences and Literature, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Academy of the United States, Honorary Doctor many universities in the USA and other countries.

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