Internet communication and the world wide web. The Internet. World information web. Basic services and resources of the Internet. History of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web (abbreviated World wide web or WWW) is a unity of information resources that are interconnected by means of telecommunications and are based on a hypertext representation of data scattered throughout the world.

The year of birth of the World Wide Web is 1989. It was in this year that Tim Berners-Lee proposed a general hypertext project, which later became known as the World Wide Web.

The creator of the "web" Tim Bernes-Lee, working in the laboratory of particle physics of the European Center for Nuclear Research "CERN" in Geneva (Switzerland), together with partner Robert Caillaux worked on the problems of applying the ideas of hypertext to build an information environment that would simplify the exchange of information between physicists ...

The result of this work was a document that considered concepts that are of fundamental importance to the "web" in its modern form, and proposed URIs, the HTTR protocol, and the HTML language. The modern Internet cannot be imagined without these technologies.

Berners-Lee created the world's first web server and the world's first hypertext web browser. On the world's first website, he described what the World Wide Web is and how to set up a web server, how to use a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory.

Since 1994, the most important tasks for the development of the World Wide Web have been taken over by the World Wide Web Consortium ( World Wide Web Consortium, WZS), which was organized and is still headed by Kim Bernes-Lee. The consortium develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. WLC Mission: "To fully unleash the potential of the World Wide Web by creating protocols and principles that guarantee the long-term development of the Web." WZS develops "Recommendations" to achieve compatibility between software products and hardware of different companies, which makes Worldwide network more perfect, versatile and convenient.

Search engines: composition, functions, principles of work.

Search system is a software and hardware complex designed to search the Internet and responding to a user's request, specified in the form of a text phrase (search query), issuing a list of links to information sources, in order of relevance (according to the request). Major international search engines: "Google", Yahoo, "MSN"... On the Russian Internet it is - Yandex, Rambler, "Aport".

Let's describe main characteristics of search engines :

Completeness

Completeness is one of the main characteristics of a search engine, which is the ratio of the number of documents found upon request to the total number of documents on the Internet that satisfy this request. For example, if there are 100 pages on the Internet containing the phrase “how to choose a car”, and only 60 of them were found for the corresponding query, then the search completeness will be 0.6. Obviously, the more complete the search, the less likely it is that the user will not find the document he needs, provided that it exists on the Internet at all.

Accuracy

Accuracy is another main characteristic of a search engine, which is determined by the degree to which the found documents match the user's request. For example, if the query “how to choose a car” contains 100 documents, 50 of them contain the phrase “how to choose a car”, and the rest simply contain these words (“how to choose the right radio tape recorder and install it in a car”), then the search accuracy is considered equal to 50/100 (\u003d 0.5). The more accurate the search, the faster the user will find the documents he needs, the less various kinds of "garbage" among them will be found, the less often the documents found will not match the request.

Relevance

Relevance is an equally important component of search, which is characterized by the time that passes from the moment documents are published on the Internet until they are entered into the index base of the search engine. For example, the next day after the appearance of interesting news, a large number of users turned to search engines with relevant queries. Objectively, less than a day has passed since the publication of news information on this topic, but the main documents have already been indexed and are available for searching, thanks to the existence of the so-called "quick base" in large search engines, which is updated several times a day.

Search speed

Search speed is closely related to its resistance to stress. For example, according to the data of Rambler Internet Holding LLC, today, during business hours, the Rambler search engine receives about 60 queries per second. Such workload requires a reduction in the processing time of an individual request. Here, the interests of the user and the search engine coincide: the visitor wants to get results as quickly as possible, and the search engine must process the query as quickly as possible so as not to slow down the calculation of the following queries.

Visibility

The visibility of the results is an important component of a user-friendly search. For most queries, the search engine finds hundreds or even thousands of documents. Due to the lack of clarity in the compilation of queries or inaccurate search, even the first pages of the search results do not always contain only the necessary information. This means that the user often has to do their own search within the found list. Various elements of the search engine results page help you navigate the search results. Detailed explanations on the search results page, for example, from Yandex, you can see the link http://help.yandex.ru/search/?id\u003d481937.

A brief history of the development of search engines

In the initial period of the development of the Internet, the number of its users was small, and the volume available information relatively small. For the most part, only research workers had access to the Internet. At this time, the task of finding information on the Internet was not as urgent as it is now.

One of the first ways to organize access to information resources network was the creation of open catalogs of sites, links to resources in which were grouped according to topics. The first such project was the site Yahoo.com, which opened in the spring of 1994. After the number of sites in the Yahoo directory has increased significantly, the ability to search for the desired information in the directory has been added. In a full sense, it was not yet a search engine, since the search area was limited only to the resources present in the directory, and not to all Internet resources.

Link directories were widely used in the past, but have almost completely lost their popularity today. Since even modern catalogs, huge in their volume, contain information only about an insignificant part of the Internet. The largest directory of the DMOZ network (also called the Open Directory Project) contains information on 5 million resources, while the Google search engine database consists of more than 8 billion documents.

The first full-fledged search engine was the WebCrawler project, published in 1994.

In 1995, the search engines Lycos and AltaVista appeared. The last for many years was a leader in the field of information search on the Internet.

In 1997, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created the Google search engine as part of a research project at Stanford University. Google is currently the most popular search engine in the world!

In September 1997, the Yandex search engine was officially announced, which is the most popular in the Russian-speaking Internet.

Currently, there are three main international search engines - Google, Yahoo and MSN, which have their own databases and search algorithms. Most other search engines (of which there are a large number) use the results of the three listed in one form or another. For example, AOL search (search.aol.com) uses a Google base, while AltaVista, Lycos, and AllTheWeb use a Yahoo base.

The composition and principles of the search engine

In Russia, the main search engine is Yandex, then - Rambler.ru, Google.ru, Aport.ru, Mail.ru. Moreover, at the moment, Mail.ru uses the mechanism and the search base of "Yandex".

Almost all major search engines have their own structure that is different from others. However, it is possible to single out the main components common to all search engines. Differences in the structure can only be in the form of the implementation of mechanisms for the interaction of these components.

Indexing module

The indexing module consists of three auxiliary programs (robots):

Spider (spider) - a program designed to download web pages. The spider downloads the page and extracts all internal links from that page. The html-code of each page is downloaded. Robots use HTTP protocols to download pages. The "spider" works as follows. The robot sends the “get / path / document” request and some other HTTP request commands to the server. In response, the robot receives a text stream containing service information and the document itself.

Page url

the date the page was downloaded

server response http header

page body (html-code)

Crawler ("traveling" spider) - a program that automatically goes through all the links found on the page. Highlights all links present on the page. Its task is to determine where the spider should go next, based on links or based on a predefined list of addresses. Crawler, following the links found, searches for new documents that are still unknown to the search engine.

Indexer (robot indexer) is a program that analyzes web pages downloaded by spiders. The indexer parses the page into its component parts and analyzes them using its own lexical and morphological algorithms. Various page elements are analyzed, such as text, headings, links, structural and style features, special service html tags, etc.

Thus, the indexing module makes it possible to crawl a given set of resources by links, download the pages encountered, extract links to new pages from the received documents and perform a complete analysis of these documents.

Database

A database, or a search engine index, is a data storage system, an information array that stores specially converted parameters of all documents downloaded and processed by the indexing module.

Search Server

The search server is an essential element of the entire system, since the quality and speed of search directly depends on the algorithms that underlie its functioning.

The search engine works as follows:

The request received from the user is subjected to morphological analysis. The information environment of each document contained in the database is generated (which will subsequently be displayed as a snippet, that is, corresponding to the request text information on the search results page).

The received data is passed as input parameters to a special ranging module. The processing of data for all documents takes place, as a result of which, for each document, its own rating is calculated, which characterizes the relevance of the query entered by the user and the various components of this document stored in the search engine index.

Depending on the user's choice, this rating can be adjusted by additional conditions (for example, the so-called "advanced search").

Next, a snippet is generated, that is, for each found document, the title, a short annotation that best matches the request and a link to the document itself are extracted from the document table, and the found words are highlighted.

The resulting search results are transmitted to the user in the form of SERP (Search Engine Result Page) - search results page.

As you can see, all these components are closely related to each other and work in interaction, forming a clear, rather complex mechanism for the search engine operation, which requires huge resources.

No search engine covers all Internet resources.

Each search engine collects information about Internet resources using its unique methods, and forms its own periodically updated database. Access to this database is provided to the user.

Search engines implement two ways to find a resource:

Search by thematic catalogs - informationpresented as a hierarchical structure. On upper level - general categories (“Internet”, “Business”, “Art”, “Education”, etc.), at the next level the categories are divided into sections, etc. The lowest level is links to specific web pages or other information resources.

Keyword search (index search or detailed) - the user submits to the search engine requestconsisting of keywords. System returnsto the user a list of resources found by request.

Most search engines combine both search methods.

Search engines can be local, global, regional, and specialized.

In the Russian part of the Internet (Runet) the most popular search engines are Rambler (www.rambler.ru), Yandex (www.yandex.ru), Aport (www.aport.ru), Google (www.google.ru).

Most search enginesimplemented as portals.

Portal (from the English.portal - main entrance, gate) is a website that integrates various Internet services: search tools, mail, news, dictionaries, etc.

Portals can be specialized (like,www. museum. ru) and general (for example,www. km. ru).

Keyword search

The set of keywords that are being searched for is also called a search criterion or search topic.

A query can consist of either one word or a combination of words combined by operators - symbols by which the system determines what action it needs to perform. For example: the query "Moscow Peter" contains the AND operator (this is how the space is perceived), which indicates that one should search for documents in which both words are present - Moscow and Peter.

In order for a search to be relevant (from English relevant, relevant), there are a few general rules to keep in mind:

Regardless of the form in which the word is used in the query, the search takes into account all its word forms according to the rules of the Russian language. For example, the query “ticket” will also find the words “ticket”, “ticket”, etc.

Use capital letters only in proper names so as not to look at unnecessary references. At the request of “blacksmiths”, for example, documents will be found that speak of both blacksmiths and Kuznetsovs.

It is advisable to narrow your search by using a few keywords.

If the required address is not among the first twenty found addresses, you should change the request.

Each search engine uses its own query language. To get acquainted with it, use the built-in help of the search engine

Large sites may have built-in search engines within their web pages.

Queries in such search engines, as a rule, are built according to the same rules as in global search engines, but familiarity with the help here will not be superfluous.

Advanced Search

Search engines can provide the user with a mechanism that allows them to form a complex query. Following a link Advanced Searchmakes it possible to edit search parameters, specify additional parameters and choose the most convenient form of displaying search results. Below are the parameters that can be set in the advanced search in the Applex and Rambler systems.

Parameter description	Name in Yandex	Name inRambler
Where to look for keywords (document title, body text, etc.)	Dictionary filter	Text Search ...
What words should or should not be present in the document and how accurate should the match be	Dictionary filter	Search for query words ... Exclude documents containing the following words ...
How far apart should keywords be?	Dictionary filter	Distance between query words ...
Document date limitation		Document date ...
Limit your search to one or more sites	Site / Top	Search documents only on the following sites ...
Limit search by document language		Document language ...
Search for documents containing a picture with a specific name or signature	Picture
Finding Pages Containing Objects	Special objects
Search results presentation form	Issue format	Displaying search results

Some search engines (for example, Yandex) allow you to enter queries in natural language. You write what you need to find (for example: booking a train ticket from Moscow to St. Petersburg). The system analyzes the request and gives the result. If it does not suit you, switch to the query language.

from. 1

School of Informatics and Computer Science
"Abstract"
On the topic: World Wide Web.

Work performed by student 190 (1)

Grigorieva Anastasia

The work is checked by the teacher Isaeva I.A.

Tallinn 2010

Introduction 3

The structure and principles of the World Wide Web 4

History of the World Wide Web 5

Traveling on the world wide web 7

Link Hypertext Pages 8

Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web 9

Figure 1.1

The structure and principles of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is formed by millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to the network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard disk and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are able to dynamically allocate resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or their parts) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform URL resource locators are used to locate resources on the network. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the DNS domain name system. Domain Name System) - the domain name (or directly the IP address in a numeric notation) is included in the URL to designate the computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the required web server.

To view the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked to the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Web is precisely hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language is traditionally used. HyperText Markup Language), hypertext markup language. Work on hypertext markup is called typesetting, a markup master is called a webmaster or a webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed into a file, such an HTML file is the most widespread resource on the World Wide Web. After the HTML file is available to the web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A collection of web pages forms a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web to easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on a local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology. (2 link)

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Kayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI / URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) a software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs (eng. « Inquire» , loosely translated as "Investigator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's internal network, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To carry out the project, Tim Berners-Lee (with his collaborators) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which the modern Internet cannot be imagined. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee improved the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, officially the year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first httpd web server and the world's first hypertext web browser called WorldWideWeb. This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (abbreviated from the English. What You See Is What You Get - what you see is what you get), its development was started in October 1990, and completed in December of the same year. The program worked in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991. (2)

World's first website

P
berners-Lee launched the world's first website at http://info.cern.ch/ and is now archived. This site appeared online on the Internet on August 6, 1991. This site described what the World Wide Web is, how to set up a web server, how to use a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because later Tim Berners-Lee posted and maintained there a list of links to other sites.

and the first photograph on the World Wide Web featured a parody filk group Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the band leader after the CERN Hardronic Festival. (2)

Traveling on the world wide web

The easiest journey through

The World Wide Web begins by typing an email address into a string

Location and after pressing Enter, the system takes you to

virtual world. Technologically, in this case, the browser establishes a connection with

page levels - that is, one main, from it - links to several

intermediate or second-level pages, and from them - to the next pages

level. Linear organization assumes the presence of pages of the same level,

several other pages. And the spider web is a multitude

Figure 8.1

Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web

Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the Semantic Web and the Social Web.

• 
  The Semantic Web is about improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
• 
  The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information on the Web, done by the Web users themselves. In the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other feed formats, OPML, XHTML microformats) Partially semantic sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users to consciously navigate the information space, however, very soft requirements to subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sites. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.

FROM there is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web. (2)

Figure 9.1

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed both passively (that is, the user can only read it), and actively - then the user can add information and edit it. The methods of active display of information on the World Wide Web include:

• 
  guest books,
• 
  forums,
• 
  chats,
• 
  blogs,
• 
  wiki projects,
• 
  social networks,
• 
  content management systems. (2)

Figure 10.1

Conclusion

Due to the benefits from the use of hypertext, the World Wide Web has created a previously unknown information space and comfort for users. Nowadays, almost all large and medium-sized, and most small companies, universities, government agencies, public associations and ordinary citizens around the world have their own web pages, where they post information about their activities, provide hundreds of services with their help. The development of the WWW has already led to the emergence of a new profession of web-master, whose task is to create web pages using a huge number of graphic, video and audio effects.

Thus, the World Wide Web or WWW is by far the brightest, most convenient and popular part of the Internet. Today, through WWW "pages" we can read e-mail, access file archives, work with newsgroups and receive a lot of new information. To do this, we need to enter only the desired site address in the search bar and press Enter.

Bibliography

1. 
   V.P. Leontiev Computer encyclopedia of schoolchildren, OLMA-PRESS Education, 2005

1. 
   http://www.wikipedia.org

1. 
   http://www.cssblok.ru/istori/index2.html

from. 1

The Internet was originally a computer network for transmitting information, developed at the initiative of the US Department of Defense. The reason was given by the first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The US military decided that in this case, they needed an ultra-reliable communications system. ARPANET was not a secret for long and soon became actively used by various branches of science.

The first successful remote communication session took place in 1969 from Los Angeles to Stanford. In 1971, the instantly popular program was developed to send email over the network. The first foreign organizations to connect to the network were in the UK and Norway. With the introduction of the transatlantic telephone cable to these countries, ARPANET has become an international network.

ARPANET was arguably the most advanced communication system, but not the only one. And only by 1983, when the American network was filled with the first newsgroups, bulletin boards and switched to using the TCP / IP protocol, which made it possible to integrate into other computer networks, ARPANET became the Internet. Literally a year later, this title began to gradually move to NSFNet - an interuniversity network that had a large bandwidth and gained 10 thousand connected computers in a year. In 1988, the first Internet chat appeared, and in 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed the concept of the world wide web.

World wide web

In 1990, ARPANET finally lost out to NSFNet. It is worth noting that both of them were developed by the same scientific organizations, only the first was commissioned by the US defense services, and the second was on its own initiative. however, this competitive pair led to the scientific developments and discoveries that made the world wide web a reality, which in 1991 became generally available. Proponent Berners Lee over the next two years developed the HTTP (hypertext) protocol, HTML, and URL identifiers that are more familiar to ordinary users as Internet addresses, sites, and pages.

The World Wide Web is a system that provides access to files on a server computer connected to the Internet. This is partly why today the concepts of the web and the Internet are often substituted for each other. In fact, the Internet is a communication technology, a kind of information space, and the World Wide Web fills it. This spider web consists of many millions of web servers - computers and their systems that are responsible for the operation of websites and pages. For access to web resources (download, view) with ordinary computer the browser is used. Web, WWW are synonyms for the World Wide Web. WWW users number in the billions.

The rapid development of the Internet, which has been taking place over the past 15 years, is primarily due to the emergence of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a loose translation of the English phrase "World Wide Web", often referred to as WWW or Web.

World Wide Web Technology. The World Wide Web uses hypertext technology, in which documents are linked using hyperlinks.

As link pointers Web pages can use text fragments that are highlighted with color and underlining, and graphic imagesthat are highlighted with a frame. Activation of the link pointer on the original Web page (for example, by clicking the mouse) leads to a transition to the desired Web page (Figure 6.10).

The World Wide Web are hundreds of millions of Web servers on the Internet containing hundreds of billions of Web pages that use hypertext technology.

The web page can be multimedia, that is, it can contain various multimedia objects: graphics, animation, sound and video.

The web page can be interactive, that is, contain forms with fields that are used when registering users of free e-mail, when shopping in online stores, etc.

Thematically related Web pages are usually in the form Web site, that is, an integral system of documents linked together into a single whole by means of links.

Web page address. Currently, the Internet's Web servers host a vast number of Web pages. You can find a Web page on the Internet using a Web page address.

Web page address includes a method for accessing the document and the name of the Internet server that hosts the document.

The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used as a method of accessing Web pages. When recording a protocol, its name is followed by a colon and two slashes: http: //

As an example, let's write down the address of the title page of the Computer Science and Information Technology Web site. The page is located on the server iit.metodist.ru, therefore, the address takes the form:

http://iit.metodist.ru

Browsers. Browsing Web pages is carried out using special viewers - browsers. Currently, the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Opera.

The browser window (Fig. 6.11) contains the standard elements of the application window:
- window menu containing sets of commands File, Edit, View, Favorites, Service and reference;
- toolbar, the buttons of which allow you to switch from one Web page to another (buttons Forward, Back, Home), as well as manage the process of their loading (buttons Stop, Refresh);
- text field Address:, into which the Internet address of the desired Web page is entered from the keyboard or selected from the list;
- the work area in which web pages are viewed.

Figure: 6.11. Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Opera browsers

Virtual travel on the World Wide Web. If the computer is connected to the Internet, then you can launch one of the browsers and go on a virtual trip on the World Wide Web. The browser will automatically load the initial Web page (the address of the Web page from which the journey begins can be changed using the browser settings).

When a Web page is opened in a browser on a user's computer, it travels a long way from a remote Internet server through communication channels through several intermediate Internet servers. The speed of loading a Web page depends not on the distance to the Web server, but on the number of intermediate servers and the quality of the communication lines through which information is transmitted from server to server. There might be a situation where a Web page loads much faster from a server on a different continent than from a server on a nearby street.

To go to another web page in the text box Address: you must enter its Internet address. Many Web pages contain hyperlinks to other Web pages, so further travel on the World Wide Web can be continued by activating one of them.

In the process of reading a book (textbook, reference book, encyclopedia), it is often required to return to the material read. For faster search of the desired page, so-called "bookmarks" are often inserted into the book. In the process of surfing the World Wide Web, it is advisable to save Internet addresses of interesting Web pages as "bookmarks" in the browser. To visit such a page, it will be enough to activate one of the "bookmarks".

test questions

1. What function do hyperlinks perform in the technology of the World Wide Web?

2. What are the parts of a web page address?

6.5. Short answer assignment. Record the address of a Web page stored on an Internet server registered in the first-level ru domain, the second-level domain schools, and which has its own name www.

Email

Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most common service on the Internet. It is historically the first information service of computer networks and does not require the obligatory availability of high-speed and high-quality communication lines.

Email has several significant advantages over regular mail. The most important of these is the speed at which messages are sent. If a letter by regular mail can go to the addressee for days and weeks, then a letter sent by e-mail reduces the transmission time to several tens of seconds or, in the worst case, to several hours.

Another advantage is that email may contain not only a text message, but also attached files (programs, graphics, sound, etc.). In addition, e-mail allows you to send a message to several subscribers at once, forward letters to other addresses, etc.

E-mail address. In order for an email to reach the addressee, in addition to the message itself, it must contain the email address of the recipient of the letter.

The first part of the usename mail address is arbitrary and is set by the user himself when registering a mailbox. The second part of server.ru is the name of the Internet mail server on which the user registered his mailbox.

E-mail address is written in a specific form and consists of two parts, separated by the @ symbol: [email protected]

The e-mail address is written only in Latin letters and must not contain spaces. For example, if the mail server has the name metodist.ru, then the names of users' mailboxes will look like:

[email protected]

E-mail addresses are stored on the user's computer in the Address Book database. The address book contains the subscriber's name, e-mail address, phone number and other data (Fig. 6.12).

Figure: 6.12. Database "Address Book"

Functioning of e-mail. An Internet user can register a mailbox on the provider's mail server, in which transmitted and received emails will be accumulated.

The mail program creates mail message on the local computer. At this stage, in addition to writing the text of the message, you must specify the address of the recipient of the message (you can take it from the "Address Book"), the subject of the message and attach files to the message if necessary.

The process of sending a message begins by connecting to the Internet and delivering the message to your mailbox on a remote mail server. The mail server will immediately send this message through the Internet mail server system to the recipient's mail server in their mailbox.

To receive a letter, the addressee must connect to the Internet and deliver mail from his mailbox on a remote mail server to his local computer (Fig. 6.13).

Mail programs usually provide the user with numerous additional services for working with mail (selecting addresses from the address book, automatically sending messages to specified addresses, etc.).

Outlook Express mail program. To work with e-mail, special mail programs are required. The mail program Outlook Express, which is included in the Windows operating system, is very popular. After launching Outlook Express, the application window appears, which consists of four parts (Fig. 6.14).

Figure: 6.14. Outlook Express window

At the top left of the window is a list of folders where emails are stored:
- Inbox - contains received letters;
- Outbox - contains letters sent from the moment of creation to the moment of delivery from the user's local computer to the provider's mail server;
- Sent - contains all letters delivered to the mail server;
- Deleted - contains deleted messages;
- Drafts - contains letter templates.

The user can create their own folders to store thematically grouped emails.

In the lower left part of the window is a list of contacts, which provides access to information stored in the Address Book database (email addresses, phone numbers, etc.).

The right window is divided into two parts. At the top, a list of messages stored in the selected folder is displayed.

The content of the selected message is displayed at the bottom of the right window.

Web-based e-mail. Some mail servers provide users with the ability to work with e-mail using a Web interface. Work with Web-mailcan be done using any browser. An essential feature of Web mail is that all messages are permanently stored on a remote mail server, not on the user's local computer.

Many Web mail servers offer anyone who wants to register a free mailbox. Registered users must enter their login and password, after which they can enter the mail system. For new users, the registration procedure is offered (Fig. 6.15).

Figure: 6.15. Login to Webmail

test questions

1. What are the advantages of email over regular mail?

2. What are the parts of an email address?

3. How does email work?

Self-help assignments

6.6. Short answer assignment. Write down the e-mail address registered by the user fio on the zmail.ru mail server.

File archives

File archive servers. Tens of thousands of Internet servers are file archive servers and host hundreds of millions of files different types (programs, device drivers, graphics and sound files etc.). The presence of such file archive servers is very convenient for users, since many of the necessary files can be "downloaded" directly from the Internet.

File servers are supported by many software companies and manufacturers of computer hardware and peripherals. The software hosted on such servers is freely distributed or shareware, and therefore, by "downloading" this or that file, the user does not violate the copyright law for the software.

File download managers. For the convenience of users, many file archive servers (freeware.ru, www.freesoft.ru, www.download.ru) have a Web interface, which allows working with them using browsers. Browsers are integrated systems for working with various Internet information resources and therefore include file download managers.

However, it is more convenient to use specialized file download managers for working with file archives, which allow you to continue downloading the file after the connection to the server is broken. File download managers provide the user with detailed information in numerical and graphical form about the file download process (file size, volume of the downloaded part, including percentage, download speed, elapsed and remaining download time, etc.).

Some file download managers achieve an increase in download speed by splitting the file into parts and downloading all the parts at the same time. For example, in the FlashGet file download manager, the download process for each part of the file is displayed graphically in the lower part of the application window (Figure 6.16).

File address on the file archive server. Access to files on file archive servers is possible both via HTTP and a special transfer protocol fTP files (File Transfer Protocol). The FTP protocol allows not only uploading files from remote file archive servers to a local computer, but also vice versa, transferring files from a local computer to a remote server.

File address includes the method of accessing the file and the name of the Internet server that hosts the file.

If the FTP file transfer protocol is used as a way to access the file.exe stored on the ftp.metodist.ru server, the file address will be written as follows:

ftp://ftp.metodist.ru/file.exe

test questions

1. What files are usually stored on file archive servers?

2. What parts does the file address on the file archive server consist of?

Self-help assignments

6.7. Short answer assignment. Make a note of the address of the program.exe file stored on a computer registered in the first-level domain w, the second-level domain schools and which has its own name ftp.

Chatting in Internet

Recently, real-time communication on the Internet has become more and more widespread. Increased data transfer rates and increased computer performance enable users to not only exchange real-time text messages, but also perform audio and video communications.

Real-time communication servers. There are thousands of servers on the Internet that provide real-time communication. Any user can connect to such a server and start communicating with one of the visitors to this server or participate in a group meeting.

The simplest way to communicate "conversation", or chat (English chat) is an exchange of messages typed from the keyboard. You enter a message using the keyboard, and it is displayed in a window that all meeting participants see at the same time.

If your computer, as well as the computers of the interlocutors, are equipped sound card, microphone and headphones or loudspeakers, you can exchange audio messages. However, a "live" conversation is possible simultaneously only between two interlocutors.

In order for you to be able to see each other, that is, to exchange video images, webcams must be connected to the computers.

Interactive communication using the ICQ system. In recent years, interactive communication through ICQ servers has become very popular (this three-letter abbreviation is formed from the consonance of the words "I seek you" - "I am looking for you").

The ICQ interactive communication system integrates various forms communication: e-mail, text messaging (chat), Internet telephony, file transfer, searching the network for people, etc. (Fig. 6.17).

Figure: 6.17. ICQ interactive communication program

Currently, ICQ has nearly 200 million registered users, with each user having a unique identification number. After connecting to the Internet, the user can start communicating with any user registered in the ICQ system and currently connected to the Internet.

Internet telephony. Internet telephony is used to transmit voice data over the Internet computer network. Internet telephony providers use special equipment to connect the Internet computer network and the regular telephone network. The user can use the services of Internet telephony and call directly from a computer (see Fig. 6.18) or from a regular phone, having previously dialed the number of an Internet telephony provider.

It is beneficial to use Internet telephony for calls to remote settlements and countries of the world, since a minute of such communication is much cheaper than the tariffs for long-distance and international telephone communication.

test questions

1. What forms of real-time communication exist on the Internet?

Mobile Internet

Mobile telephone network. At present, the mobile telephone network has covered almost the entire world, and the number of mobile phone users is approaching one billion people. Information exchange between mobile phones is carried out using a network consisting of station antennas cellular communicationinterconnected by information transfer channels.

The mobile network allows you to transfer not only voice messages, but also data. With the help of mobile phones, you can exchange short SMS text messages, as well as multimedia messaging MMS, which allows you to send ringing tones to phones and graphics (for example, photos taken with the camera built into your phone).

Data exchange between the mobile telephone network and the computer network Internet.The mobile telephone network and the Internet computer network allow the transmission of data and voice messages, and therefore it is advisable to combine their information resources. Mobile phone operators and Internet providers provide the ability to transfer data between these networks (Figure 6.18).

Data exchange between networks allows, for example, with mobile phone send e-mail messages to an Internet mailbox, and from a computer connected to the Internet, send SMS messages to a mobile phone.

Internet access using a mobile phone. Many models of mobile phones have a built-in modem, so for wireless Internet access, you just need to connect your mobile phone to your computer and call your provider. Once your computer is connected to the Internet, you can "surf" the World Wide Web, work with e-mail, "download" files and use any other Internet resources, just like a normal cable connection. The disadvantage of such a connection is the low data transfer rate (no more than 9.6 Kbps) and the high cost per minute of connection.

Full high-speed Internet access from a mobile phone can be achieved using GPRS technology, at which the maximum possible data transfer rate is 170 Kbps (this is approximately 3 times faster than access via dial-up telephone lines). It is important that this technology provides immediate access to the Internet, without the need to dial up to an Internet provider and allows simultaneous conversation on a mobile phone and data exchange between the computer and the Internet.

Connecting a mobile phone to a computer can be done different ways: using a cable to the COM port, using a cable to the USB port or wireless to the infrared port (Fig. 6.19).

To access information resources of the Internet directly from mobile phones, you can use WAP browsers... WAP sites are specially adapted for the capabilities of a mobile phone (two-color graphics, small screen and small memory) and contain news, weather forecast, exchange rates, etc. From WAP sites, you can send an e-mail message or take part in a WAP chat.

test questions

1. What is the difference between Internet telephony and mobile Internet?

2. What data can be transferred from the mobile telephone network to the computer network Internet? From the Internet to a mobile network?

Sound and video on the Internet

Sound and video files have a large information volume. To transfer such files via computer networks standard digital formats require high bandwidth links. Digital stereo sound high Quality with a sampling rate of 48000 times per second and a coding depth of 16 bits requires a data transfer rate equal to:

16 bits × 48,000 s -1 \u003d 1,536,000 bits / s \u003d 1,500 Kbps »1.5 Mbps.

Digital video of the television standard requires a bit rate of about 240 Mbps for image transmission.

To reduce the volume of audio and video files without visible loss of quality, special methods of file compression are used, based on the removal of audio or video information that is not perceived by humans.

Streaming audio and video. Audio and video streaming technologies have become widespread on the Internet. These technologies transfer audio and video files in chunks to the local computer buffer, allowing them to be streamed even when using a dial-up connection. Reducing the channel bit rate can lead to temporary dropouts in audio or video frames.

To listen to streaming audio and watch streaming video, multimedia players (Windows Media Player, WinAmp, etc.) are used. During playback of a streaming media file, the user receives information about the bit rate and can adjust the playback quality.

There are quite a few radio and television stations that broadcast over the Internet. Widely popular are Web cameras installed in various parts of the world (on city streets, in museums, in nature reserves, etc.) and continuously transmitting images (Fig. 6.20).

test questions

1.Why is it necessary to compress audio and video files when transferring over the Internet?

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web (eng. World wide web) is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. The word web is also used to refer to the World Wide Web (eng. web "Spider web") and the abbreviation WWW... The World Wide Web is the world's largest multilingual electronic repository of information: tens of millions of interconnected documents that are located on computers located around the globe. It is considered the most popular and interesting service on the Internet, which allows you to access information regardless of its location. To find out the news, to learn something or just to have fun, people watch TV, listen to the radio, read newspapers, magazines, books. The World Wide Web also offers its users radio broadcasting, video information, press, books, but with the difference that all this can be obtained without leaving home. It does not matter in what form the information you are interested in is presented (text document, photo, video or sound fragment) and where this information is located geographically (in Russia, Australia or on the Ivory Coast) - you will receive it in a matter of minutes on your computer.

The World Wide Web is formed by hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources of the World Wide Web are hypertext. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages, united by a common theme, design, and also linked by links and usually located on the same web server, are called a website. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers. The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and a boom in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Kayo are considered the inventors of the world wide web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI / URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked as a software consultant for the European Council for Nuclear Research (FR: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN). It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that for his own needs he wrote the program "Enquire", which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.

In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's internal network, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To carry out the project, Tim Berners-Lee (with his assistants) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which the modern Internet cannot be imagined. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee improved the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, officially the year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first httpd web server and the world's first hypertext web browser, called WorldWideWeb. This browser was simultaneously a WYSIWYG editor (abbreviated from the English What You See Is What You Get), its development was started in October 1990, and finished in December of the same year. The program ran in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/. The resource defined the concept of the World Wide Web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because later Tim Berners-Lee posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

Since 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), founded and still headed by Tim Berners-Lee, took over the main work on the development of the World Wide Web. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. W3C Mission: "To unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by creating protocols and principles to ensure the long-term development of the Web." Two other critical tasks of the consortium are to ensure the full “internationalization of the Web” and to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.

The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called W3C Recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. Thus, compatibility between software products and hardware of different companies is achieved, which makes the World Wide Web more perfect, universal and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.

The structure and principles of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is formed by millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to the network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard disk and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers can dynamically generate documents using templates and scripts in response to an HTTP request.

To view the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked to the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Web is precisely hypertext.

To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is traditionally used. The work of creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called typesetting, it is done by the webmaster or a separate markup specialist - layout designer. After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved into a file, and such HTML files are the main type of resources on the World Wide Web. After the HTML file is available to the web server, it is referred to as a "web page". A collection of web pages forms a website.

The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web to easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on a local computer or on a remote server. The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to locate resources on the World Wide Web. For example, the full URL home page The Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page... Such URL locators combine the technology of identification URI (English Uniform Resource Identifier - "uniform resource identifier") and the domain name system DNS (English Domain Name System). The domain name (in this case, ru.wikipedia.org) in the URL designates the computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the required web server. The url of the current page can usually be seen in address bar browser, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform styles for multiple web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN (Uniform Resource Name) resource designation system.

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable for computers. The Semantic Web is a concept of a web in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web provides access to well-structured information for any application, regardless of platform and programming language. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these findings. When widely distributed and properly implemented, the Semantic Web can revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-understandable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the Resource Description Framework (RDF) format, which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to denote resources. New items in this area are RDFS (RDF Schema) and SPARQL (English Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "Sparkl"), a new query language for quick access to RDF data.

The main used terms of the World Wide Web

Working with the browser

Today, ten years after the invention of the HTTP protocol, which formed the basis of the World Wide Web, the browser is the most sophisticated software that combines ease of use and a wealth of features.
The browser not only opens the world of hypertext resources of the World Wide Web to the user. It can also work with other web services such as FTP, Gopher, WAIS. A program for using the e-mail and news services is usually installed on the computer with the browser. In fact, the browser is the main program for accessing Web services. Through it, you can access almost any Internet service, even if the browser does not support this service. For this purpose, specially programmed web servers are used that connect the World Wide Web with this Web service. An example of this kind of web server is numerous free mail servers with a web interface (see http://www.mail.ru)
Today, there are many browser programs created by various companies. The most widespread and recognized browsers are Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. It is these browsers that constitute the main competition with each other, although it is worth noting that these programs are largely similar. This is understandable, because they work according to the same standards - Internet standards.
Working with the browser begins with the fact that the user types in the address bar (address) the URL of the resource to which he wants to access, and presses the Enter key.

The browser sends a request to the specified web server. As the elements of the web page specified by the user come from the server, it gradually appears in the working browser window. The process of receiving page elements from the server is displayed in the lower "status" line of the browser.

Text hyperlinks in the resulting web page are usually highlighted in a different color from the rest of the document text and underlined. Links pointing to resources that the user has not yet viewed, and links to resources already visited, usually have a different color. Images can also function as hyperlinks. Regardless of whether it is a text link or a graphic one, if you move the mouse cursor over it, its shape will change. At the same time, the address to which the link points will appear in the browser status bar.

When you click on the hyperlink, the browser opens in the working window the resource to which it points, while the previous resource is unloaded from it. The browser maintains a list of viewed pages and the user, if necessary, can go back along the chain of viewed pages. To do this, you need to click on the "Back" button in the browser menu - and it will return to the page that you viewed before you opened the current document.
Each time you click on this button, the browser will go back one document in the list of visited documents. If suddenly you are back too far, use the "Forward" button of the browser menu. It will help you move forward through the list of documents.
The "Stop" button will stop loading the document. The "Reload" button allows you to reload the current document from the server.
The browser can display only one document in its window: to display another document, it unloads the previous one. It is much more convenient to work simultaneously in several browser windows. Opening a new window is carried out using the menu: File - New - Window (or by pressing Ctrl + N).

Working with a document

The browser allows you to perform a set of standard operations on a document. A web page loaded into it can be printed (in Internet Explorer this is done using the "Print" button or from the menu: File - Print ...), save to disk (menu: File - Save As ...). You can find the piece of text you are interested in in the loaded page. To do this, use the menu: Edit - Find on this page…. And if you are interested in how this document looks in the original hypertext that the browser has processed, select from the menu: View - As HTML.
When, in the process of surfing the Internet, a user finds a page of particular interest to him, he uses the ability provided in browsers to set bookmarks (by analogy with bookmarks marking interesting places in a book).
This is done through the menu: Favorites - Add to favorites. After that, the new bookmark appears in the list of bookmarks, which can be viewed by clicking the "Favorites" button on the browser panel or through the Favorites menu.
Existing bookmarks can be deleted, changed, organized into folders using the menu: Favorites - Organize favorites.

Work through a proxy server

Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer also provide a mechanism for third-party vendors to build in additional capabilities. Modules that extend the capabilities of the browser are called plug-ins.
Browsers run on computers running a wide variety of operating systems... This provides a basis for speaking about the independence of the World Wide Web from the type of computer used by the user and the operating system.

Finding information on the Internet

Recently, the World Wide Web has seen a new powerful mass media, whose audience is the most active and educated part of the world's population. This vision corresponds to the real state of affairs. On days of significant events and shocks, the load on news network sites increases dramatically; in response to reader demand, resources about the incident that just happened instantly appear. Thus, during the August 1998 crisis, news appeared on the Internet page of the television and radio company CNN (http://www.cnn.com) much earlier than it was reported by the Russian media. At the same time, the server of RIA RosBusinessConsulting (http://www.rbc.ru) became widely known, providing the latest information from financial markets and last news... Many Americans watched the impeachment vote on US President Bill Clinton on the Web, not on TV screens. The development of the war in Yugoslavia was also instantly reflected in a variety of publications reflecting a variety of points of view on this conflict.
Many people familiar with the Internet more by hearsay believe that any information can be found on the Internet. This is really so in the sense that there you can come across the most unexpected in form and content resources. Indeed, the modern Web is able to offer its user a lot of information of a very different profile. Here you can get acquainted with the news, have an interesting time, get access to a variety of reference, encyclopedic and educational information. It is only necessary to emphasize that although the overall informational value of the Internet is very high, the information space itself is qualitatively heterogeneous, since resources are often created in haste. If, when preparing a paper publication, its text is usually read by several reviewers and corrections are made to it, then this stage of the publishing process is usually absent on the Web. So, in general, information gleaned from the Internet should be treated with a little more caution than information found in a printed publication.
However, the abundance of information has a negative side: with the growth of the amount of information, it becomes more and more difficult to find the information that is needed at the moment. Therefore, the most important problem that arises when working with the Network is to quickly find the information you need and understand it, to assess the information value of this or that resource for your own purposes.

To solve the problem of finding the necessary information on the Internet, there is a separate type of network service. We are talking about search engines, or search engines.
Search engines are numerous and varied. It is customary to distinguish between search indexes and directories.
Index servers They work as follows: they regularly read the content of most web pages on the Web ("index" them), and place them in whole or in part in a common database. Search engine users have the ability to search this database using keywords related to their topic of interest. The search results usually consist of extracts of pages recommended to the user's attention and their addresses (URLs), designed in the form of hyperlinks. It is convenient to work with search engines of this type if you have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject of the search.
Directory servers in fact, they are a multi-level classification of links, built on the principle "from general to specific". Sometimes links are accompanied by a short description of the resource. As a rule, it is possible to search in the names of headings (categories) and descriptions of resources by keywords. Directories are used when they do not know exactly what they are looking for. Moving from the most general categories to more specific, you can determine which Web resource should be consulted. Search catalogs are appropriate to compare with thematic library catalogs or classifiers. The maintenance of search directories is partially automated, but until now the classification of resources is carried out mainly by hand.
Search directories are common destination and specialized... General purpose search directories include resources of a wide variety of profiles. Specialized catalogs unite only resources dedicated to a specific topic. They often manage to achieve a better coverage of resources from their area and build a more adequate rubrication.
Recently, general purpose search directories and indexing search engines have been intensively integrated, successfully combining their advantages. Search technologies do not stand still either. Traditional indexing servers search the database for documents containing keywords from a search query. With this approach, it is very difficult to assess the value and quality of the resource given to the user. An alternative approach is to look for web pages that are referenced by other resources on the subject. The more links to a page there are on the web, the more likely you are to find it. This kind of meta-search is performed by the Google search server ( http://www.google.com/), which appeared quite recently, but has already proven itself well.

Working with search engines

Working with search engines is easy. In the address bar of the browser, type its address, in the query line, type in the required language keywords or a phrase corresponding to the resource or Web resources that you want to find. Then click the "Search" button and the first page with the search results is loaded into the browser window.

Typically, a search engine returns search results in small chunks, for example, 10 per search page. Therefore, they often span more than one page. Then, under the list of recommended links, there will be a link offering to go to the next "portion" of search results (see fig.).

Ideally, the search engine will place the resource you are looking for on the first page of search results, and you will immediately recognize the desired link by short description... However, it is often necessary to browse several resources before a suitable one is found. Typically, the user views them in new browser windows without closing the search results browser window. Sometimes the search and viewing of found resources is carried out in the same browser window.
The success of the search for information directly depends on how competently you have composed the search query.
Let's look at a simple example... Suppose you want to buy a computer, but do not know what modifications exist today and what are their characteristics. To get the required information, you can use the Internet by asking a search engine. If we set the word "computer" in the search line, then the search result will be more than 6 million (!) Links. Naturally, among them there are pages that meet our requirements, but it is not possible to find them among such a number.
If you write "what modifications of computers exist today," then the search server will offer you to view about two hundred pages, but none of them will strictly match the request. In other words, they contain individual words from your request, but this may not be about computers at all, but, say, about existing modifications washing machines or the number of computers available in the warehouse of a company for that day.
In general, it is not always possible to successfully ask a question to a search server the first time. If the query is short and contains only frequently used words, a lot of documents can be found, hundreds of thousands and millions. On the contrary, if your request turns out to be too detailed or very rare words are used in it, you will see a message stating that no resources matching your request were found in the server database.
Gradually narrowing or expanding the search focus by increasing or decreasing the list of keywords, replacing unsuccessful search terms with more successful ones will help you improve your search results.
In addition to the number of words, their content plays an important role in the query. The keywords that make up a search query are usually just separated by spaces. It should be remembered that different search engines interpret this differently. Some of them select for such a query only documents containing all the keywords, that is, they perceive the space in the query as a logical connection "and". Some people interpret whitespace as a logical "or" and look for documents that contain at least one of the keywords.
When forming a search query, most servers allow you to explicitly specify logical bundles that combine keywords and set some other search parameters. Logical connectives are usually denoted using the English words "AND", "OR", "NOT". Different search servers use different syntax when forming an extended search query - the so-called query language. Using the query language, you can specify which words must necessarily appear in the document, which should not be, which are desirable (that is, they may or may not be).
As a rule, modern search engines use all possible word forms of used words when searching. That is, regardless of the form in which you used the word in the query, the search takes into account all its forms according to the rules of the Russian language: for example, if the query is "go", then the search will find links to documents containing the words "go" , "walking", "walking", "walking", etc.
Usually on the title page of the search server there is a link "Help", by contacting which, the user can familiarize himself with the search rules and the language of queries used on this server.
Another very important point is the choice of a search engine suitable for your tasks. If you are looking for a specific file, it is better to use a specialized search engine that indexes not web pages, but file archives on the Internet. An example of such search servers is FTP Search (http://ftpsearch.lycos.com), and to search for files in Russian archives it is better to use the Russian analogue - http://www.filesearch.ru.
Software archives are used to search for software, such as http://www.tucows.com/, http://www.windows95.com, http://www.freeware.ru.
If the webpage you are looking for is located on the Russian side of the Web, it may be worth using Russian search engines. They work better with Russian speakers search queries, provided with an interface in Russian.
Table 1 lists some of the more well-known general purpose search engines. All of these servers now offer both full-text search and category search, thus combining the advantages of an index server and a directory server.

Http, which will allow maintaining a long-term connection, transferring data in multiple streams, distributing data transmission channels and managing them. If it is implemented and supported by the standard WWW software, it will remove the aforementioned disadvantages. Another way is to use navigators that can run programs in interpreted languages \u200b\u200blocally, such as the Java project from Sun Microsystems. Another solution to this problem is to use AJAX technology, based on XML and JavaScript. This allows you to receive additional data from the server when the WWW page is already loaded from the server.

Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and

There is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of the development of the World Wide Web.

Web 2.0

The development of the WWW has been carried out in a significant way through the active introduction of new principles and technologies, which have received the general name Web 2.0 (Web 2.0). The term Web 2.0 itself first appeared in 2004 and is intended to illustrate the qualitative changes in the WWW in the second decade of its existence. Web 2.0 is a logical improvement over the Web. The main feature is to improve and accelerate the interaction of websites with users, which has led to a rapid increase in user activity. This manifested itself in:

• participation in Internet communities (in particular, in forums);
• posting comments on sites;
• keeping personal journals (blogs);
• placing links in the WWW.

Web 2.0 introduced active data exchange, in particular:

• export of news between sites;
• active aggregation of information from sites.
• using an API to separate site data from the site itself

From the point of view of the implementation of sites, Web 2.0 raises the requirements for the simplicity and convenience of sites for ordinary users and is aimed at a rapid decline in user skills in the near future. The focus is on compliance with the W3C list of standards and approvals. These are in particular:

• standards of visual design and functionality of sites;
• typical requirements (SEO) of search engines;
• xML standards and open information exchange.

On the other hand, Web 2.0 dropped:

• requirements for "brightness" and "creativity" of design and content;
• needs for complex websites ([http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1 % 82-% D0% BF% D0% BE% D1% 80% D1% 82% D0% B0% D0% BB]);
• the value of offline advertising;
• business interest in large projects.

Thus, Web 2.0 recorded the transition of the WWW from single, expensive complex solutions to highly typed, cheap, easy-to-use sites with the ability to efficiently exchange information. The main reasons for this transition were:

• critical lack of quality content;
• the need for active self-expression of the user in the WWW;
• development of technologies for searching and aggregating information in the WWW.

The transition to a complex of technologies Web 2.0 has such consequences for the global information space WWW, as:

• the success of the project is determined by the level of active communication of project users and the level of quality of information content;
• sites can achieve high performance and profitability without large investments due to successful positioning on the WWW;
• individual WWW users can achieve significant success in the implementation of their business and creative plans on the WWW without having their own sites;
• the concept of a personal site gives way to the concept of "blog", "author's section";
• fundamentally new roles of an active WWW user appear (forum moderator, authoritative forum member, blogger).

Web 2.0 Examples
Here are some examples of sites that illustrate Web 2.0 technologies and that have actually changed the WWW environment. These are in particular:

In addition to these projects, there are other projects that form a modern global environment and are based on the activity of their users. Sites, the content and popularity of which are formed, first of all, not by the efforts and resources of their owners, but by the community of users interested in the development of the site, constitute a new class of services that determine the rules of the global WWW environment.