Making a movie on DVD. Creating a movie on DVD For audio streams, the requirements are as follows:

DVD is a disc commonly used to watch movies on a DVD player or computer. It is based on VOB files in which video is compressed using the MPEG-2 standard.

DVD discs have still not lost their relevance and are widely used in practice. Many films are sold in this format, and amateur videos are often saved in the DVD format.

A DVD holds 1 to 2 hours of video depending on the bitrate.

The DVD format allows you to create complex interactive menus, switch between various audio and video materials, and include additional bonuses: photo albums, interviews with video participants, funny moments from filming that were not included in the main film.

If you have several short videos on one drive, you can easily switch between them through the menu.

DVDs are often made with multiple audio tracks. This is necessary in order to place translations of the film from different languages ​​on additional tracks.

In addition, in the case of home video, different audio options can be placed on additional tracks, for example:

On the first track there is edited sound, everything unnecessary has been removed, there is a musical background, everything is orderly and beautiful;

The second track contains the original, uncorrected sound and background, for example, weddings;

Or on the second track there are comments from the director or participants on what is happening.

This is not difficult to do: during editing, two audio tracks are created, which can be turned off one by one so as not to interfere with each other.

When rendering, a movie with one track is recorded, then a second audio track is saved separately, and the whole thing is sent to the authoring program.

One of the key points when DVD creation- this is the determination of the optimal bitrate. The higher the bitrate, the better the video quality and the larger its final size.

We cannot set the maximum bitrate if the video is long, because in this case it may not fit on the disk. Therefore, you need to look for the “golden mean” for this video: put it on DVD with the highest possible quality.

Bitrate determination

For DVDs, bitrates range from 4000 to 9000 kbps. A higher bitrate value is not recommended, because... Incompatibility may occur, for example with a DVD player.

In addition, you need to take into account the quality of the source material. If the video is initially of poor quality, even a high bitrate will not fix it. It happens that one movie with a bitrate of 8000 has more distortion and artifacts than another with a bitrate of 4000 kbps.

Let's look at an approximate table for calculating the bitrate of our future film.

Duration means the duration everyone materials on disk, if you are going to make a menu, leave 2-4 minutes for it.

The table is approximate, in particular, the sound is assumed to be DD2.0, 192 kbit/s. If the sound is DD5.1, 448 kbps, you need to subtract 250 from the average bitrate. If there are several audio tracks, you need to subtract 192 for each.

If your film has a short duration (65 minutes or less), of course, it is better to compress it with the maximum bitrate - 9000 kbps. Remember, a higher bitrate will not work on a DVD player!

If your film has a duration of 65 to 140 minutes, then take a small fragment and export it with a bitrate taken from the table. We watch the resulting test video.

If the quality suits you, we encode the entire film with this bitrate. If the quality is low, it is better to split the film into two parts and record it on different discs, increasing the bitrate.

The film, which lasts more than 140 minutes, is clearly divided into 2 parts.

Of course, these calculations are approximate and do not guarantee an exact fit to the disk size.

The exact bitrate value can be determined using a bitrate calculator.

Coding methods

Almost all modern converters have three encoding modes: CBR, VBR1 (1-pass), VBR2 (2-pass).

CBR- constant bitrate, which encodes all scenes in your video the same. If the film has static and dynamic scenes, then the dynamic ones with CBR may have insufficient quality, and the static ones may have excessive, completely unnecessary quality (it does not affect the quality, but increases the size).

VBR- variable bitrate. We set limits, for example, from 2000 to 9000 kbps. On static scenes, the encoder automatically reduces the bitrate, and on dynamic scenes, it increases it. This encoding can be done in one or two passes: VBR1 and VBR2. Let's compare them.

VBR1 is variable bitrate encoding in one pass. Its only advantage is its speed, i.e. Encoding time will be spent 2 times less than with VBR2.

But the quality at average bitrates (5000-7000 kbps) will be lower than that of VBR2.

Having reached the first dynamic fragment, the encoder will be afraid to set the maximum bitrate, because he does not know what will happen next. What if there are entirely dynamic scenes, and then there is a risk of not keeping it to size.

And on simple, static scenes, the encoder is again afraid to greatly reduce the bitrate - what if there are more of the same scenes, then the specified bitrate will not be achieved.

As a result, deviations from some average bitrate will be small. The quality is, of course, better than with CBR, but not significantly.

In VBR2 encoding mode, the encoder does two passes, thus encoding time is lengthened.

But after the first pass, it has all the information about the number and duration of dynamic and static fragments, so the encoder boldly increases the bitrate to the maximum or decreases it to the minimum. The result is the highest possible quality.

We conclude: the best quality in a film with scenes of different dynamics is provided by the VBR2 encoding method.

CBR can be used if the film is small and you can set the maximum encoding quality - 8500-9000 kbps.

If the film is fairly homogeneous or you are pressed for time, we use VBR1. Or a less important part of the disc, such as a bonus, can be encoded using the VBR1 method.

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DVD authoring(English DVD authoring) is the process of creating a DVD video image that can be played in a standard DVD player. + DVD authoring software must comply with the specifications of the DVD Forum working group, which were approved in 1995. The specifications are quite stringent due to the fact that a large number of development companies and manufacturers took part in their creation.
The DVD authoring process may optionally include an MPEG encoding process, so many DVD authoring programs include an MPEG encoder. You can also use an external encoder to achieve best quality coding.
Most programs are only suitable for authoring DVD video and do not support creating DVD-Audio discs.
Conventional DVD burners have some basic features for authoring discs, but the DVD creator is limited in the choice of template for DVD menus, which vary depending on the model of the device and its manufacturer.

DVD authoring is a process during which video and audio streams are combined, subtitles are imported, links to scenes are assigned, and the structure of the video material is formed on DVD disc with a branching continuation of the plot, menus are added and ultimately the final mixing of video and audio materials is carried out.
The first step in the authoring process is to assemble all the source material: video in MPEG format, audio tracks (wav, ac3), graphic files and subtitles. The corresponding audio options are attached to the video stream. All files involved in a DVD project are brought together and mutual links are established between them. However, until the project is completely completed, all these objects remain physically independent, not mixed into a common digital stream.
Information about the availability and number of episodes is added and entry points are defined with appropriate addressing and links. The order in which subtitles are displayed is specified - their binding to a specific frame, the color of the title, the time it is visible on the screen.
P After all the objects have been collected, it is necessary to create the structure of the interactive menu - to establish the necessary connections and transitions between different parts of the project. This is where images or animated video clips are designated as the background for the menu, after which button images and text corresponding to the menu items are superimposed on them.
During the authoring process, the project creator must be able to check the functionality of the future DVD disc. Since DVD navigation is determined by the interactivity structure, it is very important to check the correct functioning of all its logical chains before the final rendering of the project.
Authoring involves elementary streams that are not fully integrated. If any problems are identified during the review phase, such as not moving to the next story or missing a link in the episode menu, they can be easily resolved.
The project has been checked and corrected if necessary. Create a DVD image. An authoring program, such as DVD Lab Pro, creates temporary folders- VIDEO_TS and AUDIO_TS. When authoring a DVD-Video disc, only the VIDEO_TS folder is used, in which the combined digital stream is created. As a result of the program, we obtain files with the extension VOB, IFO, BUP. The authoring process is complete.
Now you can burn these folders (without changing the names!) to a DVD disc.

DVD authoring) is the process of creating a DVD video image that can be played in a standard DVD player. + DVD authoring software must comply with the DVD Forum Working Group specifications, which were approved in 1995. The specifications are quite strict due to the fact that a large number of development companies and manufacturers took part in their creation.

The DVD authoring process may optionally include an MPEG encoding process, so many DVD authoring programs include an MPEG encoder. You can also use an external encoder to achieve better encoding quality.

Most programs are only suitable for authoring DVD video and do not support creating DVD-Audio discs.

Conventional DVD burners have some basic features for authoring discs, but the DVD creator is limited in the choice of template for DVD menus, which vary depending on the model of the device and its manufacturer.

• menu creation
• dividing films into sections
• adding multiple audio tracks for different languages
• adding subtitles
• creating a slideshow

DVD Specification

Every DVD hardware developer or software must first obtain a license for one of the DVD Specification books from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC). There are separate books describing the format for the various DVD formats; each book contains hundreds of pages and costs about $5,000. After receiving a license for a book, the developer needs to become a licensee, and this procedure is also paid. Otherwise, the licensed book may be used only as a reference material and not for the creation of new software or hardware.

The DVD specifications were originally written in Japanese before being translated into English for use in America. The translation turned out to be confusing and comparable in complexity to legal documents. Today DVD players various manufacturers do not always meet the same requirements - all this is because different developers, when creating equipment, understand the existing DVD specifications in their own way.

see also

Links

• Frequently asked questions about DVDs (English)
• Unofficial DVD Specification

Literature

• Lapin Evgeniy Vasilievich Preparation and DVD recording all types. Quick Guide. - M.: “Williams”, 2006. - P. 320. - ISBN 5-8459-1064-1
• Mark L. Chambers Recording CDs and DVDs for dummies = CD & DVD Recording For Dummies. - 2nd ed. - M.: “Dialectics”, 2005. - P. 304. - ISBN 0-7645-5956-7

Wikimedia Foundation.

• 2010.
• Nast

Olfactory rhythm

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The process of creating your own video DVD can be divided into 3 main stages: file preparation, authoring (disc image generation) and mastering, i.e. recording to media.

As you know, video on DVD is stored in MPEG2 format (MPEG1 is allowed), and audio can be in PCM (uncompressed), MPEG1 layer 1&2, MPEG2, Dolby Digital or DTS formats. To convert AVI files into MPEG files, encoders (compressors, encoders) are used, which usually process audio information that can be contained in the AVI file itself or imported separately as *.WAV. Compressors can be software or hardware, the latter using a specialized chip on a board that usually performs the conversion in real time.

If the encoder supports variable bitrate (VBR), then it is recommended to use this option. Using VBR results in higher quality than constant bit rate (CBR) for the same file size, or smaller files while maintaining the same quality. This is explained by the fact that with a constant flow, the same amount of information is spent describing changes in scenes critical for MPEG compression (panning, fast moving objects) as in scenes with minor changes. This usually results in visible distortion ("squares"). Using VBR allows you to get around this problem, since the stream adaptively changes to maintain a given quality, which is described by the so-called. quantization. The quantization value is 1 when the compressed image undergoes minimal changes compared to the original. Increasing quantization means discarding high-frequency information in the frame; in small doses this is invisible to the eye, but in large doses it leads to the appearance of blocky artifacts (those very “squares”). When compressing in VBR mode, a maximum bitrate is also specified, exceeding which is unacceptable; sometimes the desired average bitrate is indicated.

Among software MPEG2 encoders, we can recommend Custom Tech. CinemaCraft, Ligos LSX and Tsunami (the latter is shareware). All of them support VBR, have built-in presets for different tasks, and provide output of both multiplexed audio (program stream) and non-multiplexed audio (elementary stream). On a computer with dual PIII-500 under Windows control NT4.0 they showed compression times of 4.7:1, 22:1 and 33:1, respectively (the first is optimized for PIII and Athlon processors). In terms of picture quality, CinemaCraft 2.25 is recognized as the best, followed by Tsunami 0.11e and LSX 3.0.

An example of a hardware complex for preparing DVDs is the recently introduced DC/DVD2000 system manufactured by Pinnacle Systems. Her distinctive feature began to work in the native MPEG2 format, containing I, B and P frames, something that was previously unattainable. This is a solution for dual-stream video editing with Betacam quality (the remote input-output block has YUV/RGB, Y/C and composite video connectors and symmetrical/unbalanced audio connectors, and it is also possible to connect a daughterboard for working with DV/DVCAM). Dual-stream video processing means instant rendering of 2D transitions and titles. The board comes with an editor Adobe Premiere, a set of three-dimensional effects HollywoodFX bronze and the authoring program Minerva Impression 2.0, and MPEG2 files from Premiere can be imported into it immediately, without preliminary recalculation.

A cheaper solution for dual-stream editing and preparing files for DVD, combining the ability to input/output digital video and analog video with S-VHS quality, is the DV500 board from the same company, which uses hardware-assisted encoding in MPEG2, that is, software encoding using some instructions of the C-Cube DVXpress 25 chip, the same one used in DC/DVD2000. It’s just that in the DV500 the chip microcode is stitched to support real-time DV compression, and in the DC/DVD2000 - for real-time MPEG2 compression. The conversion speed to IBP MPEG2 on the DC500 is 2.1:1 with the same configuration when testing software encoders (see above). Digital port IEEE1394 is located on the board itself and it is also equipped with a remote block of analog connectors for ease of switching.

Compressed video for DVD must comply with the basic MPEG2 specifications MP@ML and MP@LL, where MP (Main Profile) is a profile that specifies the encoding of the color component as 4:2:0 and the stream structure as IBP, and ML (Main Level) and LL ( Low Level) - levels that specify resolution: 720x576 in the first case and 352x288 in the second for the PAL standard. Bitrate should not exceed 9.8Mbps.

It should be noted that all of the compressors mentioned compress audio to the MPEG audio standard. To prepare the path surround sound(Dolby Digital format, also known as AC-3) you must use the Sonic Foundry Soft Encode program.

Soft Encode- an easy-to-use program, much more flexible in its operation compared to hardware encoders. By and large, all the user needs to do is open six sound files, prepared in advance in some audio editor, define for each of them its own sound channel, balance the relative volume of the channels and press the button that starts the encoding process. It is important that using Soft Encode you can not only encode files into the Dolby Digital format, but also decode them. The program is not demanding on PC hardware, but it is natural that more powerful processor will speed up (de)coding of *.ac3 files, by modern computers this takes time comparable to the duration of the phonogram itself.

DVD Authoring

During authoring, the structure of the future disk is created, including files with the extension .IFO (InFormation Object) - hierarchical menus, files with the extension .VOB (Video OBject), which are multiplexed (mixed) streams of video, audio and navigation information, as well as optional files.BUP (Back UP) - backup copies.IFO. The DVD image is the final result of the authoring program. Currently, quite a lot of such programs have been released, the most common of which are Daikin Scenarist NT, Spruce Tech. DVD Virtuoso, Sonic Solutions DVD It!, StreamWeaver CDMotion, Minerva Impression. Let's take the last one mentioned as an example.

A distinctive feature of Impression 2.0 is the ease of creating and running a project. Placed on the time scale in the right order non-multiplexed video and audio files (.MP1, .MP2, .M1V, .M2V, .MPV, .WAV, .MPA, .AC3), as well as pictures for creating menus and titles, then the clips or their parts (chapters) are “linked” " to the corresponding menu buttons. To check the functioning of the disk before creating an image, a mode is provided preview in the window. By the way, the DVD2000 mentioned above differs from the DC2000 in the presence of an LPT key, which includes advanced Impression options: multi-level and animated menus, multiple audio tracks, subtitles, etc. Then there are 2 options: generating files for a standard DVD and for a CD; in the latter case, the program includes in the image a software package for playing video on any modern computers running Windows. The same technology is implemented in the new, second version of the popular DVD It! package, where the popular CineMaster player is placed on a CD and the resulting disc is called cDVD. DVD It! SE has a built-in mid-quality MPEG2 compressor and mastering capabilities, while DVD It! PE is also a Dolby Digital encoder. So, the generated image is sent to the next stage.

DVD-Video mastering

Video DVD is recorded using file system UDF (Universal Disk Format) and, like VideoCD, contains several folders. The presence of one of them, VIDEO_TS, where VOB and INF files should be located, is checked by the DVD player at the very beginning. These files, in principle, are necessary and sufficient for full viewing of the disk (INF specifies the necessary order of VOBs, which, by the way, do not exceed 1GB). On commercial discs, VOB files are encoded using the CSS (Content Scrambling System) encryption system to prevent illegal copying; it is not used on rewritable discs. If you create a DVD image that is reduced to a CD, you can record a so-called miniDVD, which will be viewed on a PC and on a very limited number of home players. The problem is mainly that desktop machines usually do not read the media itself: CD-RW or more often CD-R, unless they have a multi-read system built in (usually 2 separate lasers). To create a miniDVD, the well-known Adaptec Easy CD Creator and Nero Burning ROM packages are suitable, in which you can select the UDF format and simply write VOB and INF files to the appropriate directory or, preferably, copy the finished image to a blank in ISO9660 format. There are also specialized programs for such purposes: Daikin ReelDVD and Spruce DVD_on_CD.

The most common programs for mastering DVDs themselves are Adaptec Toast DVD, Gear ProDVD, DVD Lab Pro, MTC ForDVD and Software Architects WriteDVD, which are included with most DVD-RW and DVD-RAM drives. It is worth keeping in mind that drives of the above standards write discs that are not readable in desktop players and in most DVD-ROMs, excluding new models of the latter. To create standard discs, you need to have a DVD-R 2.0 drive, for example an external Pioneer S201 for $5300. Empty blanks for it are also not cheap and cost about $40. Of course, this situation will not last forever, we just need to be patient and wait until one of the manufacturers makes us happy with suitable carriers.