Thus, to describe, for example, a table with two rows, each of which contains two cells, you will have to create the following construction:

Table cells can contain text, images, nested tables, etc. Do not leave table cells blank; if a cell should appear blank, put a non-breaking space in it.

Text placed in table cells is automatically placed by the browser by default; the text is displayed word by word; when the right cell border is reached, the next word is wrapped on a new line.

Table cells can span multiple rows or columns and are described using the ROWSPAN attributes (the cell tagged with this attribute is "stretched" the specified number of rows) and COLSPAN (the cell "stretched" over several columns). Here is an example of organizing a table with merged cells:

< TR >

< TD ROWSPAN=2> 1-1 TD\u003e

Tags describing tables have whole line optional attributes.

The tag attributes define the parameters of the table as a whole:

Tag attributes are parameters this series (if there is a conflict, the attributes specified in the tag are canceled).Alignment of cell contents; possible values \u200b\u200bare left, right and center

BACKGROUND \u003d url

The background image for the cells of the given row of the table

BGCOLOR \u003d Colour

The background color for the cells of this row

BORDER \u003d value

The thickness of the border that surrounds the cells of this row; BORDER \u003d 0 indicates an invisible border

VALIGN \u003d value

Vertical alignment of cell contents; possible values \u200b\u200bare top, center and bottom

The attributes of the tag set the parameters of this cell (if there is a conflict, the attributes specified in the tags and are canceled).

When working with tables, keep in mind that the specified value for the WIDTH attribute is in many cases only "taken into account" by the browser. The specified proportions are rarely kept exactly, the browser tries to display the table as best as possible (in its understanding).

Ticker

Using a scrolling line on a web page makes it more dynamic, allows you to create the effect of object movement. A creeping line is created using the tag< MARQUEE> … MARQUEE>.

Between< MARQUEE\u003e and MARQUEE\u003e text fragments and pictures can be located. The text can be formatted with the appropriate tags, and the picture is inserted using.

Horizontal line

The horizontal line is set by the tag R\u003e and does not require an end tag. By default, a line is drawn across the entire width of the page and looks something like this:

Specifies the length of the line in pixels or as a percentage of the width of the browser window

SIZE= value

Specifies the width of the line in pixels

ALIGN= value

Determines the alignment of the horizontal line. The parameter can take the following values:

left - left-aligned,

right - on the right edge,

center - centered (used by default)

NOSHADE

Specifies how the line is drawn as solid. The parameter is a flag and does not require a value to be specified. Without this parameter, the line is displayed in volume

COLOR \u003d colour

Specifies the color of the line (valid only inInternetExplorer)

Html stands for HyperText Markup Language ( hypertext markup language):

• language means that it can be read by both humans and computers;
• markup means that the code you write is tagged with keywords;
• hypertext means it uses HTTP as part of the Internet.

Like any language, HTML comes with a set rules... These rules are relatively simple and boil down to determining bordersto know where something starts and where it ends.

Below is an example of a paragraph in HTML:

If Tetris taught me anything, it is that mistakes accumulate and achievements disappear.

What you see in angle brackets< и > called tags HTML. They determine where something starts and where it ends.

Each of the tags carries a certain meaning... In our case<р> denotes paragraph text.

As a rule, they come in pairs:

• opening tag<р> defines the beginning of a paragraph;
• end tag
  defines its end.

The only difference between start and end tags is the slash /, which precedes the tag name.

When you combine the opening, closing tags, and everything in between, you get hTML element... The entire string is an HTML element that uses hTML tags <р> and

If you view this example in your browser, you will notice that hTML tags are not displayed in the browser... They are only read by the browser to know what type content you wrote.

Where to write HTML

You've probably come across simple text files, those with the extension .txt. For such a text file to become HTML document (instead of text) you need to use the .html extension.

Open up text editor, copy and paste the following content:

This is my first web page!

Save this file as my-first-webpage.html, just open it with your browser and you will see:

This is my first web page!

• use a text editor like Notepad ++ to creation HTML documents;
• use a browser like Firefox to discoveries HTML documents.

Attributes

Attributes act like additional information bound to the HTML element. They are written inside an HTML tag. Thus, they are also not displayed in the browser.

For example, the href attribute is used to define the purpose of a link (which is created by the tag ):

Download Firefox

There are 16 HTML attributes that can be used on any HTML element. All of them are optional.

You will mainly be using class (which is used for CSS) and title (the tooltip that appears when you hover over an object like this).

Some hTML elements contain obligatory attributes. For example, when inserting an image, you must specify its location using the src attribute:

Whereas the purpose of the element is is to display the image, then it makes sense to make the path to the image compulsory.

Comments

If you write something in your code without breaking the display of the page by the browser, then you can write comments... They will be ignored by the browser and can only be used by people who write code.

Comment starts with .

Hello World!

Self-closing elements

Some HTML elements only have an opening tag:

Since they do not have an end tag and therefore cannot contain anything inside, self-closing elements usually carry multiple attributes with them that provide additional information.

Html stands for HyperText Markup Language ( hypertext markup language):

• language means that it can be read by both humans and computers;
• markup means that the code you write is tagged with keywords;
• hypertext means it uses HTTP as part of the Internet.

Like any language, HTML comes with a set rules... These rules are relatively simple and boil down to determining bordersto know where something starts and where it ends.

Below is an example of a paragraph in HTML:

What you see in angle brackets< и > called tags HTML. They determine where something starts and where it ends.

I have already created an HTML reference entry that contains a complete list of all tags and their meanings. Link to this entry –

Each of the tags carries a certain meaning... In our case<р> denotes paragraph text.

As a rule, they come in pairs:

• opening tag<р> defines the beginning of a paragraph;
• end tag
  defines its end.

The only difference between start and end tags is the slash /, which precedes the tag name.

When you combine the opening, closing tags, and everything in between, you get hTML element.

If you view this example in your browser, you will notice that hTML tags are not displayed in the browser... They are only read by the browser to know what type content you wrote.

Tag groups

All tags are divided into 2 types, inline and block.

Blocky elements like:

• paragraphs<р> ;
• lists: unordered (with bullet)
  or ordered lists (with numbers)
  ;
  1. headings: from the first level

     to the sixth level

     ;

  2. articles
     ;
  3. sections
     ;
  4. long quotes

     .

  Lowercase elements like:

  • links ;
  • highlighted words ;
  • important words ;
  • short quotes ;
  • abbreviations .

  Blocky elements are for structuring the main parts of your page, by dividing content into logically related blocks.

  Lowercase elements are intended to delimit a part of the text and give it specific function or meaning. Inline elements usually contain one or more words.

  Attributes

  Tags can also contain attributes - special commands that extend the action of the tag. For some tags, they are required to work correctly. For example, in order for the link to lead to the specified address, you need to add an additional attribute. The link will look like this:

  Attributes are placed inside the opening tag in this format: <тег атрибут1=”значение” атрибут2=”значение”> .

  Quotes can be any - single or double, it is permissible not to put them at all if the attribute value consists of one word (but this is not desirable).

  Where to write HTML

  You've probably come across simple text files, those with the extension .txt. For such a text file to become HTML document (instead of text) you need to use the .html extension.

  Basically, to work with HTML, you can even use the usual text Documentwhich is standard on every computer. For this you need to create new document, write the code into it and save it in the .html format.

  To work with HTML files it was convenient, you can use a special editor that is designed to work with this type of file. One of such editors is Sublime Text 3, I already wrote about it from my previous posts. Here is the link to the entry -

  What to write in the file

  In order to visually view your site in a browser, you need to write the following code in the site file.

  This is the basic template used to write web pages with using HTML... Let's take a closer look at it.

  • - this is the code that tells the browser what we are using latest version HTML - HTML5
  • - inside this tag are all tags that are responsible for the functionality of the site. Here we connect third party files, include scripts, specify encodings and much more
  • body - inside this tag there are tags that will be displayed and the work of which we can see visually.

  Let's try to visually view the work of the code, display the text:

  This is my first site!

  How could you replace each of these tags with a closing tag that we talked about earlier. The entire structure of the HTML code resembles a "matryoshka". One tag is nested inside another.

  This system has a special hierarchy. In this system, tags are divided into sibling, parent, and ancestor tags. Everything is relative here, each tag will have its own ancestors, parents and brothers.

  Parent name the tag within which the tag in question is located.

  Ancestors are called, tags that are located inside the tag in question.

  Fraternal names tags that are at the same level as the tag in question.

  This relationship is easy to understand from this example:

  <article> <h1\u003e Famous football quotes</ h1> <p\u003e Sir<strong\u003e Alex Ferguson</ strong\u003e once said about Filippo Inzaghi:<q\u003e This guy should have been born offside</ q> . </ p> <p\u003e When criticized by John Carew,<strong\u003e Zlatan Ibrahimovic</ strong\u003e answered:<q\u003e What Carew does with a ball, I can do with an orange.</ q> </ p> <p> <strong\u003e George Best</ strong\u003e said:<q\u003e I spent a lot of money on booze, girls and fast cars. I just squandered the rest</ q\u003e, - when asked about his lifestyle.</ p> </ article>

  In this structure:

  • is an ancestor for any other element;
  • is an parent for

    and three<р> ;

  • and three<р> are fraternal for each other;

  • each<р> is an parent for and that they contain;
  • each

    ,

    , and - it's all descendants

    .

  The family tree analogy also applies when traversing multiple layers of attachments in HTML:

  • descendant element X is any element inside X;
  • child - it's simple straight descendant;
  • ancestor element Y is any element;
  • parent - this is only the first straight ancestor.

  Here's what we learned from this tutorial

  1. We learned that HTML contains tags that store information and display it on site pages. Each of the tags carries a certain meaning.
  2. That for working with HTML files with the .html resolution are used. In order to work with HTML, you need to create a new document, write the code into it and save it in the .html format.
  3. The fact that HTML has a special hierarchy. Tags are divided into sibling, parent, and ancestor tags. Everything is relative here, each tag will have its own ancestors, parents and brothers.

  We start learning the language. HTML text is "plain text". All hypertext features of the document are set using tags - special marks included in this text.

  Let's have the text:

  Let's rewrite this text in a different way by inserting instructions on how to display the text. We mark the instructions with angle brackets.

  In HTML, hints are called tags. The browser follows the instructions-tags, that is, without showing them, it changes the text. Therefore, we will see the following on the screen:

  “Mom washed the frame, and the cat played with the ball. The boy took the ball from the cat. "

  Tag is a command in angle brackets. The tag name is the first thing written after the opening angle bracket, without any spaces before it! There are single tags and container tags. Single tags - some command to the browser, executed in the place where, for example, the command "draw a line" is indicated:

  Container tags consist of an opening tag and a closing tag, and their indication refers to all the text between them, they say: "nested in the container". The closing tag has the same name as the opening tag, but the name is preceded by a slash: "/":

  Mom washed the frame.

  .

  The tag can have attributes. The attribute complements and clarifies the tag. The order of the attributes is not important. For example, an HR tag has a WIDTH attribute for line width, SIZE for line width, ALIGN for position (alignment), and COLOR for color. Attribute values \u200b\u200bconcretize a given characteristic. The syntax rule is as follows: after a tag name, at least one space can follow, then, separated by spaces, triplets can follow: attribute, symbol "\u003d", value. It is recommended to enclose the value in quotation marks, although hTML standard allows values \u200b\u200bconsisting only of Latin letters and numbers not to be enclosed in quotation marks.

  ---

  The screen will look like this.

  _____________________________________

  The standard allows not to write the end tag, if it is implied. For example, the tag

  Has a closing one, but you don't have to write it before opening the next paragraph. Tag

  Indicates a paragraph.

  Mom washed the frame.

  My daughter was playing with a ball.

  Some attributes have no values, more precisely, they have a single meaning, and therefore it is enough to simply indicate or not indicate this attribute in the tag. For example, the FRAME tag has a NORESIZE attribute to indicate that the user is not allowed to resize this frame.

  Tags (elements) in HTML can be nested in a similar way to loops or conditional operators in programming languages. Crossing tags without nesting are prohibited.

  An example of an erroneous entry:

  block example

  with a nested paragraph

  An example of a correct entry:

  block example

  With a nested paragraph

  In addition to tags and plain text so-called character objects or Escape sequences can be encountered in HTML-code: named and numbered entities. They are needed to represent characters in the document that are prohibited syntactically or physically, as well as characters that cannot be entered from the keyboard. For instance,

  The case of the tag names and attribute names and values \u200b\u200bis not important. Although it is recommended to follow some style, for example, write the names of all tags in capital letters, either small or small, but with the first capital letter. Such text is easier for humans to perceive.

  A very important note! The purpose of the browser is to show the client your page. The usual reaction of the browser to an error is to try to correct the error, and if it fails, then skip words or tags that it does not understand. This is both good and bad. Since, on the one hand, as a result, the browser will try to show the user as much text as possible, but, on the other hand, a part with tags and scripts may get into this text or the text itself may not get there, if the browser perceives it, for example, as a comment. This browser behavior is very annoying for the site developer. Be prepared for the fact that at first the browser will diligently correct your mistakes, but after a while it will get confused and the previously working fragments will stop working for you. Therefore, a tip: don't make mistakes, but rather use modern editors that are aware of html rules and point out errors to you.

  Type

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