Composition and structure of the information system. Basic elements, the order of functioning of the IS Basic elements of the structure of the information system

introduction

Among the variety of searches for ways to develop the market, means of production, new areas of activity of commercial and intermediary organizations and enterprises, scientific research and practical innovations, united by the concept of logistics, are of considerable interest.

In recent years, new logistics technologies based on informatics have developed rapidly. Information Systems occupy a central position in these technologies. The enterprise is an open system, which is connected by material and information flows with suppliers, consumers, forwarders and transport organizations. At the same time, difficulties arise in overcoming the interface between the information systems of the enterprise and other organizations. At the junctions, the material or information flow to cross the boundaries of the authority and responsibility of individual divisions of the enterprise or across the boundaries of independent organizations. Ensuring smooth overcoming of joints is one of the important tasks of logistics.

Information technology can significantly help meet market demands. A certain increase in efficiency can be achieved with the help of local and computer systems, as well as as a result of the use of integrated information and management systems that “cross” the boundaries between business units.

The purpose of the abstract is to study the concept of an information system and its relationship with the main elements of logical structures. Hence, the following tasks arise: consideration of the concept of IS, the main tasks solved by IS, processes in IS, the place of information systems in professional activities, logistics information systems.

The concept and purpose of the information system.

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a set of heterogeneous, interconnected and interacting elements combined in the interests of achieving the set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in main goals.

System element - a part of the system that has a specific functional purpose. Complex elements of systems, in turn, consisting of simpler interconnected elements, are often called subsystems.

2. System organization - internal orderliness, consistency of the interaction of system elements, manifested, in particular, in limiting the variety of states of elements within the system.

3. System structure - the composition, order and principles of interaction of system elements, which determine the basic properties of the system. If the individual elements of the system are spaced across different levels and the internal connections between the elements are organized only from higher to lower levels and vice versa, then they talk about hierarchical structure systems. Purely hierarchical structures are practically rare, therefore, somewhat expanding this concept, the hierarchical structure is usually understood as such structures, where, among other connections, hierarchical relationships are of paramount importance.

4. System architecture - a set of system properties essential for the user.

5. System integrity - the fundamental irreducibility of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its individual elements (the emergence of properties) and, at the same time, the dependence of the properties of each element on its place and function within the system.

IP - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing and processing and issuing inf. in the interest of achieving the set goal.

Information system - an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes

The history of the development of information systems. The main processes of information systems.

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in the cost and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: invoicing, invoices, payroll preparation and other accounting operations.

In the 60s. computer facilities were further developed: operating systems, disk technology appeared, programming languages \u200b\u200bwere significantly improved. Management reporting systems (MSAs) are emerging, targeting decision-makers.

In the 70s. information systems continue to develop actively. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without examining its descriptions) appeared. These achievements have created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems that provide information on pre-established reporting forms, DSSs provide it as needed.

There are 3 stages of decision making: informational, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is investigated, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. Possible directions of activity (alternatives) are developed and evaluated at the design stage. At the stage of selection, a certain alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide information generation technology, as well as technological support for decision making in general.

In the 70-80s. in offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. These technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, email and others. Integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. IS are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control that supports and accelerates the decision-making process.

1980s characterized by the fact that information technology began to aspire to a new role in the organization: companies have discovered that information systems are strategic weapons. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, provide worthy partners for itself, organize the release of products at a low price and much more.

Processes in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system of any purpose can be conventionally represented as a diagram consisting of blocks:

Entering information from external or internal sources;

Processing input information and submitting it to convenient form;

Output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

Feedback is information processed by the people of a given organization to correct the input information.

The main tasks solved by the inf system. Examples of inf systems.

· Data interpretation ... Interpretation refers to the process of determining the meaning of data, the results of which must be consistent and correct. Typically, multivariate data analysis is provided.

· Diagnostics ... Diagnostics means the process of correlating an object with a certain class of objects and / or detecting a malfunction in a certain system. Malfunction is a deviation from the norm. This interpretation makes it possible from a unified theoretical standpoint to consider the malfunction of equipment in technical systems, and diseases of living organisms, and all kinds of natural anomalies.

· Monitoring ... The main task of monitoring is continuous interpretation of data in real time and signaling that certain parameters are out of permissible limits.

· Design ... Design consists in preparing specifications for the creation of "objects" with predefined properties. The specification means the entire set of necessary documents - a drawing, an explanatory note, etc. The main problems here are obtaining a clear structural description of knowledge about an object and the problem of "footprint".

· Forecasting ... Forecasting allows you to predict the consequences of certain events or phenomena based on the analysis of available data. Predictive systems logically infer probable consequences from given situations.

· Planning ... Planning refers to the finding of action plans related to facilities capable of performing certain functions. In such ES, models of behavior of real objects are used in order to logically deduce the consequences of the planned activity.

· Training ... Learning refers to the use of a computer to teach a discipline or subject. Learning systems diagnose errors in the study of a discipline using a computer and suggest correct decisions.

· Control ... Management is understood as a function of an organized system that supports a certain mode of activity. ES of this kind control the behavior of complex systems in accordance with the given specifications.

· Decision support ... Decision support is a set of procedures that provide the decision-maker with the necessary information and guidance to facilitate the decision-making process. These ES help specialists choose and / or form the desired alternative among a variety of choices when making responsible decisions.

· The main difference between analysis problems and synthesis problems is that if in analysis problems a set of solutions can be listed and included in the system, then in synthesis problems the set of solutions is potentially unlimited and is built from solutions of components or sub-problems. The tasks of the analysis are: data interpretation, diagnostics, decision support; synthesis tasks include design, planning, management. Combined: training, monitoring, forecasting.

The main stages of development of inf systems.

Period of time	Information use concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increased speed of document processing Simplified invoice processing and payroll processing
	Basic help in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
	Management control of implementation (sales)	Decision support systems Systems for senior management	Working out the most rational solution
1980 - 2009	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic Information Systems Automated Offices	Firm survival and prosperity

Stage 1. The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in the cost and time for preparing paper documents.

Stage 2. 60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting in many ways. To do this, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was the case in the past.

Stage 3. In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control that supports and accelerates the decision-making process.

Stage 4. By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become strategic source information and are used at all levels of the organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, provide worthy partners for itself, organize the release of products at a low price and much more.

The place of information systems in professional activities.

Among the personnel related to information systems, there are categories such as end users, programmers, system analysts, database administrators, etc.

A programmer is traditionally called a person who makes programs. A person using the result of work computer programis called the end user. A systems analyst is a person who evaluates the needs of users in the use of a computer, and also designs information systems that meet these needs.

In the field of economic management, two categories of specialists work with information systems: managing end users and data processing specialists. The end user is the one who uses the information system or the information it releases. Data scientists professionally analyze, design and develop the system.

The structure of information systems. The concept of the IS subsystem.

1. By hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

2. By the degree of closure (closed, open, conditionally closed);

3. By the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

Subsystem - it is a set of objects and subsystems that provide some functionality and interact with each other in accordance with their interfaces. A subsystem interface is a subset of the union of the interfaces of all objects and subsystems that make up this subsystem. A subsystem can include one or more interdependent objects and / or subsystems.

Info structure systems. purpose and characteristics of subsystems.

4. By hierarchy levels (supersystem, system, subsystem, system element);

5. By the degree of closure (closed, open, conditionally closed);

6. By the nature of the processes occurring in dynamic systems (deterministic, stochastic and probabilistic);

By the type of links and elements (simple, complex).

Logistic information systems

Logistics information systems are appropriate information networksstarting with daily customer requirements (representing a purely stochastic value), propagating through distribution and production to suppliers. These systems are usually divided into three groups.

1. Information systems for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize the links in the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks.

2. Information systems for making decisions in the medium and short term (the so-called dispositive or dispatch systems). They are aimed at ensuring the smooth operation of logistics systems. We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of intra-plant transport, stocks of finished products, provision of materials and contract supplies, and the launch of orders into production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require on-line processing due to the need to use as much up-to-date data as possible. The dipositive system prepares all the initial data for decision-making and records the current state of the system in the database.

3. Information systems for the execution of everyday affairs (the so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of management, but sometimes also contain some elements of a short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems are the processing speed and recording of the physical state without delay (i.e. the relevance of all data), therefore, in most cases, they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about the management of warehouses and stock accounting, preparation of shipment, operational management of production, management of automated equipment. Process and equipment control requires the integration of commercial information systems and automation control systems.

Building information systems requires systems thinking. The structure of the logistics system of the enterprise, the material flow, providing the logistics, information systems are interconnected and interdependent. In order for logistics information systems to provide the required efficiency of logistics processes, they must be integrated vertically and horizontally.

Vertical integration is the connection between planning, dispositive and executive systems. Horizontal integration is understood as the connection between individual sets of tasks in dispositive and executive systems. Dispositive systems play the main role in the entire architecture of logistics systems, which determine the requirements for the corresponding executive systems.

Computing technology is also used in individual links of the supply chain to manage and control complex technical processes. In the field of economic control, on the contrary, the role of the regulator (the prerogative of decision-making) is reserved for a person, and computer technology provides him with the necessary information. To control and monitor operational logistic processes, it is important to have a dialogue with a computer in on-line mode, which allows minimizing the response time of the regulator. For economic control, periodic batch processing of data is often sufficient.

Due to the miniaturization and cheaper computing technology, it becomes possible to decentralize it, i.e. getting closer to jobs. Decentralization of computers can significantly reduce the amount of data transfer. A number of data on the logistics process can be processed autonomously directly in a given department, for example, in a warehouse. The fundamental idea of \u200b\u200bcreating decentralized databases is the ability to make decisions on the spot with the informational connectivity of all decentralized departments.

The interconnection of computer facilities on the territory of the enterprise or between several closely located parts of the enterprise (for example, in the same city) is realized, as a rule, by a fixed line designed only for this purpose. In mobile vehicles and on-board computers, some part of the communication line route is wireless. Computers and subscriber points are connected in the so-called local area networks (LAN - Lokal Area Networks).

Distant enterprises are connected using a Wide Area Network (WAN), which typically uses a general purpose network operated by mail.

The complexity of software development has become a limiting factor for the use of computers in recent years. Therefore, they usually strive, on the one hand, to rationalize and increase the productivity of programmers, on the other hand, to create packages of applied programs of widespread use, suitable for different (especially personal) computers and relatively easily adaptable to specific user conditions.

According to experts, logistics information systems account for 10-20% of all logistics costs. Worldwide hardware prices are falling rapidly; the ratio of the performance of computers to their price is growing. Several years ago, the ratio of hardware to software cost was about 1: 3; the weight of software in this ratio is growing relentlessly both due to the increase in the scale and complexity of information systems, and due to the reduction in the cost of hardware equipment.

For the construction of logistics information systems based on a computer, the following principles are important:

One should strive for a modular system structure in both hardware and software;

It is necessary to ensure the possibility of phased creation of the system;

It is very important to clearly establish the joints;

It is necessary to provide flexibility in the system in terms of the specific requirements of a particular application;

The leading role is played by the acceptability of the system for the user of the "man-machine" dialogue.

When designing information systems, there is a danger of maintaining traditional processes, while it is necessary to achieve fundamental changes in the organization. It must be borne in mind that computing systems are not a universal remedy for poorly managed surgery. In addition, with the uncontrolled use of new information technologies, it is easy to spill unnecessary information and, as a result, increase the cost of data processing without a noticeable effect for the enterprise. Insufficient efficiency of information systems can also have other reasons: for example, organizational barriers between divisions of the enterprise, low quality (according to the criteria of "fidelity" and "relevance") of data, unpreparedness of divisions of the enterprise for the implementation of the system.

Conclusion

Today, information technology affects not only data processing, but also the way people do work, products, and the nature of competition. Information is becoming a key resource in many organizations, and information processing is becoming a matter of strategic importance.

Most organizations will not be able to compete successfully until they offer their customers the level of service that is only possible with high-tech systems.

A management information system is a system that provides authorized personnel with data or information relevant to an organization. A management information system generally consists of four subsystems: a transaction processing system, a management reporting system, an office information system, and a decision support system, including a manager's information system, an expert system, and artificial intelligence.

Information systems are used by organizations for different purposes. They increase productivity by helping to get the job done better, faster and cheaper, functional efficiency, helping to make the best decisions. Information systems improve the quality of services provided to customers and clients, help create and improve products. They allow you to consolidate customers and alienate competitors, to change the basis of competition by changing such components as price, costs, quality.

Bibliography:

1) Federal law Russian Federation of July 27, 2006 N 149-FZ "On information, information technologies and information protection" // SZ RF. - 2007.

2) Tsvetkova M.S. Models of Continuous Information Education // BINOM. LZ, 326 pages, 2009

3) Gvozdeva T.V., Ballod B.A. Design of information systems // Phoenix, 508 pages, 2009.

4) Gvozdeva V.A., Lavrentyeva I. Yu. Fundamentals of building automated information systems.// Phoenix, 317 pages, 2008

5) Kogalovsky M.R. Encyclopedia of Database Technologies // Internet resource: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system

Definition of an information system (IS). IS tasks and functions

IP - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to collect, store, process and issue information in order to achieve the goal. Computers equipped with specialized software serve as a technical base and a tool for information systems.

In other words under IP is understood as an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes.

IS tasks and functions

With the organizational separation of IS, two groups of tasks are solved:

1. information support task group :

Selection of necessary messages and their processing,

Storage,

· Search and delivery of information to the subject of the main activity. (With a predetermined completeness, accuracy and efficiency in the most acceptable form for data processing systems).

2. a group of tasks related to processing the received information in accordance with one or another algorithms or programs in order to prepare solutions for the problems facing the subject of the main activity (the so-called “ custom ”Tasks).

To solve such problems IP must have the necessary information about subject area (BY) the subject of the main activity, the problems facing him, must be able to use existing models for solving problems by means of data processing or independently build such models, and also have a certain artificial or natural intelligence.

Preliminary definition. Subject area Is a set of objects and relationships between them, limited by the needs of a specific subject of the main activity.

More detail concept « Subject area"discussed in paragraph 5 of this lecture .

To solve the assigned tasks, the IS should perform the following main functions:

· selection of messages from the internal and external environment required for the implementation of the main activity;

· information input at IP;

· storing information in memory, updating it and maintaining integrity ;

· processing, search and delivery of information in accordance with the requirements set by the subject of the main activity. ( Treatment may include and preparation of solutions user applied tasks according to the corresponding algorithms (programs)).

Composition and structure of IS, main elements, operating procedure

IP structure is an interconnected set of its parts, called providing subsystems.

Subsystem - it is a part of the system, distinguished by some attribute.

Main supporting subsystems

· information Support,

· technical support,

· software,

· software,

· organizational support,

· legal support.

Basic elements, the order of functioning of the IS.

The main processes of information transformation are the following processes:

collection of information;

acquisition of information;

search and delivery of information for system subscribers;

maintaining the integrity, relevance and safety of information .

These processes that make it work IP for any purpose, can be conditionally represented in the form of a diagram consisting of blocks:

· Input of information from external or internal sources;

· Processing of input information and its presentation in a convenient form;

· Output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

· Feedback is information processed by the people of a given organization to correct the input information.

Therefore, to implement the functions of the IS indicated above, there are three independent functional subsystems:

1. Organizational and technological subsystem of information collection provides selection and accumulation of data in the information system and includes a set of information sources, organizational and technological chains of selection of information for accumulation in the system. Without a properly organized, promptly and effectively operating organizational and technological subsystem for collecting information, it is impossible to effectively organize the functioning of the entire IP generally.

IP can process (process) only the information that is entered into it. At the same time, the quality of work IP is determined not only by its ability to find and process the necessary information in its own array and issue it to the user, but also by its ability to select relevant information from the external environment.

This selection is carried out by this subsystem, which accumulates data on the information needs of users. IP (internal and external), analyzes and organizes this data, forming information profile IP... The information selection algorithm converts input streams into information array IP.

2. Subsystem of information presentation and processing constitutes the core IP and is a reflection of the presentation by the developers and subscribers of the system of the structure and picture of the subject area, information about which should reflect IP.

The subsystem of information presentation and processing is one of the most complex components in the development IP.

This subsystem transforms input information and requests, organizes their storage and processing in order to meet the information needs of the subscriber IP.

The implementation of the functions of this subsystem assumes the presence of:

· information description apparatus , namely, information retrieval language, coding systems and data description language;

· organizing and maintaining information (logical and physical organization, procedures for maintaining and protecting information, etc.);

· information processing and processing apparatus (algorithms, models, etc.).

All three of these components are determined by two parameters IS: the nature of information processing and functions IP.

3. Normative and functional subsystem for the preparation and issuance of informationdefines users, or otherwise subscribers , systems.

This subsystem directly implements the satisfaction of information needs of both internal and external users IP... To accomplish this task, the subsystem conducts the study and analysis of information needs, determines the forms and methods of their satisfaction, the optimal composition and structure of output information products, organizes the process of information support and maintenance itself.

These functions require:

· apparatus for describing and analyzing information needs and their expressions in language IP;

· direct information support apparatus (procedures for searching and issuing information, data manipulation languages, etc.).

With the same performance of functions by this subsystem in IP of different types, they differ significantly from each other. This is especially noticeable when comparing documentary and factual IPwhich will be discussed in detail later.

(internal carrier of knowledge about the subject area) is database (DB). The concept of a database is central to the field of automated information systems technology.

Definition 1Database is a collection of data organized according to certain rules that provide general principles description, storage and manipulation of data, independent of application programs.

Definition 2. (GOST): Database management system (DBMS) is a set of programs and language tools designed to manage data in a database, maintain a database and ensure its interaction with application programs.

The information core of the subsystem for the presentation and processing of information IS the highest level is database (BND), or automated data bank (ABD) Is a set of the following components :

· DB,

· DBMS,

· applied components IP (a set of input and output forms, typical requests for solving information technology problems in a specific subject area),

· set of technical means on which they are implemented.

IP classification

1. By appointment:

· reference IP,

· information support systems ,

· reference and information systems having an independent purpose.

2. By the number of users and territoriality

· single-user (eg, IPusing as BY attachment Excel ),

· low level multiplayer (eg, IPbuilt on annex Access ),

· multiplayer high level - IP enterprise level ( distributed, very large, extra large ) .

3. On the efficiency of information processing

· real time system,

· system of operational processing of transactions,

· batch processing system .

4. By functional attribute and management levels

· production systems;

· marketing systems;

· financial and accounting systems;

· personnel systems (human resources);

5. By the degree of automation

· manual,

· automatic,

· automated .

6. By the nature of the use of information

· information retrieval systems,

· information-decision systems :

o managers IP,

o advising IP.

7. By scope

· IP organizational management ,

· IP process control (TP),

· IP computer-aided design (CAD),

· Integrated (corporate) IP,

· Computing IP.

8. According to the composition of the processed information, making strict requirements for the apparatus of its description, organization and search

· documentary IP (poorly structured information);

· factual IP (rigidly structured information);

· documentary factual IP.

· geographic information systems.

9. By scale

· worldwide,

· international,

· republican,

· regional,

· industry,

· associations,

· enterprises and departments.

At present, a systematic approach is used in the analysis and synthesis of large systems. The difference between this approach and the classical approach, when a system is synthesized by merging components developed separately, is that a sequential transition from the general to the particular is assumed. The system approach is based on

description of the function of the system as a whole and the synthesis of system elements by correlating the function with a specific element of the system

Information technology specialists deal with systems, processes in which are associated with processing, modification, change of information.

Information system is a purposeful set of related elements, characterized by a certain structure and functioning algorithm, which determines the dependence of the output characteristics of the system on the influence of the external environment and input influences.

Information systems are designed to accumulate information, store it and issue it as needed. These information are descriptions of objects of the real world or abstract objects that arise in various disciplines of science, and represent some true statements or messages. Over time or as a result of errors, they can become "false". Thus, one of the disciplines underlying the theory of information systems is mathematical logic.

Mathematical disciplines suitable for describing collections of objects and their properties are set theory and relational algebra (mathematical theory of relations). Information must be expressed in certain languages. For their processing on a computer, they must be expressed in formal languages \u200b\u200b(in which the meaning of sentences is uniquely determined by their form). To process information on a computer, a program must be compiled, which is a machine form of the algorithm. Finally, the processing of the program must be carried out in an acceptable time with an acceptable expenditure of systems, which is what the theory of complex systems does.

Thus, the theory of information systems is based on mathematical logic, set theory, relational algebra, theory of formal languages, theory of algorithms and theory of complex systems.

One example of information systems is a system with three main components:

– physical component - an information system carrier (technical means for using information systems);

– information component - information fund (way of organizing the system of records):

– functional component - management, updating, information retrieval, finishing processing.

In accordance with the implemented defining procedures, these information systems are classified:

- information systems for technological processes. Source of information: automatic devices (sensors). Receiver of information: devices, executive bodies. These systems operate in real time, that is, an unacceptably large delay in the transmission and processing of information;

- information systems of administrative and organizational type. The source and destination of information are documents. Long-term storage of large amounts of information is allowed.

The classification of information systems can be presented in the form of an administrative hierarchical, seven-level graph (Fig. 1.1).

Under structure information system is understood as the totality and interaction of its individual subsystems. Each subsystem of an information system, in turn, is an information system and is characterized by a multitude of inputs, outputs, a law and a functioning algorithm.

A structure is often a way to describe a system. At the same time, the allocated systems do not necessarily correspond to physically realizable blocks or subsystems. They are selected based on the convenience of explaining the principle of the system and its features.

If further indivisible devices that form the initial elementary base are used as a subsystem, then the system will be uniquely specified using its structure. If, when describing the structure, subsystems are selected that are larger formations in comparison with the basic ones (i.e., indivisible further), then there is no one-to-one correspondence between the structure of the IS and the system itself (in the sense of its technical implementation), since one and the same algorithm and, moreover, the law of functioning of such subsystems can be realized by different combinations of basic elements.

A structural description of an information system means an image of the system in the form of a structural diagram, i.e. a set of some blocks, which have inputs, outputs and connections between blocks. In this case, the law of functioning of the blocks and their input and output functions are set in a generalized form.

The difficulty of describing and choosing the structure of the IS lies in the fact that a lot of additional (service) information is created and used in the system to carry out certain operations with information.

The advantage of a particular structure of the IS depends significantly on the location of the inputs and outputs of the system.

The structure, as a method of describing a system, depends on the position from which this description is derived, and may therefore turn out to be different for the same system.

One and the same system can have a hierarchical structure in terms of information transmission and processing, and centralized in terms of generating control actions.

Example. Consider a system for collecting information from several sensors to a central point. Let the number of inputs, the location of the sensors in space and the number of outputs be given. It is known that x i (t) is represented as continuous random functions of time, y i (t) - in the form of a sequence of numbers represented by digital indicators.

Match rule between x i (t) and y i (t), i.e. the system functioning law: y i (t) \u003d x i (t) + Dx i,

where D x i - admissible for i-th input error. Let for each pair x i and y i the conversion algorithm is selected, consisting in signal transmission x (t) to the center and converting it to a digital formula.

The system structure options are possible: 1. Structure with independent communication lines and functions independent for each of the transformation inputs x (t) into a digital formula.

S - adder

TO - distribution key

3. Address system for collecting information with a common communication channel (trunk).

Sh - encoder

LH - decoder

Here, the transfer of information from the i-th sensor is carried out on request from the central point by transmitting a special address signal. To receive this signal, a decoder is located at the location of each information source. There are also ADC and SH, which allow transmitting the discrete value of the function through the communication line x i (t) at the time of her questioning.

2.3 The structure of information systems - IS

IP structure is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems.

A subsystem is a part of a system that is distinguished according to some attribute.

If the general structure of the IS is considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope, then in this case the subsystems are called providing.

Information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished among the main subsystems of IP.

The structure of information systems as a set

supporting subsystems

Figure 2.3

2.3.1 Information support. Classifiers. Classification methods

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the timely formation and delivery of reliable information for making managerial decisions.

Information support is a combination unified system classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, schemes information flowscirculating in the organization, as well as the methodology for building databases.

1. Systems of classification and coding of information

Classifier is a systematized collection, a list of any objects, allowing each of them to find their place, and have a specific (usually numerical) designation. The classification system allows you to group objects to distinguish certain classes, which will be characterized by a number of common properties.

Object classification is a qualitative grouping procedure aimed at identifying homogeneous properties. With regard to information as an object of classification, the selected classes are called information objects.

In any country, state, industry, and regional classifiers have been developed and applied. For example, classified are: industries, equipment, professions, units of measure, cost items, etc.

Classifier - a systematized collection of names and codes of classification groups.

Purpose of the classifier:

- systematization of the names of the encoded objects;

- unambiguous interpretation of the same objects in different tasks;

- the ability to generalize information on a given set of features;

- the ability to compare the same indicators contained in the forms of statistical reporting;

- the ability to search and exchange information between various intra-company departments and external information systems;

- saving computer memory when placing encoded information.

Three methods of object classification have been developed, which differ in different strategies for the use of classification features.

Object classification methods:

- Hierarchical classification method

Given the rather rigid procedure for constructing the classification structure, it is necessary to determine its purpose before starting work, i.e. what properties the objects being merged into classes should have. These properties are taken hereinafter as signs of classification.

In a hierarchical classification system, each object at any level must be assigned to one class, which is characterized by a specific value of the selected classification attribute. For subsequent grouping in each new class, you must set your own classification characteristics and their values. Thus, the choice of classification features will depend on the semantic content of the class for which grouping at the next level of the hierarchy is required.

The number of classification levels corresponding to the number of features selected as the division base characterizes depth of classification.

Hierarchical classification system

Figure 2.3.1 (1)

Advantages of the hierarchical classification system:

- ease of construction;

- the use of independent classification features in various branches of the hierarchical structure.

Disadvantages of the hierarchical classification system:

- a rigid structure, which leads to the complexity of making changes, since it is necessary to redistribute all classification groupings;

- the impossibility of grouping objects according to previously not foreseen combinations of features.

- Faceted classification method

In contrast to the hierarchical one, it allows the selection of classification signs independently of both each other and the semantic content of the object being classified. The classification signs are called facets (facet is a frame). Each facet contains a set of homogeneous values \u200b\u200bof a given classification feature. Moreover, the values \u200b\u200bin the facet can be arranged in any order, although their ordering is preferable.

The scheme for constructing a faceted classification system is presented in the form of a table.

		Facets
		F 1	F 2	F 3	…	F i	…	F n
Facet values	1
	2
	3
	…
	k
	…

Faceted classification system

Figure 2.3.1 (2)

The names of the columns correspond to the selected classification features (facets), designated Ф 1, Ф 2, Ф 3, ..., Ф i, ..., Ф n... Each cell in the table stores a specific facet value. The classification procedure is to assign each object the corresponding values \u200b\u200bfrom the facets. However, not all facets can be used. When constructing a faceted classification system, it is necessary that the values \u200b\u200bused in different facets are not repeated. A faceted system can be easily modified by making changes to the values \u200b\u200bof any facet.

Advantages of the facet classification system:

- the ability to create a large classification capacity, i.e. use of a large number of classification signs and their values \u200b\u200bto create groupings;

- the ability to easily modify the entire classification system without changing the structure of existing groupings.

The disadvantage of the faceted classification system is the complexity of its construction, since it is necessary to take into account the whole variety of classification features.

- Descriptor classification method

To organize information retrieval, to maintain thesauri (dictionaries), a descriptor (descriptive) classification system is effectively used, the language of which is close to the natural language of description of information objects. It is especially widely used in the library search system. The essence of the descriptor classification method is as follows:

- the population is selected keywords or phrases describing a certain subject area or a set of homogeneous objects;

- selected keywords and phrases are exposed normalization, i.e. from the set of synonyms, one or several of the most used are selected;

- is created descriptor dictionary, i.e. a dictionary of keywords and phrases selected as a result of the normalization procedure.

Links are established between descriptors that allow you to expand the scope of information retrieval.

- Coding system

It is used to replace the name of an object with a symbol (code) in order to ensure convenient and more efficient information processing.

Coding system - a set of rules for the code designation of objects. The code is built on the basis of an alphabet consisting of letters, numbers and other symbols. The code is characterized by: length - the number of positions in the code, and structure - the arrangement in the code of the characters used to designate the classification feature.

2. Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure the comparability of indicators of various spheres of social production. Standards have been developed where the requirements are established:

- to unified documentation systems;

- to unified forms of documents of various levels of management;

- to the composition and structure of details and indicators;

- to the procedure for the implementation, maintenance and registration of unified forms of documents.

However, despite the existence of a unified documentation system, a survey of most organizations constantly reveals a whole range of typical shortcomings:

- extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;

- the same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;

- working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;

- there are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Therefore, the elimination of these shortcomings is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

3. Schemes of information flows reflect the routes of information movement and its volumes, the places of origin of the primary information and the use of the resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

Example:

The simplest data flow diagram is a diagram that reflects all the stages of the passage of a memo or an entry in the database on the hiring of an employee - from the moment of its creation to the release of an order for his admission to work.

The construction of information flow diagrams, allowing to identify the amount of information and conduct its detailed analysis, provides:

- elimination of duplicate and unused information;

- classification and rational presentation of information.

At the same time, the issues of the interconnection of the movement of information along the levels of management should be considered in detail. It should be identified which indicators are necessary for making management decisions and which are not. Each performer should receive only the information that is used.

4. Methodology for constructing databases - DB based on the theoretical foundations of their design. The main ideas of the concept of the methodology are implemented in practice in the form of two successively implemented stages in practice:

- 1st stage - examination of all functional divisions of the enterprise in order to:

- understand the specifics and structure of its activities;

- build a diagram of information flows;

- analyze the existing document management system;

- to define information objects and the corresponding composition of attributes (parameters, characteristics) that describe their properties and purpose.

- 2nd stage - construction of a conceptual information-logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at the 1st stage. In this model, all connections between objects and their attributes must be established and optimized. The information-logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

To create information support, you must:

- a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

- identifying the movement of information from the stage of origin and to its use at various levels of management, presented for analysis in the form of information flow schemes;

- improvement of the document management system;

- availability and use of a classification and coding system;

- possession of the methodology for creating conceptual information-logical models that reflect the interconnection of information;

- creation of arrays of information on computer media, which requires modern technical support.

2.3.2 IS hardware

The technical support of information systems is a complex of technical means that ensure the operation of the IS, the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

The complex of technical means includes:

- computers of any model;

- devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

- data transmission devices and communication lines;

- office equipment and devices for automatic information retrieval;

- operating materials, etc.

Documentation formalizes the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, technological equipment.

Documentation can be roughly divided into three groups:

- system-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

- specialized, containing a set of methods for all stages of development of technical support;

- normative reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

2.3.3 Mathematical and software IC

Mathematical and software is a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the IS, as well as the normal functioning of the complex of technical means.

The means of mathematical support include:

- tools for modeling management processes;

- typical management tasks;

- methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Software tools - software include:

- System-wide software - These are software complexes aimed at users and designed to solve typical tasks of information processing. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process;

- Special software - is a set of programs developed when creating a specific IS. It includes software packages that implement the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object;

- Technical documentation for the development of software should contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the task, test examples.

2.3.4 IS organizational support

Organizational support is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of employees with technical means and among themselves in the process of developing and operating an IS.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

- analysis of the existing management system of the organization, where the IS will be used, and identification of tasks to be automated;

- preparation of tasks for solving on a computer, including terms of reference for the design of IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;

- development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at improving the efficiency of the management system.

Organizational support is created based on the results of a pre-project survey at the first stage of building a database.

2.3.5 IP Legal Support

Legal support is a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and functioning of IP, governing the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.

The legal framework includes laws, decrees, decisions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other normative documents of ministries, departments, organizations, local authorities. In the legal framework, one can distinguish a general part that regulates the functioning of any IP, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific IP.

Legal support of the stages of IP development includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer and the legal regulation of deviations from the contract.

Legal support of the stages of IP functioning includes:

- iP status;

- rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;

- legal provisions of certain types of management process;

- the procedure for creating and using information, etc.

The structure of an information system is made up of a set of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Subsystemis part systems, allocated on any basis.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope. In this case, they talk about structural feature classification, and the subsystems are called providing. Thus, the structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems (Fig. 3).

Figure: 3. IS structure as a set of supporting subsystems

Information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished among the supporting subsystems.

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the modern formation and issuance of reliable information for making management decisions.

Information Support- a set of a unified system of classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, schemes of information flows circulating in an organization, as well as a methodology for building databases.

Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure the comparability of indicators of various spheres of social production. Standards have been developed where the requirements are established:

· To unified documentation systems;

· To unified forms of documents of various levels of management;

· To the composition and structure of details and indicators;

· To the procedure for the implementation, maintenance and registration of unified forms of documents.

However, despite the existence of a unified documentation system, a survey of most organizations constantly reveals a whole range of typical shortcomings:

· Extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;

· The same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;

· Work with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;

There are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Therefore, the elimination of these shortcomings is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

Information flow diagrams reflect the routes of information movement and its volumes, the places of origin of the primary information and the use of the resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

Example... As an example of the simplest data flow diagram, one can cite a diagram that reflects all the stages of passing a memo or an entry in the database of an employee's employment - from the moment of its creation to the issuance of an order for his enrollment.

The construction of information flow diagrams, allowing to identify the amount of information and conduct its detailed analysis, provides:

elimination of duplicate and unused information;

classification and rational presentation of information.

Database building methodology based on the theoretical foundations of their design. To understand the concept of the methodology, we present its main ideas in the form of two successively implemented stages in practice:

1st stage - examination of all functional divisions of the company in order to:

• understand the specifics and structure of its activities;

• build a diagram of information flows:

• analyze the existing document management system;

• to define information objects and the corresponding composition of attributes (parameters, characteristics) that describe their properties and purpose.

2nd stage - construction of a conceptual information-logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at the 1st stage. In this model, all connections between objects and their attributes must be established and optimized. The information-logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

To create information support, you must:

• a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

• identifying the movement of information from the moment of its origin to its use at various levels of management, presented for analysis in the form of information flow schemes,

• improvement of the document management system;

• availability and use of a classification and coding system;

• possession of the methodology for creating conceptual information-logical models that reflect the interconnection of information;

• creation of arrays of information on computer media, which requires modern technical support.

Technical support- a set of technical means intended for the operation of the information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

The complex of technical means consists of:

• computers of any model;

• devices for collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

• data transmission devices and communication lines;

• office equipment and devices for automatic information retrieval;

• operating materials, etc.

Documentation formalizes the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, technological equipment. Documentation can be roughly divided into three groups:

• system-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;
• specialized, containing a set of methods for all stages of development of technical support;
• normative reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

To date, there are two main forms of organization of technical support (forms of using technical means): centralized and partially or completely decentralized.

Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computing centers in the information system.

Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on personal computers directly at workplaces.

A promising approach should be considered, apparently, a partially decentralized approach - the organization of technical support on the basis of distributed networks consisting of personal computers and a mainframe for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.

Mathematical and software - a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as the normal functioning of the complex of technical means.

To funds software relate:

tools for modeling management processes;

typical management tasks;

methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Part software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.

TO system-wide softwareincludes complexes of programs aimed at users and designed to solve typical problems of information processing. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process.

Special software is a set of programs developed when creating a specific information system. It includes application software packages (APPs) that implement the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.

Technical documentation for the development of software should contain a description of the tasks, an assignment for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the problem, test examples.

Organizational support - a set of methods and tools that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and among themselves in the development and operation of the information system.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

• analysis of the existing management system of the organization, where the IS will be used, and identification of tasks to be automated;
• preparation of tasks for solving on a computer, including the terms of reference for the design of IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;
• development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at improving the efficiency of the management system.

Organizational support is created based on the results of a pre-project survey at the 1st stage of building databases, the goals of which you got acquainted with when considering information support.

Legal support - a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and functioning of information systems, regulating the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.

The legal framework includes laws, decrees, decisions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other normative documents of ministries, departments, organizations, local authorities. In legal support, one can distinguish a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.

The legal support for the stages of development of an information system includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer and the legal regulation of deviations from the contract.

Legal support of the stages of the information system functioning includes:

• information system status;
• rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;
• legal provisions of certain types of management process;
• the procedure for creating and using information, etc.

7. Automated Information System (AIS).
AIS classification

An automated information system (AIS) is a complex that includes computer and communication equipment, software, linguistic tools, information resources, as well as system personnel that provide support for dynamic information model some part of the real world to meet the information needs of users and to make decisions.

AIS structure:

1. Information technology (IT) is an infrastructure that ensures the implementation of information processes for the collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search and dissemination of information. IT is designed to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using information resources, increase their reliability and efficiency.

2. Functional subsystems and applications - specialized programs designed to provide processing and analysis of information for the purpose of preparing documents, making decisions in a specific functional area based on IT.

3. IS management - a component that ensures the optimal interaction of IT, functional subsystems and related specialists, their development during the IS life cycle.

Each AIS is focused on one or another subject area. The subject area is understood as the area of \u200b\u200bproblems, knowledge, human activity, which has a certain specificity and the range of objects appearing in it. Moreover, each automated system is focused on performing certain functions in its corresponding field of application.

It is rather difficult to classify information systems due to their diversity and constant development of structures and functions. The following are used as signs of classification: scope, area covered, organization of information processes, direction of activity, structure, etc.

On a territorial basis, AIS are classified into international, national, geoinformation, regions, republics, districts, cities, regions, etc.

According to the scope of application, AIS is distinguished in the economy, in industry, in trade, in transport, in the legal sphere, in medicine, in educational institutions, etc.

Within one area, AIS can be classified by type of activity. So, for example, all legal information systems can be conditionally divided into AIS used in lawmaking, law enforcement practice, law enforcement, legal education and upbringing. Of course, this kind of classification is rather arbitrary, since the same AIS can be used in various types of legal activities.

It is possible to classify legal information systems from the point of view of legal education, within the framework of which they have developed and the tasks of which they solve in the process of their functioning, - automated systems of the prosecution, justice, courts, etc.

One of the main approaches to the classification of automated systems of legal information (ASPI) is associated with the types of processed social and legal information.

When classifying automated systems of legal information, it is possible to distinguish ASPI based on a system of regulatory legal acts (for example, information retrieval according to legislation). For these systems, the problems of systematization of information are related to the issues of classification and systematization of regulatory legal acts.

On the other hand, it is possible to single out systems that accumulate and process various socio-legal information of a non-normative nature: criminological, forensic, forensic, operational-search, scientific legal, etc.

From the point of view of the development of automated systems in the field of law, classifications are distinguished into documented and other legal information.

Documented information (document) - information recorded on a material medium with details that allow it to be identified. These details are the main grounds for the classification of processed information.

Factographic information is a description of the selected characteristics, properties of objects, information about which is collected, systematized and processed in this information system. For each characteristic, the form of its representation in the system (text, graphic, sound, etc.) must be precisely defined. The type of information stored and processed by the automated system largely determines its software and hardware solution.

All documented legal information can be official or unofficial. Official legal information includes information and data about law or legislation in the broadest sense of the word, that is, about all existing and already terminated regulatory acts. In automated systems based on official legal information, an important role is played by its classification according to sources of law: laws of the Russian Federation, regulations of the government of the country and the governments of the republics, ministries and departments of the country and republics and local government and government bodies, public organizations, etc. ...

As unofficial legal information underlying the functioning of the ASPI, all information and data on law and related phenomena, which are reflected in the legal scientific literature, which is not official (legal monographs, textbooks, articles, reviews, reports, reference books, etc. materials), and information contained in materials received from enterprises, institutions, public organizations, citizens and other sources.

It should be noted that the information received as a result of the operation of the automated system storing and processing official legal information will not be official. The exception is the system "Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation", developed by the Center for New Computer Technologies of the Scientific and Technical Center of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation (FAPSI). According to the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of April 5, 1994 N 662 * (53) and of August 9, 1994 N 1664 the texts of legal acts in machine-readable form in this system are official.

Of great importance from the point of view of the creation and functioning of AIS is the classification of information according to the degree of access to open and limited access... The use of this kind of information in automated systems requires the organization of technical and software protection her from unauthorized access.

There are classifications of ASPs according to the type of technical ones used (on what class of computers they function), software (under the control of which operating system they work, with what software they are created), linguistic means, as well as logical and mathematical methods that underlie the information processing process. In addition, automated legal information systems can be classified according to the requirement for the level of training of users (for specialists, for a wide range of users).

The experience of the practical application of AIS has shown that the most accurate classification corresponding to the very purpose of the AIS should be considered the classification according to the degree of complexity of the technical, computational, analytical and logical processing of the information used. With this approach to classification, AIS and related information technology can be most closely linked. Accordingly, the following types of AIS can be distinguished:

· Automated data processing systems (ASOD);

· Automated information retrieval systems (AIPS);

· Automated information and reference systems (AISS);

· Automated information and logic systems (AILS);

· Automated workstations (AWP);

· Automated control systems (ACS);

· Automated information support systems (ASIO);

· Expert systems (ES) and decision support systems.

Let's stop for more detailed description listed in the classification of AIS types.

1. Automated data processing systems (ADS) are designed to solve well-structured problems for which there are input data, algorithms and standard processing procedures are known. ASOD is used to automate repetitive routine operations of managerial labor of low-skilled personnel. As independent information systems, ASOD is currently practically not used, but at the same time they are mandatory elements of most complex information systems, such as AISS, AWP, ACS. In particular, ATS ASOD is used for statistical processing of information according to specified reporting forms.

2. Under the automated information retrieval system (AIPS) in the field of law, we mean an automated information legal system designed to collect, organize, store and search for legal information at the request of users.

The most famous systems related to this type are: ISS "Standard Bank of Legal Information", created by the State Legal Department of the President of the Russian Federation; database on legislation "Etalon", developed by the scientific center of legal information; the system of the Center for New Computer Technologies of the Scientific and Technical Center of FAPSI "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation"; legal information system ARM-lawyer of the "Intralex" agency; reference legal system "Garant", developed by the research and production association "Garant-Service" (Moscow State University); information legal system "Code", created in the "Center for Computer Development" (St. Petersburg); reference and legal systems of the "ConsultantPlus" family, created by "ConsultantPlus" CJSC, etc.

AIPS are used to accumulate and continuously correct large amounts of information about persons, facts and objects of interest. These systems operate primarily on the "request - response" principle, therefore, information processing in them is mainly associated not with the transformation of primary data, but with their search. The fundamental feature of the AIPS is the concept of "information retrieval". Information search is the process of finding in a set of those information that is devoted to the topic (subject) indicated in the information request, information about which the user needs.

Automated information retrieval systems are usually subdivided into documentary and factual ones. This division is based on the difference in the search objects. In documentary - the objects of search are documents, their copies or bibliographic description. In factual ones, the sought-for objects can be records characterizing specific facts or phenomena.

3. The automated information and reference system (AISS) in the field of law is an automated system of legal information designed to store documented and factual information and issue information on narrow thematic sections. A characteristic feature of these systems is the requirement for the absence of information "noise" in the results of data processing. The absence of "noise" is a consequence of a very detailed preliminary processing of the information arrays entered into the system. Obviously, such processing should be carried out by specialists in the area within which the information and reference system functions, and manual processing of information significantly limits the subject area of \u200b\u200bthe system.

An example is the automated information and reference system for recording and monitoring the execution of documents in the field of prosecutor's supervision (AISS "Kartoteka"). In AISS "Kartoteka", the object of automation is the processing of complaints from citizens received by the prosecutor's office expedition and sent to the letter department for investigation. The generated database contains all information on persons, departments, events contained in complaints, as well as on the results of the resolution of complaints, etc. At the request of the prosecutors of the department of letters and structural divisions, the system issues information on specific complaints, violations of the terms for resolving complaints and considering documents, analytical summaries of a different nature.

A large number of automated information and reference systems have been created and are functioning in the law enforcement and judicial spheres: "Murder", "Investigator", "Racket", "Robbery", "Theft of weapons from storage facilities", "Investigation" - to organize the investigation of certain types of crimes; "Safe" - on information support for the investigation of thefts from safes; "Motto-M" - to investigate counterfeit banknotes; "Prescription" - to investigate counterfeit prescriptions for drugs; "Dossier" - for the automated registration of especially dangerous criminals (repeat offenders, guest performers, organizers of criminal groups, authorities of the criminal environment, etc.); "Papillon" - for checking fingerprints and fingerprints; "Crime-I" - on the registration of offenses and crimes committed by foreign citizens and citizens of Russia abroad; "Autosearch" - for the registration and organization of the search for stolen and ownerless vehicles; "Antiques" - for keeping records of stolen cultural values; "Punishment" - about those serving a sentence; "Dagger" - for the examination of edged weapons, etc.

It has recently become difficult to draw a clear distinction between information retrieval and information reference systems. This is due to the fact that developers are using more and more advanced information retrieval technologies, which can significantly reduce the amount of "information noise" in the results of the information system. On the other hand, modern complex information retrieval systems also implement the functions of information retrieval systems for precise processing and retrieval of reference information.

The use of information retrieval and reference systems of legal information in various fields of activity has its own characteristics and, accordingly, determines specific tasks and requirements that allow us to speak of them not only as a search tool.

There are four main areas of application for these systems:

· Systematization and research of problems of legislation;

· Lawmaking;

· Law enforcement practice;

· Legal education.

To successfully solve the problems of systematization of legislation, a preliminary classification of legal material is required. In this case, the subject classification of normative acts plays a special role. This work is carried out on the basis of special thematic classifiers (for example, a general legal classifier of branches of legislation).

It should be noted the indisputable advantage of automated information retrieval systems when analyzing the links between various regulatory legal acts. This work, painstaking enough if done manually, becomes simple and fast due to the presence of hypertext links between documents in many modern systems.

Automated information retrieval systems provide ample opportunities for systematization of legal material: incorporation, codification and consolidation. Chronological and subject incorporation is greatly simplified using automated information retrieval systems with special chronological and subject classifiers.

The work on making official changes to the text of regulatory legal acts is facilitated.

In legislative activity, the use of automated information retrieval systems is also of great importance. These systems play the role of an indispensable assistant for taking into account the previous legislation at the stage of developing new regulations. The need to link all newly created normative acts with those already in force, to prevent repetitions of the same norms in various legal acts, to recognize certain normative acts as invalid is a very laborious work. Manual selection of the necessary legal documents can not only take a long time, but also lead to the fact that many regulations will remain outside the field of vision of specialists. Machine search significantly increases the efficiency of preparation of new regulations and lists of regulations that have become invalid.

The greatest use of automated information retrieval systems is found in law enforcement.

Obtaining the necessary regulatory legal documents from the media is time consuming. This task becomes even more difficult when it comes to various departmental regulations, which are not always published in periodicals. With the use of information retrieval systems, the task of quickly selecting the necessary documents is greatly simplified. Moreover, among people working with legal information, the number of specialists who do not have a special legal education has greatly increased recently. Faced with the need to resolve a specific legal issue, many of them do not know which specific regulatory legal acts regulate this issue. Such problems often arise before lawyers who are not specialists in the legal field in question. These difficulties can be avoided by taking advantage of the various search capabilities provided by modern automated legal information systems. The classification systems (chronological, thematic, according to the requisites of documents, etc.) of such computer bases allow solving many problems at a good level. The successful experience of using the above-mentioned systems is widely known, including: ConsultantPlus, Garant, Kodeks, ARM-Jurist.

4. Automated information-logical systems are designed to solve on the basis of systematized legal information of various types of simplest logical problems. As a result of the operation of systems of this class, not only the search for legal information necessary for solving problems occurs (as in information retrieval), but also with the help of certain logical procedures the synthesis of new information that is not explicitly contained in the selected legal information. Let us give a more precise definition of such systems.

Informational-logical systems of legal information are automated informational legal systems, designed on the basis of a specially systematized array of legal information stored in them, using special logical procedures to solve the problems of analyzing legal information.

As an example of a system in which certain logical algorithms are implemented, we can cite the functional subsystem "Trace", developed within the framework of the automated information support system for the prosecutor's office (ASIO-Prosecutor's Office). With the help of this system, transport prosecutors receive methodological descriptions and recommendations for the investigation of crimes committed in transport. According to the description of the investigative situation, the system offers appropriate investigative methods.

5. Expert systems are artificial intelligence systems. These systems are able to accumulate, process knowledge from a certain subject area, on their basis, derive new knowledge and solve practical problems on the basis of this knowledge, explaining the course of the solution. With the help of expert systems, problems are solved that are not formalized, poorly structured, the algorithms for solving which do not exist due to incompleteness, uncertainty, inaccuracy, vagueness of the situations under consideration and knowledge about them.

From the point of view of systematization of legislation in expert systems, a system of information and data contained in the rules of law should be implemented, as opposed to the systematization of regulatory legal acts in information retrieval systems.

Currently, a large number of legal expert systems have already been created to solve specific legal problems and are successfully functioning. When solving a certain class of problems, these systems can replace a legal expert. Drawing on the knowledge of experts, stored in their information databank, they explain, argue and draw conclusions.

The functioning of the expert system is associated with the solution of three main problems:

· Problems of knowledge transfer from human experts to a computer system;

· Problems of knowledge representation, that is, reconstruction of an array of knowledge in a certain legal area and its representation as a structure of knowledge in computer memory;

· Problems of using knowledge.

The need for a deep and detailed formalization of the decision-making process for modeling it in a computer system leads to the fact that so far expert systems of this kind are created by programmers and legal experts to solve specific issues in fairly limited legal areas, that is, they are highly specialized. The users of such systems are practicing lawyers who face legal problems outside their area of \u200b\u200bcompetence, and especially users who are not lawyers.

In the domestic legislative and law enforcement practice in the last decade, about a dozen legal expert systems have been created. For example, ES "BLOK" is intended for employees of units to combat economic crime and helps to establish possible ways committing thefts during construction work. The system allows:

· Formulate the problem at the stage of inputting initial data;

· To identify possible ways of committing thefts;

· Make a list of signs corresponding to one or another method of committing theft, which is used to plan measures to solve a crime.

In the future, expert systems can be effectively used in the practice of systematizing legislation to solve the following problems:

· Identification and elimination by expert interpretation of conflicting legal prescriptions in acts of different legal force;

· Identifying and filling legal gaps using the analogy of law, analogy of the law;

· Doctrinal (unofficial) interpretation of rules, concepts, principles that are not clearly formulated in legal acts.

The listed types of information systems can be constituent parts of more complex information formations.

Automated workplaces (AWS) - an individual complex of hardware and software, designed to automate the professional work of a specialist. The workstation includes, as a rule, a personal computer, a printer, a plotter, a scanner and other devices, as well as application programsdesigned to solve specific problems from professional activities. The concept of AWP is not fully established. So, sometimes AWP is understood only as workplaceequipped with all the hardware required to perform certain functions. You can also find the concept of AWP as a conventional name for a software package designed to automate the workflow.

Since AWPs differ from AISS and AIRS in developed functional capabilities, the latter can be part of AWPs as subsystems.

Usually, there are three ways to build an automated workplace, depending on the execution structure - individual use, group use and network. It should only be noted that the network method of construction seems to be the most promising, since it allows you to receive information from remote data banks, up to the federal and international level, as well as exchange information of interest between structural divisions, without resorting to other means of communication.

An example of the AWS used in the activities of the internal affairs bodies is the AWS "GROVD", which was created with the aim of improving the information support of the operational-search and management activities of city and regional bodies of internal affairs. AWP is designed as a set of interconnected subsystems, each of which can function autonomously. The system allows for statistical processing of information.

Automated control systems (ACS) - a set of software and hardware designed to automate the management of various objects. The main function of the ACS is to provide information management. The automated control system provides automated collection and transmission of information about the controlled object, information processing and the issuance of controlled actions on the controlled object.

An example of a modern ATC ACS is the "Duty Unit" ACS (ACS DC), which is designed to automate the control of forces and assets of ATC units and services in the process of promptly responding to crimes and offenses. ACS performs the following main functions:

· Automated collection and analysis of information about the operational situation in the city, issuance of decisions and target designations to ATS units, crews of patrol vehicles, control over their execution in real time;

· Automated collection, processing, storage, documentation and display of information on the disposition of forces and means, on the position and number of patrol vehicles, facts of crimes and offenses against the background of electronic maps on means of individual and collective use in the DC and ATS units;

· Automated collection of information about persons who committed offenses, about stolen things, stolen vehicles, other operational-search and reference information through communication channels from ATS units and services, as well as issuing information at the request of ATS units from regional and city-wide data banks;

· Automatic registration of the activities of the internal affairs bodies, preparation of analytical and statistical reports, retrospective analysis of processes and events.

An automated information support system is a system that ensures the fullest possible satisfaction of the information and legal needs of various legal entities based on the effective organization and use of information resources. An example of the development and application of such a system is the ASIO-Prosecutor's Office.

There is a wide variety of AIS, which differ in their focus on the management level, the scope of the economic object, on a particular nature of the management process, the type of information resources supported, architecture, methods of access to the system, etc.

8. Information technology: concept, classification

Information technology (IT) Is a set of methods for processing disparate initial data into reliable and operational information for making decisions using hardware and software in order to achieve the optimal parameters of the control object.

The purpose of information technology - the production of information for its analysis by a person and making a decision on its basis to perform an action.

In the conditions of market relations, the ever-increasing demand for information and information services has led to the fact that information processing technology began to focus on the use of the widest range of technical means, primarily computers and communication means. Based on them, computer systems and networks of various configurations in order not only to accumulate, store, and process information, but also to bring terminal devices as close as possible to the workplace of a specialist or decision-maker. This was the achievement of many years of IT development.

The development of market relations has led to the emergence of new types of entrepreneurial activity and, above all, to the creation of companies engaged in information business, the development of information technologies, their improvement, the spread of IT components, in particular software products that automate information and computing processes.

Information technology can serve various subject areas: accounting, personnel management, production management, etc.

IT classification by the type of information being processed is shown in Fig.

Figure: Classification of computer information technologies depending on the type of information processed

The IT components also include computer equipment, communications facilities, office equipment and specific types of services - information, technical and consulting services, training, etc.

Conclusion

The activities of individuals, groups, teams and organizations now increasingly depend on their awareness and ability to effectively use the information available. Before taking any action, it is necessary to carry out a lot of work on the collection and processing of information, its comprehension and analysis. Finding rational solutions in any area requires processing large amounts of information, which is sometimes impossible without the involvement of special technical means.

Consequently, it is necessary to prepare a person for the rapid perception and processing of large amounts of information, for mastering modern means, methods and technology of work. In addition, new working conditions create dependence of one person's awareness on information acquired by other people. Therefore, it is no longer enough to be able to independently master and accumulate information, but it is necessary to learn this technology of working with information, when decisions are prepared and made on the basis of collective knowledge. This suggests that a person must have a certain level of culture in handling information.