Frequencies of cellular communication in russia. UMTS and LTE frequencies in Russia: new generation standards Clock frequency 800 MHz

For all of us who love "cinafonini", we often come across the speech of the infamous "Banda 20" or simply called "800Mhz". In reality, this question is at the same time simple but difficult, and in this article I will explain why.

I do not want to bore you with technical data, incomprehensible to most (including me), I intend to explain in a simple waywhat the inconvenience can be when buying a phone that does not support this frequency band.

What is 20 band (800Mhz)

The 800 Mhz frequency band, also called the 20 band, is one of 3 available with public auctions in 2011 for data transfer high speed 4G LTE. At the same auction, the other available frequencies were 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz. These 3 frequencies carry data at different rates and different characteristics. faster and suitable for very crowded places 2600Mhz, the fastest of them is 800Mhz which has extended range and penetration in buildings the best of 2600Mhz. The 1800Mhz band (perhaps the most used today) remains a good middle ground.

At the famous auction, 4 major Italian operators divided the frequencies as follows:

• TIM
• Vodafone Band 20 (800Mhz) / Band 3 (1800Mhz) / Band 7 (2600Mhz)
• H3G Band 3 (1800Mhz) / 7 Band (2600Mhz)
• wind Band 20 (800Mhz) Band 7 (2600Mhz)

It is quite clear from this table that whoever has it as an operator 3 Italy (H3G) You won't notice any difference between using a phone with or without a 20 band.

clients Tim and Vodafonedepending on the work areas, they can suffer from a lack of bandwidth 20. Both operators, with both 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz at their disposal, in large urban centers and in all those areas near the transmitting antennas will not notice any difference as they will “plug in” one of these frequencies, both in rural areas and inside buildings. especially "closed" reception in 4G can be compromised.

Different is a conversation for users wind that, being unable to provide a frequency of 1800Mhz, using 800Mhz as the main band. Thus, in large urban centers, served by a frequency of 2600Mhz, the sail is in 4G, while in all other cases, the maximum connection speed that HSPA +

What is the Difference Between LTE 20 Band and HSPA +

As we said, 800Mhz speed is the slowest of 4G can actually reach 75Mbps downloads in Italy (while 1800Mhz and 2600Mhz reach 150Mbps). The stage below is that an HSPA plus (H +) connection can get up to 42Mbps and will be accessible from any smartphone lacking band 20. These values \u200b\u200bare a theoretical reference because in fact the actual transfer rate is almost always much lower. These speeds obviously depend on the quality of the signal our phone receives. So not even sure if a 4G connection in the 20 band is faster than one on HSPA +. Moreover, the presence of the 800Mhz group will always be better than not having it, but not having it in many cases does not matter.

imposition of a new

• It would be better to have a group of 20
• 20 Band (800Mhz) - * This is the slowest of 4G * Covers long distances * Better penetrates buildings
• Band 7 (2600Mhz) - * This is the fastest of 4G and suitable for crowded areas * Covers less distances * Difficulty of penetrating buildings
• Band 3 (1800Mhz) - * Average path between 800Mhz and 2600Mhz
• In large urban centers, the band used by all carriers is 2600Mhz, so no carrier should have difficulty watching LTE
• In the current state of Italian mobile networks, viewing in HSPA + instead of LTE on 800Mhz band does not compromise browser performance and may not make any difference.

Among other things, the merger between H3G and Wind has recently become official, so a new operator is coming soon, which will probably use all frequencies available for 2. In this case, even former Wind users can benefit from the 1800Mhz range.

The economic situation and the inability to fully use the 800 MHz band forces operators to actively develop 4G in the 1800 MHz frequency band. Moreover, most experts believe that by 2020 up to 50% of all coverage will be provided precisely by LTE 1800. The economic efficiency of this range is much higher compared to 2600 MHz, and the costs are minimal. About how operators are engaged in "smart refarming" GSM to LTE in practice, what advantages and disadvantages it carries, we found out from the technical specialists of MTS in the Urals.

Currently, 4G networks in Russia operate in 83 regions out of 85. Moreover, in the vast majority of territories, LTE operates in the 2600 MHz range. And only 15 regions have test or commercial 4G 1800 MHz networks (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Tula regions, Krasnodar region, Bashkiria, Tatarstan). In the Urals, examples of the commercial use of this standard are in the Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (operator "Motiv"), as well as in the Chelyabinsk Region (MTS). And if in the case of Motive the reasons for using the GSM spectrum are clear - the company does not have a license to use either 800 MHz or 2600 MHz, then MTS's activity may seem strange. Although the strangeness in this case is understandable.

Distribution of LTE networks in the world by bands (analysis of 400 largest LTE networks, OVUM and GSMA data):

Here are the reasons for this activity in the MTS itself. First, the economy. LTE 1800 is much cheaper and more efficient.

Action area base stationoperating at "voice" frequencies of 1800 MHz is four times higher than that of equipment at 2500-2700 MHz, and the use of this equipment for the development of data transmission networks will allow to deploy networks in the shortest possible time, because the same territory can be covered with less the number of base stations. At the same time, the LTE-1800 signal penetrates better indoors than the signal of base stations operating in higher ranges. The increased range of radio coverage allows you to provide a high-speed 4G network to remote settlements, highways, as well as areas with frequency restrictions, - says Konstantin Kubantsev, Technical Director chelyabinsk branch company MTS.

Aggregation of the 1800 and 2600 MHz spectrum, with a 10 MHz bandwidth in each of the two bands, makes it possible to increase the peak data transfer rates from 75 Mbit / s to 150 Mbit / s, and in the case of aggregation of three carriers at once - up to 225 Mbit / s. In April 2015, MTS tests in Bashkortostan at 1800 + 2600 + 800 MHz with a total bandwidth of up to 35 MHz demonstrated peak speeds of up to 260 Mbps.

According to the estimates of telecom equipment manufacturers and companies providing radio network optimization services based on the geolocation of subscribers, up to 80% of traffic is generated indoors. This fact clearly gives an advantage to the range of 1800 over 2600 MHz. Indoor penetration loss for 1800 MHz is significantly lower than for the 2600 band. Traffic will pick up the better the penetration range of which. The difference between WCDMA2100 and DCS1800 is quite noticeable, but due to the average more sensitive 3G terminals, the difference is leveled.

LTE-1800 standard supports up to 90% of models of LTE devices from leading manufacturers, including Apple, Samsung, HTC, Huawei, LG, Nokia, Sony, ZTE and others. With its development in Russia, owners of gadgets that do not support other LTE bands widespread in the country, such as iPhone 5, iPad mini, can also use the 4G Internet.

If we continue the comparison, then according to Konstantin Kubantsev, LTE-2600 exacerbates the already tense situation with the search for additional objects to which equipment is required to be installed. "There are very few buildings in cities that we can go to and get permits to install equipment from the owners. We constantly face refusals. Negotiations can take years."

As a result, the company decided that LTE-2600 will be used in the largest cities in the areas of the highest Internet traffic load. However, in this case, it is necessary to resolve issues related to ensuring a stable signal indoors, including using indoor coverage.

In other cases, LTE-1800 will be used. It doesn't require changing the existing infrastructure, investing heavily in the construction of new base stations and spending a lot of time.

Distribution of income among Russian operators mobile communication by traffic types:

As a result, the bulk of base stations in the regions will fall within a few years on dual-band networks - 1800/2600 MHz or LTE800 / 2600 MHz, depending on the availability of frequency resources in each specific region.

The second reason for the growing interest from MTS is the restriction on the use of the 800 MHz band. Despite the fact that the operator has received the corresponding frequency assignments and is already paying for the lease, their implementation is hampered by the operation of missile defense systems, as well as the operation of military and civilian airfields. The existing rules do not allow the use of frequencies within a radius of 40 km from airports. Operators are faced with this problem throughout Russia to the same extent.

The issues of full use of the 800 MHz range are quite acute. We are actively discussing problems with the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications. Literally, yesterday, within the framework of our communication, we conveyed our proposals to Deputy Minister Dmitry Alkhazov, who is in charge of these issues in the government. He promised to help. In the meantime, we are trying to work in the conditions that we have now, - says Konstantin Kubantsev.

When asked why the first region in the Urals, where the operator began to massively launch LTE-1800, was the Chelyabinsk Region, the company replied that a year ago it was in the South Urals that a complete modernization of the network was completed. During this time, Motorola equipment, which had been in operation for almost 10 years, was replaced by Ericsson of the most modern generation with widespread LTE-1800 support. Not a single old amplifier, switch or switch remained on the network. At the same time, the capacity of the backbone network was expanded.

All this allowed us to use a multi-standard 3G / LTE network. Moreover, priority for data transmission will be given to LTE. Thus, we will unload our 3G networks, - says Konstantin Kubantsev.

For LTE-1800 in the Chelyabinsk region, MTS has allocated a 5 MHz band out of the available 15. According to the operator's technical specialists, this band is enough for the existing number of 4G subscribers. At the same time, the quality of the 2G network and its capacity will not be affected. In the future, the company will analyze the possibility of increasing the frequency band to 10 MHz in each specific settlement.

As for sharing 4G with Beeline, MTS stressed that the agreements concern exclusively LTE800 / 2600 MHz networks. Only the company's own subscribers will have access to LTE1800.

At the moment, the dual-band network is already operating in twenty settlements of the Chelyabinsk region, in particular, in Zlatoust, Miass, as well as in small towns such as Ozersk, Troitsk, Satka, Emanzhelinsk, and in places of summer recreation for residents and guests of the region - on the lake Uvilda and others. Also in 2015, the LTE-1800 network will be launched in Chelyabinsk and Magnitogorsk in order to improve 4G coverage inside buildings.

In the near future, MTS is going to implement the Single RAN (Single Radio Access Network) platform with the ability to organize coverage of all GSM, 3G and LTE standards using one base station.

Beginners do not understand the games that standards developers are playing. It would seem that it uses GSM frequencies 850, 1900, 900, 1800 MHz, what more? Quick answer - read the following section of the phone manual. The incorrectness of the generally accepted interpretation will be shown. The problem is described by the following provisions:

1. Second generation cellular communication 2G has spawned a ton of standards. The world knows three epicenters that set the rhythm: Europe, North America, Japan. Russia adopted the standards of the first two, altering them.
2. The pedigree tree of standards is constantly expanding.
3. International versions of the standards are intended to combine the disparate rules of individual countries. Direct injection is often not possible. Governments are changing the legal framework by fixing frequency plans.

The foregoing explains the origins of the misunderstanding of the problem by beginners. Returning clarity to the question, let's build a simplified hierarchy of standards, indicating the frequencies used along the way.

Genealogy of standards

The following information is intended to explain to the layman the structure of existing, extinct standards. Technologies used in Russia will be described below, in the following sections. The corresponding representatives of the tree that decorated the Russian forest are marked in bold.

1G

1. AMPS family: AMPS, NAMPS, TACS, ETACS.
2. Others: NMT, C-450, DataTAC, Hicap, Mobitex.

2G: 1992

1. GSM / 3GPP family: GSM, HSCSD, CSD.
2. 3GPP2 family: cdmaOne.
3. AMPS family: D-AMPS.
4. Others: iDEN, PHS, PDC, CDPD.

2G +

1. 3GPP / GSM family: GPRS, EDGE.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1x including Advanced.
3. Others: WiDEN, DECT.

3G: 2003

1. 3GPP family: UMTS.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. 0

3G +

1. 3GPP family: LTE, HSPA, HSPA +.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. B, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R. C
3. IEEE family: Mobile WiMAX, Flash OFDM.

4G: 2013

1. 3GPP family: LTE-A, LTE-S Pro.
2. IEEE family: WiMAX.

5G: 2020

1. 5G-NR.

Short description

Genealogy traces extinct species. For example, modern authors often use the abbreviation GSM, misleading the reader. The technology is entirely limited to the second generation of cellular communications, an extinct species. The former frequencies with additions continue to be used by descendants. On December 1, 2016, Telstra in Australia stopped using GSM, becoming the world's first operator to fully upgrade its equipment. 80% of the world's population continues to be content with technology (according to the GSM Association). The example of their Australian colleagues on January 1, 2017 was followed by the American AT&T. This was followed by the suspension of the service by the operator Optus, on April 2017, Singapore recognized the inconsistency of 2G with the growing needs of the population.

So, the term GSM is used in relation to aging equipment that has filled up the Russian Federation. Descendant protocols can be named as descendants of GSM. The frequencies are preserved by the next generations. Punctures, information transfer methods are changing. Frequency allocation aspects that accompany equipment upgrades are discussed below. It is obligatory to provide information allowing to establish the relationship of GSM.

Phone manual

Helpful information regarding the question will be provided by the phone manual. The corresponding section lists the supported frequencies. Individual devices allow you to customize the reception area. You should choose a phone model that catches the generally accepted Russian channels:

1. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The ascending branch is 880..915 MHz, the descending branch is 925..960 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz - DCS. The ascending branch is 1710..1785 MHz, the descending branch is 1805..1880 MHz.

LTE technology adds a 2600 MHz region, an 800 MHz channel is introduced.

History of RF communication: frequencies

In 1983, the development of a European standard for digital communications began. As a reminder, the first generation of 1G used analog transmission. Thus, engineers developed the standard in advance, anticipating the history of the development of technology. Digital communication was born of the Second World War, more precisely, the Green Hornet encrypted transmission system. The military understood perfectly well that the era of digital technology was coming. Civilian industry caught the wind.

900 MHz

The European organization CEPT has established a GSM committee (Groupe Special Mobile). The European Commission has proposed to use the 900 MHz spectrum. The developers settled in Paris. Five years later (1987) 13 EU countries submitted to Copenhagen a memorandum on the need to create a unified cellular network. The community decided to request GSM assistance. The first technical specification came out in February. The politicians of the four countries (May 1987) supported the project with the Bonn Declaration. The next short period (38 weeks) is filled with a general bustle, governed by four appointed persons:

1. Armin Silberhorn (Germany).
2. Philippe Dupoulis (France).
3. Renzo Failli (Italy).
4. Stephen Temple (UK).

In 1989, the GSM commission leaves the custody of CEPT, becoming part of ETSI. On July 1, 1991, the former Prime Minister of Finland, Harry Holkeri, made the first call to a subscriber (Kaarina Suonio) using the services of the Radio Line provider.

1800 MHz

In parallel with the introduction of 2G, work was underway to use the 1800 MHz region. The first network covered the UK (1993). At the same time, the Australian operator Telecom moved in.

1900 MHz

The frequency 1900 MHz was introduced by the USA (1995). The GSM association was created, the global number of subscribers reached 10 million. A year later, the figure increased tenfold. The use of 1900 MHz prevented the introduction of the European version of UMTS.

800 MHz

The 800 MHz band appeared in 2002, in parallel with the introduction of the multimedia messaging service.

Attention, question!

What frequencies have become the Russian standard? The confusion is added by the lack of knowledge by the authors of the Runet of the standards adopted by the official developers. The direct answer is discussed above (see the section Telephone instructions), we describe the work of the mentioned organizations (section UMTS).

Why are there so many frequencies

Examining the results of 2010, the GSM Association stated: 80% of the world's subscribers are covered by the standard. This means that four fifths of the networks cannot select a single frequency. In addition, there are 20% foreign communication standards. Where does the root of evil come from? The countries of the second half of the twentieth century developed in isolation. The frequencies of 900 MHz of the USSR were occupied by military, civilian air navigation.

GSM: 900 MHz

In parallel with the development by Europe of the first versions of GSM, NPO Astra, Research Institute Radio, Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense started research, which ended with field tests. The delivered verdict:

• Possible joint operation of navigation and the second generation of cellular communication.

1. NMT-450.

Please note: again 2 standards. Each uses its own frequency grid. The announced tender for the distribution of GSM-900 was won by NPO Astra, OJSC MGTS (now MTS), Russian companies, Canadian BCETI.

NMT-450MHz - first generation

So, Moscow used, starting in 1992, the 900 MHz band (see above), because other GSM frequencies were not yet born. In addition, NMT (Nordic cell phones) ... Initially, the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula developed two options:

1. NMT-450.
2. NMT-900 (1986).

Why did the Russian government choose the first answer? Probably decided to try two ranges. Please note that these standards describe analog communication (1G). The developing countries began to cover the shop in December 2000. Iceland (Siminn) was the last to surrender (September 1, 2010). Experts point out an important advantage of the 450 MHz band: range. A significant plus, assessed by remote Iceland. The Russian government wanted to cover the country's area with a minimum of towers.

The fishermen loved the NMT. The vacated grid was taken by digital CDMA 450. In 2015, Scandinavian technologies have mastered 4G. The Russian Uralvestcom vacated the closet on September 1, 2006, Sibirtelecom - January 10, 2008. Subsidiary (Tele 2) Skylink scores a range in the Perm and Arkhangelsk regions. The license expires in 2021.

D-AMPS: UHF (400..890 MHz) - second generation

US 1G networks using the AMPS specification refused to accept GSM. Instead, two alternatives have been developed to organize mobile networks second generation:

1. IS-54 (March 1990, 824-849; 869-894 MHz).
2. IS-136. Differs in a large number of channels.

The standard is now dead, everywhere replaced by descendants of GSM / GPRS, CDMA2000.

Why does a Russian need D-AMPS

The Russian man in the street often uses second-hand equipment. D-AMPS equipment has reached Tele 2 and Beeline warehouses. On November 17, 2007, the latter closed the shop for the Central Region. The license of the Novosibirsk region expired on December 31, 2009. The last swallow flew away on October 1, 2012 (Kaliningrad region). Kyrgyzstan used the range until March 31, 2015.

CDMA2000 - 2G +

Some protocol variants use:

1. Uzbekistan - 450 MHz.
2. Ukraine - 450; 800 MHz.

In the period December 2002 - October 2016 specifications 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (450 MHz) used Skylink. Now the infrastructure has been modernized, LTE has been introduced. On September 13, 2016, world portals spread the news: Tele 2 stops using CDMA. US MTS began the process of introducing LTE a year earlier.

GPRS - second to third generation

The development of the CELLPAC protocol (1991-1993) was a turning point in the development of cellular communications. 22 US patents received. LTE, UMTS are considered the descendants of technology. Packet data transmission is designed to speed up the exchange of information. The project is intended to improve GSM networks (frequencies are listed above). The user is obliged to the service to obtain technologies:

1. Internet access.
2. Deprecated "click to talk".
3. Messenger.

The overlap of two technologies (SMS, GPRS) speeds up the process many times over. The specification supports IP, PPP, X.25 protocols. Packages continue to arrive even during a call.

EDGE

The next step in the evolution of GSM is conceived by AT&T (USA). Compact-EDGE has taken the D-AMPS niche. The frequencies are listed above.

UMTS - Full 3G

The first generation that required upgrading the base station equipment. The frequency grid has changed. The maximum line speed that takes advantage of HSPA + is 42 Mbps. Realistically achievable speeds significantly exceed 9.6 kbps GSM. Starting in 2006, countries started to renew themselves. Using orthogonal frequency multiplexing, the 3GPP set out to achieve the 4G level. The Early Birds were released in 2002. Initially, the developer set the following frequencies:

1. .2025 MHz. An upstream connected branch.
2. .2200 MHz. Downstream connected branch.

Since the USA already used 1900 MHz, it chose the 1710..1755 segments; 2110..2155 MHz. Many countries followed America's example. The 2100 MHz frequency is too busy. Hence the numbers given at the beginning:

• 850/1900 MHz. Moreover, 2 channels are selected using one range. Either 850 or 1900.

Agree, it is incorrect to braid GSM, following a bad common example. The second generation used half-duplex single channel, UMTS - used two at once (5 MHz wide).

Frequency grid UMTS Russia

The first attempt to distribute the spectra took place from February 3 to March 3, 1992. The solution was adapted by the Geneva conference (1997). It was the S5.388 specification that fixed the ranges:

• 1885-2025 MHz.
• 2110-2200 MHz.

The decision required further clarification. The commission identified 32 ultra-channels, 11 constituted an unused reserve. Most of the others received qualifying names, since individual frequencies coincided. Russia rejected European practice, disdaining the United States, adopting 2 channels (bands) UMTS-FDD:

1. No. 8. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The ascending branch is 880..915 MHz, the descending branch is 925..960 MHz.
2. No. 3. 1800 MHz - DCS. The ascending branch is 1710..1785 MHz, the descending branch is 1805..1880 MHz.

Specifications cell phone should be selected according to the information provided. The Wikipedia table revealing the frequency plan of planet Earth is completely useless. Forgot to take into account the Russian specifics. Europe operates the nearby IMT channel # 1. In addition there is a UMTS-TDD grid. The equipment of the two types of overhead networks is incompatible.

LTE - 3G +

Evolutionary continuation of the GSM-GPRS-UMTS bundle. Can serve as a superstructure for CDMA2000 networks. Only a multi-frequency phone is capable of providing LTE technology. Experts directly indicate the place below the fourth generation. Contrary to the claims of marketers. Initially, the ITU-R organization recognized the technology as appropriate, later the position was revised.

LTE is a registered trademark of ETSI. The key idea was the use of signal processors and the introduction of innovative ways of modulating the carrier. IP-addressing of subscribers was deemed appropriate. The interface has lost backward compatibility, frequency spectrum has changed again. The first mesh (2004) was launched by the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo. The exhibition version of the technology overtook Moscow in hot May 2010.

Following the experience of UMTS, the developers implemented two air protocol options:

1. LTE-TDD. Time division of channels. The technology is widely supported by China, South Korea, Finland, Switzerland. Availability of a single frequency channel (1850..3800 MHz). Partially overlaps with WiMAX, upgrade is possible.
2. LTE-FDD. Frequency division of channels (separately downstream, upstream).

The frequency plans of the 2 technologies are different, 90% of the core design is the same. Samsung, Qualcomm produce phones that can handle both protocols. Occupied ranges:

1. North America. 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100, 2300, 2500, 2600 MHz.
2. South America. 2500 MHz.
3. Europe. 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz.
4. Asia. 800, 1800, 2600 MHz.
5. Australia, New Zealand. 1800, 2300 MHz.

Russia

Russian operators have chosen LTE-FDD technology, they use frequencies:

1. 800 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz.
3. 2600 MHz.

LTE-A - 4G

The frequencies remained the same (see LTE). Timeline of launches:

1. On October 9, 2012, Yota acquired 11 base stations.
2. Megafon on February 25, 2014 covered the Garden Ring of the capital.
3. Beeline has been operating at LTE 800, 2600 MHz since August 5, 2014.

As a result of a short search, a list of VHF frequencies was formed, where I do not go with my radio (from the word "in general") and where I do not, but in the case of a power supply unit it is possible and necessary. It is clear that in forbidden bands, almost everyone works in a closed (coded) manner, and many do not work in radiotelephony mode at all, so there is nothing to do there - neither for reception, nor (especially) for transmission. In the list, I left only those bands in which I theoretically can get into with my radio (for your available bands, search for the forbidden yourself). Who sits on which of them specifically, I will not write - just do not climb there, period. These are the Ministry of Internal Affairs and FAPSI. I also do not indicate the discreteness in the frequency bands, because there is no need:

Prohibited frequency ranges:
139.174 - 139.242 MHz
148.000 - 149.000 MHz
149.000 - 149.900 MHz
157.875 MHz
162.7625 - 163.200 MHz
168.500 - 171.150 MHz
169.455 MHz
169.462 MHz
171.150 - 173.000 MHz
173.000 - 174.000 MHz
406.000 - 406.100 MHz

In addition, the strip "Space - Earth" ( 136.000 - 137.000 MHz) and the strip "Earth - Space" ( 406,000 – 406.100 MHz, it is exclusively for satellite distress beacons).

Further - the channels of the marine range:
– 156.325 MHz (it is not actually a channel of the maritime band, but it falls into it; what happens on it there - I HZ);
– 156.300 MHz - Service channel 06 for ship control. It can be used for communication between ships and aircraft during search and rescue operations, so don't go there with your PTT button;
– 156.525 MHz - special channel 70 - it is prohibited to work in radiotelephone mode (used to transmit a digital selective call, the marine analogue of DSC SMS messages);
– 156.800 MHz - Channel 16, the international VHF distress, safety and calling frequency in the maritime mobile service for radiotelephony. She is also for the search and rescue of manned spacecraft. Bounded on both sides by two prohibited guard strips (channel 75 - guard strip 156.762 – 156.7875 MHz and channel 76 - guard band 156.8125 – 156.8375 MHz).

In addition, it should be remembered that some of the channels in the maritime band are not intended for simplex communication, but for duplex ( 1–7, 18–28, 39, 60–66, 78–88 ), and in general: work on transmission in the sea range from the shore to anyone is prohibited. If you go out to sea - at least on anything (an inflatable or a surfboard) - then you can. True, you can still run into it - they will catch it, spread it apart, blow it in and then blow it in again.

Just in case, here are the forbidden frequencies (my walkie-talkie is inaccessible, but still let them lie down here, suddenly who needs it):
243.000 MHz
300.200 MHz
254.000 ; 254.685; 380.000; 393.100 MHz is the RF Ministry of Defense
273.000 – 300.000; 300.000 – 390.000 MHz - bands of FAPSI, government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation. They also include different, narrower subbands with different discreteness steps; there is nothing to meddle in there at all.

145.500 MHz is the common calling frequency for radio amateurs. However, it is possible to transmit there only if you have an official RL callsign and with a registered radio.

It is clear that the list is far from complete (and it cannot be complete). In addition, I can not vouch for its current reliability - for, as one literary character said, "time flows, and we go with it." You need to check, search.

A separate list of emergency frequencies in the 2 m and 70 cm bands for survivalists and PSU anticipators:
145.450 MHz (this is the Emergencies Ministry, yeah)
145.945 MHz (??? hz)
433.450 MHz (16th channel LPD)

Development of standards GSM 900, GSM E900, GSM 1800 contributed to the improvement of communication channels, but did not solve the problem of access to the Internet at the level required by modern people.

These standards belonged to the second generation (2G), in which EDGE and GPRS protocols were used for data transmission, which made it possible to achieve speeds up to 473.6 Kbps - catastrophically low for a modern user.

Today cellular standards one of the most important requirements is the data transfer rate and signal purity. Obviously, this affects the development of the mobile operator market. This is how 3G networks appeared in Russia at one time, which gained massive attention of users. And now it is for this reason that the number of people choosing 4G is increasing.

Feature of the UMTS standard

The main feature that distinguishes the UMTS standard from GSM is that the use of WCDMA, HSPA +, HSDPA protocols enables users to get access to a better mobile Internet. At speeds from 2 to 21 Mbps, you can not only transfer more data, but even make video calls.

UMTS covers more than 120 largest Russian cities. This is the standard in which currently popular mobile operators (MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Skylink) provide 3G Internet service.

It's no secret that high frequencies more efficient for data exchange. However, Russia has its own nuances that make it impossible to use in some regions, for example, UMTS frequency of 2100 MHz.

The reason is simple: frequency UMTS 2100, which is actively used for 3G Internet, quickly sits on obstacles. This means that not only distances to base stations, but also increased vegetation, interfere with the quality signal. In addition, some regions are practically closed for this frequency due to the operation of air defense systems. So, in the south-western part of the Moscow region, several military bases are located, and, accordingly, an unspoken taboo has been introduced on the use of this frequency.

In such a situation, for 3G Internet, UMTS 900... Waves in this frequency range have a higher penetrating power. At the same time, at such a frequency, the data transfer rate rarely reaches 10 Mbps. Nevertheless, if you consider that a few years ago in many cities they could not even think about Internet coverage, this is not so bad.

At the moment, with the popular UMTS900, the Huawei E352 and the more stable version of the E352b, as well as E372, E353, E3131, B970b, B260a, E367, E392, E3276, show excellent results.

LTE: in what bands will the future standard work?

The logical development of UMTS was the development in 2008-2010. LTE is a new standard whose goal is to improve signal processing speed and throughput, and technically to simplify the network architecture and thereby reduce data transfer time. In Russia, the LTE network was officially launched in 2012.

It is LTE technology that determines the development in our country mobile internet new generation - 4G. This means access to online broadcasts, fast transfer of large files and other advantages of the modern Internet.

At the moment, 4G Internet is supported by the LTE 800, LTE 1800, LTE 2600 standards, and the LTE Cat.4, Cat.5, Cat.6 protocols are used. This allows, in theory, to obtain a data transfer rate of up to 100 Mbit / s for uploading and up to 50 Mbps for receiving.

High lTE frequencies become an ideal solution for regions where population density is high enough and where such data transfer rate is very important. These include, for example, large industrial cities. However, if all operators begin to work only in the range LTE 2600 - a problem with the radio signal coverage will immediately arise.

Now residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk, Sochi, Ufa and Samara can take advantage of 4G technology. In Russia, Yota became one of the first operators to develop the fourth generation of mobile standards. Now such large operators as Megafon and MTS have joined them.

Development is considered optimal today LTE 1800: This frequency is more economical and allows new companies offering mobile services to enter the market. It is even cheaper to build networks at 800 MHz. Thus, one can predict what exactly LTE 800 and LTE 1800 will be the most popular among operators and, accordingly, with you and me.

LTE frequencies of various mobile operators

- Megaphone: frequencies LTE 742.5-750 MHz / 783.5-791 MHz, 847-854.5 MHz / 806-813.5 MHz, 2530-2540 MHz / 2650-2660 MHz, 2570-2595 MHz (license for Moscow and the Moscow region );

- MTS: frequencies LTE 720-727.5 MHz / 761-768.5 MHz, 839.5-847 MHz / 798.5-806 MHz, 1710-1785 MHz / 1805-1880 MHz, 2540-2550 MHz / 2660-2670 MHz, 2595 -2620 MHz (license for Moscow and the Moscow region);

- Beeline: frequencies LTE 735-742.5 MHz / 776-783.5 MHz, 854.5-862 MHz / 813.5-821 MHz, 2550-2560 MHz / 2670-2680 MHz.

Rostelecom: LTE frequencies 2560-2570 / 2680-2690 MHz.

Yota: LTE frequencies 2500-2530 / 2630-2650 MHz.

Tele2: frequencies 791-798.5 / 832 - 839.5 MHz.

Signal amplification at different frequencies

When you find yourself in an area of \u200b\u200bpoor signal reception or a long distance away from your operator's base station, you cannot do without an additional antenna.

Directional antennas UMTS 900 signal has an elementary package and can significantly increase the level of communication. At the same time, not only the Internet connection becomes more stable, but also the quality of voice transmission during telephone conversation... You cannot do without a UMTS 2100 antenna if you want to use the Internet while traveling: due to the constant switching from tower to tower, the data transfer rate drops dramatically.

Directional lTE 800 antennas and lTE 1800 antennas - the best option for amplifying the 4G signal at the appropriate frequencies. These standards have higher penetration and signal range.

Nevertheless, the data transfer rate is higher for the LTE 2600, due to which 80% of users in Moscow have already switched to this standard. And purchase lTE 2600 antennas is a prerequisite for those who have chosen 4G LTE 2600 (Megafon, MTS, Beeline, Rostelecom, Yota) to get the maximum speed of the Internet. AmplifierLTE signal will provide guaranteed stable data transmission at high frequencies.

Solutions from GSM-Repeaters.RU

LTE 800