Evolution of mobile phones presentation. The project is the history of the creation of cell phones and the cellular network. Reis's apparatus - starting point

“The influence of the cell phone” - What are the consequences? It is possible that it is not only radiation that affects health cell phones, but a combination of factors. Statistics of people surveyed. Health problems increase the longer you use your phone. I would like to add that the most secure standard today is CDMA 800 Mhz IS-95.

“Communication by telephone” - You have much less influence on your interlocutor due to the distance in space. After all, only one channel works - voice. You can't show or touch anything. Rules for communicating by phone. Project quality assessment. Chronicle. So is the information over the phone. What is the difference between telephone sales and any other?

“Mobile phones” - Goal: I. Objectives: Find out the positive and negative aspects mobile phone. "Against". Usage mobile phones at our school. Mobile phones. The first mobile phone. Developer and creator - MARTIN COOPER. All. Professor Leif Salford. Developed by Martin Cooper. Brands of mobile phones available to schoolchildren.

"The Harm of Cell Phones" - One of possible consequences mutations can become cancer. …And adults’ blood boils. All cellular base stations are subject to mandatory sanitary control. The influence of mobile phones on the human body. Today there are about 1.5 billion mobile phone users in the world. Is the subscriber available and healthy?

“The Invention of the Telephone” - Radiotelephone. Classic phone. The first cell phones. Invention of the telephone. Alexander Bell. push-button telephone. Payphone. Modern cell phones. First telephone line. Lisitsyn Vladimir.

“The influence of mobile phones” - And inflammation of the auditory nerve. Talk to your child on your cell phone as little as possible. Cell phone models. DIAGRAM OF HARMFUL RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONES OF DIFFERENT BRANDS (in %). It is better to carry your phone in a bag, briefcase or backpack. Objects and methods of research. References. The result of prolonged conversations on a cell phone leads to the development of cancerous tumors...

Yesterday, December 2, the presentation of the second generation YotaPhone took place. And although it is very nice to dream about Russian smartphones taking over the world market, today we decided to recall all the iconic models in the history of this device.

Part one. Portable communication device

1984 Motorola DynaTAC

Perhaps the year of birth of mobile phones could be 1973, when its creator, Dr. Martin Cooper, first made calls using it. But it was in 1984 that it went on sale, after which their real story began. From a proud owner's perspective modern smartphone, DynaTAC is nothing outstanding: a memory for 30 numbers, one melody, an LED display and the nickname “brick”. And all this was sold for $3995. It weighed 800 grams, but that was not the most big problem. Unfortunately, the battery only lasted 35 minutes.

1985-86

For several years nothing interesting happened. Although phone manufacturers understood all the advantages and demand for the device, technology did not yet allow them to rebuild production so quickly. And the world was not as dynamic as it is now. The best illustration of this can be the debut model of Siemens - Mobiltelefon C1. It was with this suitcase that the Germans were going to surprise the market.

1987 Nokia Mobira Cityman 900

The then little-known Finnish company Nokia responded the fastest. Somewhere from the mid-sixties she developed various devices communications for the military and was able to quickly respond to Motorola’s idea and launch her own project, Mobira Cityman 900. It was truly revolutionary in nothing. It was even worse than the DynaTAC; it only held eight numbers in memory, and you had to pay about 4.5 thousand dollars for it. Despite all this, it sold very well. They even gave it to Gorbachev so that he could scare his party comrades a little with a call from Helsinki.

1989 Motorola MicroTAC 9800x

A little more than a year passed and Motorola was able to create the first mobile phone that did not require pumped up biceps and a small cart. Motorola MicroTAC was created in such a way that it fits into a shirt pocket and does not even weigh it down much (only 350 grams). It could no longer be used as a dumbbell, but could simply be carried with you. This is why actors, politicians, businessmen and bandits immediately fell in love with him; he is noticed in several films and television series. Functionally, a step forward was also taken: a telephone book appeared, directly from which you could dial a subscriber. In total, 37 of its modifications were born, the last in 1998.

1990-91

The next two years passed without significant events. No, the companies did not sit idly by, counting their income. They took up equally important matters: launching the first networks, agreeing on communication standards and coordinating all this with the authorities. But all this is interesting only to specialists. Meanwhile, the world was getting used to new opportunities. However, we must be honest: for now, mobile phones remained very expensive toys that were bought for the sake of status. However, everything soon changed.

1992 Nokia 1011

For a long time Motorola MicroTAC had no real competition. Nokia was the first to challenge again. It's not just that the new Nokia 1011 was small, it was the first device with GSM standard 900. Functionally and technically, it almost completely corresponds to a Motorola mobile phone, except that the display was already MonoLCD, and you could talk on it for an hour and a half. Its main advantage is its relatively low prices. Only 1500 dollars!

1993 Siemens S1

This year can be considered a turning point. The leaders paused and those trying to catch up began to fuss. So the Bell South company showed, in fact, the first communicator. In addition to the usual functions of a telephone, it had an organizer, could receive faxes and worked with e-mail. There was only one minus - it was very heavy (1 kilogram!). At the same time, IBM introduced the world's first smartphone with touch screen-Simon. Oddly enough, all these innovative devices never found their niche and were quickly lost. Other new items were more memorable. First of all, sales of Siemens S1 started. This was the first “pipe” of the company, and it immediately stood out for its time battery life. In standby mode, it worked for a day, and you could talk for 2.5 hours. It seems like you could have left the charger at home.

1994 Benefon Beta

Benefon Beta, which was just shown to the public, could have spent four days waiting, but it was remembered by others. It was there that watches first appeared. Everyone liked the idea, except the watchmakers, but the model itself was hardly widely distributed; now it’s even difficult to find an image.

1995 Nokia 2110

In 1994, the industry got back on its feet and looked around, and then rushed forward, hardly stopping and not paying attention to global economic crises, wars and other nonsense. And this was largely thanks to the Nokia 2110. The model became a hit and was sold successfully for five years.

In addition to the pleasant and solid design, vibration alert, the phone was also much cheaper than its competitors, which is why not only the bourgeoisie, but also the middle class fell in love with it.

1996 Motorola StarTAC

Motorola has struck again. It launched the first flip phone, the Motorola StarTAC, on the market. If the all-in-one Nokia 2011 was popular mainly in Europe, then this model has conquered North America. It was sold there until 2000. Moreover, remembering the glorious past, they tried to revive it twice in 2004 and 2007, but without such success. The Americans' love was due to its availability, small size and design.

1997 Siemens S10

Siemens' new product of 1997, the S10 model, did not become as popular as the previous two. However, she had one very important advantage. It was here that buyers first saw a color display. He had only five lines, but still the Germans won this technological race for the first and last time. They put it here and good battery. Siemens also has another achievement. They were the first to come up with a phone for extreme sports enthusiasts and made it based on the S10. The modification was called Active and, with the help of rubberized inserts in the case, provided it with protection from moisture, dust and shock.

1998 Nokia 9000/9110

Actually, a series of smartphones, the company itself preferred to call them communicators, appeared from Nokia back in 1996. Hopes for 9000 were very high, but sales simply did not materialize. This was explained by two reasons: they were too heavy (almost 400 grams) and expensive ($1000).

First, the company lowered prices, and there was some interest in it. Then the developers seriously worked on the internals, making it 140 grams lighter - this is how the 9110 appeared, which sold much better. Things got even better after the upgrade the following year, when WAP appeared among the functions. However, all this was only the first step towards the advent of smartphones. These models did not have the most important thing - you couldn’t install your own software here.

With this model we can draw a line under the first part of the history of mobile phones. Before that, all these wonderful devices just made calls, plus something else. But now the Internet has entered them at full speed. And simple tubes turned into something completely unimaginable.

Part two. The era of new technologies.

1999 Nokia 7110

Nokia took the first step into this era. She had already come up with new formats and introduced promising technologies. But the emergence of WAP was simply fateful. Of course, the technology itself did not allow full access to the Internet, but this immediately attracted the attention of buyers. In addition, the phone received the Series 40 software platform, which significantly expanded its capabilities. The range of features was quite impressive for that time. As a result, everything simply resulted in a crazy population.

2000 Siemens SL45

This year a lot of models were launched, but as often happens at a turning point, most developers have not yet found the right path of development. But the specialists from Siemens have distinguished themselves: the new SL45 model has an MP3 player and even a memory expansion slot using an MMC card. This is simply the company's swan song. Subsequently, they fell into strange experiments and flew out of the market. And Siemens SL45 had fans even ten years later. Also, the first Samsungs appeared on the market, which, however, were not remembered for anything special.

2001 Ericsson T68

Again there was a slight stagnation, but this time there were surprisingly many interesting new products. Samsung took off with an unusual women's phone SGH-A400, and several interesting models from Nokia appeared. But the year was especially successful for Ericsson. At first, the company marked itself with the small T39, in which Bluetooth appeared for the first time. Then the smallest at that time T66 went well. In the end, the most popular phone of the year was the golden T68, which included almost all the technologies and functions that were relevant at that time.

2002 Nokia 7650

The first camera on a phone appeared in the Sanyo SCP-5300, but its image quality was very low, and the brand itself was very poorly represented. In general, almost everyone missed it. People really started thinking about the advantages of a built-in camera only with the advent of the Nokia 7650. The camera here is only 0.3 megapixels, but you can still distinguish what was shot. Appeared in this phone software platform Series 60, which turned it into full-fledged smartphone. Other goodies: polyphony, slider, built-in HTML browser.

2003 BlackBerry 7210

The Canadian company BlackBerry once started with pagers. Since then, she has clearly gravitated towards offices, and smartphones were initially intended exclusively for everyday work. That is, without the ability to listen to music, watch a video or take a picture of something. Almost everything was cut off. For some reason, only a few games were left. The main emphasis was on hardware performance. Internal memory was 16 MB. This, I must admit, worked. The phones sold very well in North America, and echoes of glory reached even Russia.

2004 Motorola RAZR V3

Motorola tried for a long time to regain its leadership and finally created an iconic phone. The company immediately felt that they had caught luck by the tail. Initially, she even announced that the device was fashionable and would cost more. But then, nevertheless, she lowered the prices and sold fifty million at once. Its hardware was common for its time; only WAP 2.0 and a decent display are worth noting. Buyers were captivated by the original and interesting design. The Nokia 7610 with a 1-megapixel camera and the powerful Sony Ericsson P910.

2005 Sony Ericsson K750

It is quite difficult to determine the winner this year. Only on points. Last year's Motorola RAZR V3 received a new modification. HTC has started selling a very successful Universal model. Nokia paved the way for smartphones with the powerful 6680. The prize of the year goes to the Sony Ericsson K750 solely thanks to its 2 megapixel camera and good hardware performance. The most interesting thing is that the battle of these “big three” will give way in a couple of years to their capitulation to new players. It was in 2005 that companies clearly demonstrated why this happened. For some reason, they all tried to give their best in one direction. This worked until Apple decided to offer a universal product.

2006 Nokia N73

Nokia company prepared again great smartphone. A nice candy bar with very rich functionality. Especially if it concerned multimedia capabilities: the N73 played music, videos, and could record videos. For those who wished, there was even the opportunity to watch television channels. But they almost didn’t let him roam around. The very next year everyone was talking about the iPhone. Compared to this, the Nokia N73 hardware (ARM9 processor at 220Mhz, 64 MB of RAM and 2 GB of microSD storage) looked downright pathetic.

2007 iPhone

Apple's dominance began this year. Of course, in the grand scheme of history, the iPhone didn't reign for very long. About five years, but all this time there was no real alternative to him. This led to the fact that the old leaders quickly lost their positions, and some left the market altogether. Why? The secret is simple: the iPhone was almost universal and provided maximum capabilities at the time of its appearance. The above are the characteristics of the highly productive Nokia N73. But the iPhone is a Samsung 32-bitRISCARM processor at 620 MHz, 128 MB RAM, GPU and built-in memory of at least 4 GB. And then, the four-gigabyte version was discontinued after two months, leaving only 8 GB. And, of course, a 3.5-inch touch display.

2008 iPhone 3G

The following year the situation remained almost unchanged. Apple released new model, further strengthening its leadership. The changes were not drastic. New iPhone 3G has been improved a bit. We added 3G support, updated the OS to IOS 2.0 and added GPS, which was clearly missing. This was enough to keep out the competitors, who had already recovered from the knockout and began to react to what was happening. For example, Nokia released the nice E90 and N95, LG actively promoted the Prada KE850 with a touch screen, and about its other model LG Voyager they generally said that it has almost all the functions of the iPhone..

2009 iPhone 3GS

Next iPhone update maintained its lead over competitors. Although the iPhone 3GS was called an intermediate step necessary before the advent of fourth generation, the modernization was all significant. In fact, they changed the entire hardware: the processor was installed a little faster (ARM Cortex-A8 833 MHz), the graphics processor was also new (PowerVR SGX535 at 150 MHz), the RAM was doubled, to 256 MB. The now obligatory camera was also installed a little better, and IOS was updated to 3.0. Competitors were already openly floundering, occupying some separate market segments.

2010 iPhone 4

Finally, the iPhone has a competitor. Koreans from Samsung created a worthy rival - Galaxy S. To emphasize this, they even held a presentation on the same day (June 24) with Apple, which presented the fourth version of its smartphone. Their characteristics turned out to be generally very similar; in some areas, for example, the Phone was slightly inferior in the monitor. But Samsung failed to knock him off the throne. Largely due to the high reputation of Apple itself.

2011 iPhone 4S

This time the victory of the iPhone is conditional. Samsung created a phone that was better in terms of characteristics. And they did it much earlier. They held the presentation of the Galaxy S II on February 13, while Apple delayed it until October 14. But even this head start didn’t help: the processor turned out to be weaker, the screen was smaller, and the RAM was twice as scarce. Even the battery is more capacious. Apple won in only one indicator - the number of phones sold.

2012 Samsung Galaxy S III

Samsung received first place in terms of total achievements. And thanks to 60 million phones sold of this model. The Galaxy S III has excellent and powerful hardware: a quad-core processor, one and a half gigabytes of RAM, 16-64 GB of flash memory and other goodies. The iPhone lost deservedly and for an objective reason. In 2011, the founder and main generator of ideas, Steve Jobs, died. Without him, the new products didn’t work out very well. Only in 2014 did the developers manage to get their act together and release something worthwhile.

2013 Samsung Galaxy S4

Recipe first iPhone- everywhere, everything and a lot - used by Samsung in the main new product of last year, Galaxy S4. It's very powerful processor- quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 at 1.9 GHz, 2 GB of RAM and Qualcomm Adreno 320 as GPU. And as icing on the cake - a 13 MP camera. However, this time the phone is not fighting alone: ​​the LG G2 has excellent characteristics, Sony Xperia Z and Nokia Lumia 920.

2014 - ? -

This year the main competition is again between Apple and Samsung, but you can choose not only between the iPhone 6 and Galaxy S5. Good reviews for LG G3, HTC One(M8) and Nokia Lumia 930. In addition, YotaPhone-2 actively intervened in the struggle for leadership. And while there is still a month left until the end of the year, each of the contenders has a chance to come out on top.

The theory of evolution was traced by Maxim Usachev
Illustrated by Dmitry Shevchuk

Project History of the creation of cell phones and cellular network

View document contents

MUNICIPALITY OF KRASNODAR

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

MUNICIPAL FORMATION CITY OF KRASNODAR

GYMNASIUM No. 87

Individual

creative

History of Cell Phones and the Cellular Network

Students of class 7 "B"

Rutchina Marina

Project Manager:

Computer science teacher

Serdyuk N.N.

Krasnodar

Explanatory note

Target:

Relevance:

Introduction

Main part of the project

1. History of Cell Phones

   History of cellular networks

References

Main part of the project

A cell phone is a telephone designed to operate on cellular networks. Uses a radio transceiver and traditional telephone communication to carry out telephone communications within the cellular network coverage area.

History of Cell Phones

History of the cellular network

One of the types of mobile radio communications, which is based on a cellular network. This network got its name “cellular” because the coverage area is divided into cells in the form of honeycombs. The networks partially overlap and form a single network.

Cellular communications have also developed in many countries. But the network could not keep up with the rapidly growing needs, and a solution was found in the form of cellular communications, which made it possible to increase capacity by reusing frequencies in a mesh system.

The diagram shows that the most popular operator is MTS. 37% of people use it.

In second place is Beeline. It is used by 27% of the population.

In third place is Megafon. 25% of people use it.

11% of the population uses others mobile operators.

Comparison of modern cell phones

Cameraphone

Smartphone and communicator

References

Internet resources:

www.vikipedia.org

www.smartphone.ua

www.e-katalog.ru

View presentation content
“Project History of the creation of cell phones and the cellular network”

Cell phones and cellular network

Prepared by 7th grade student “B”

Municipal educational institution gymnasium No. 87

Rutchina Marina

Goal and objectives

Target: Explore the origins of cell phones and the cellular network.

• Review the history of cell phones
• Consider the history of the cellular network
• Consider modern cell phones
• Compare modern cell phones

Relevance

The relevance of this topic is beyond doubt, since basically when buying a new phone there is a choice, and in order to make the right one, the topic I have chosen will help you figure it out.

Cell phone is

A telephone designed to operate on cellular networks. Uses a radio transceiver and traditional telephone communication to carry out telephone communications within the cellular network coverage area.

The world's first cell phones

In 1957, Leonid Ivanovich Kupryanovich (USSR) created an experimental model of a mobile phone. It was called LK-1, weighing 3 kg. A base station was also built for this phone.

In subsequent samples of 1958, the weight of the mobile phone was reduced to 0.5 kg.

In 1961, L. I. Kupryanovich introduced pocket phone weighing only 70 grams, which fit in the palm of your hand.

In 1973, the first cell phone was released - the Motorola Dyna TAC.

The first call on it was made on April 3, 1973 by Martin Cooper, who called his competitors from AT&T.

This unit weighed 1.15 kg. The phone had no functions other than a call. You could talk on the phone for about an hour, but the phone took 10 hours to charge. A total of 5 prototypes were created.

Already in 1984, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X went on sale. People liked the phone and its features so much that thousands of people queued up to buy the phone.

Cellular network

One of the types of mobile radio communications, which is based on a cellular network. This network got its name “cellular” because the coverage area is divided into cells in the form of honeycombs. The networks partially overlap and form a single network.

History of the cellular network

The first use of mobile telephone radio in the United States dates back to 1921: Detroit police used a one-way control room to transmit information from a central transmitter to vehicle-mounted receivers.

In 1933, the NYPD began using a two-way mobile telephone radio system.

In 1934, the US Federal Communications Commission allocated 4 channels for telephone radio communications, and by 1940, about 10 thousand police vehicles were already using telephone radio communications.

But the Russians also did not lag behind. So in the late 50s. of the last century in the USSR, the development of the Altai car radiotelephone system begins. In 1963, an experimental zone was launched in Moscow. At the end of the 70s. The Altai system operated successfully in 114 cities of the country. In the summer of 2011, the Altai system stopped operating.

Cellular communications have also developed in many countries. But the network could not keep up with the rapidly growing needs and a solution was found in the form of cellular communications, which made it possible to increase capacity by reusing frequencies in a system with a mesh structure.

Cameraphone

A camera phone is a type of phone that has a camera with high resolution matrix. Such phones have functions for processing photos and transmitting them to social media. networks.

Phones of this type became popular after the Sony Ericsson K and Sony Ericsson C went on sale in 2005. This device had a 2 -3.2 megapixel camera.

In 2009, Samsung released a phone that amazed the world because it had an 8 megapixel camera.

In 2012, Nokia 808 PureView with a 41 MP camera was introduced

In 2013, the Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom was officially announced - a smartphone with a 16 MP camera with 10x optical zoom and a powerful flash.

Announced in February 2014, the Sony Xperia Z2 received a 20.7 megapixel camera with the world's first digital image stabilization system and Ultra HD video shooting.

Smartphone and communicator.

A smartphone is a mobile phone enhanced with the functionality of a pocket personal computer.

The communicator is almost no different from a smartphone, except that the communicator has a slide-out keyboard.

The first attempt to connect a telephone and a pocket computer appeared in the 90s of the last century. It was an IBM Simon phone. In addition to telephone functions, the device could receive faxes and allowed receiving email and had several games. There were no keys. All actions were performed via a touch screen. But due to its size, the phone was not popular.

Comparison of cell phones

For comparison, I chose two phone models. Lenovo S 650 and Apple Iphone 6.

Lenovo S 650

communication standards

Apple Iphone 6

operating system

sensory

built-in memory

memory card slot

battery

material

not removable

0t 7000 to 12000r

CPU

from 43000 to 63000r

sim card

• During project work It was found out when the first cell phones appeared. I also found out what they looked like and what they were like.
• While working on this topic, I learned what a cellular network is, when and where it originated and what it was.
• Looking at modern cell phones, I learned that progress does not stop, but moves forward, and every year we can see more and more interesting phones.
• Comparing two cell phones, I found out that the choice of phone depends on the purpose for which the phone is being purchased.
• I believe my project is of great significance for those who want to learn a little about cell phones. It can also help when choosing a phone.
• Next year I plan to supplement my project with new and interesting facts about cell phones, and compare another pair of phones.

Plan 1. The first mention of the transmission of information over a distance 2. Morse code 3. The birth of mass mobile 4. Mobile evolution 5. Arabian premiere! 6. The road to the future! 7.Records in science and technology 7.1. The longest telephone cable. 7.2.Telephone conversation over the longest distance. 7.3 The largest and smallest telephone set. 8. Mobile Phone Hall of Fame 9 New features of office PBX 9.1. Call control 9.2. CALL HISTORY 9.3.Phone BOOK

First mention The first mention of the transfer of information over a distance is found in the ancient Greek myth of Theseus. The father of this hero, Aegeus, sending his son to battle with the monster Minotaur, who lived on the island of Crete, asked his son, if successful, to raise a white sail on the returning ship, and in case of defeat, a black one. Theseus killed the Minotaur, but, as always, the sails were mixed up, and the unfortunate father, thinking that the monster had killed his son, drowned himself. In honor of this event, the sea where the child-loving Aegean drowned still bears the name Aegean. Further, humanity did not think much about transmitting signals and symbols over long distances.

The most reliable means of communication has always been messengers, both humans and birds. When there were no people especially willing to run in any, even the most disgusting weather, with any messages, they simply used a voice, or smoke, or the fire of a fire, or something else conventional. The French Revolution brought with it a colossal breakthrough in the field of information transmission. In 1789, the mechanic Claude Capp proposed to the Convention to cover France with a network of towers with devices installed on them, consisting of slats, clearly visible from a distance. At night, lanterns were lit at the ends of the slats. The telegraph operator sitting inside the tower changed the location of the slats, focusing on the tower located within his line of sight.

Morse code, Morse code, “Morse code” is a method of encoding letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols using long and short signals, the so-called “dashes” and “dots” (as well as pauses separating letters). The duration of one point is taken as a unit of time. The duration of a dash is equal to three dots. The pause between characters in a letter is one dot, between letters in a word there are 3 dots, between words there are 7 dots. encoding letters of the alphabet numbers punctuation symbols signals "dash" "dots" time words Words It was named after the American inventor Samuel Morse, who invented it in 1838. Samuel Morse 1838

Russian symbol Latin symbol Morse code "Chant" A A · ay-daa B B · · · baa-ki-te-kut B W · vi-daa-laa G G · gaa-raa-zhi D D · · doo-mi-ki F V· · · zhe-le-zi-stoo Z Z · ·zaa-kaa-ti-ki I I· i-di Y J· yes-na pa-ra K K · how so? L L · · ·lu-naa-ti-ki M M maa-maa

Abbreviations Threats to life or ship at sea. SOS is given without pauses between the letters: “· · · · · · ” (three dots, three dashes, three dots), that is, as one long letter. Although it is often believed that SOS is an abbreviation for "Save our souls" or "Save our ship", it was actually chosen because abbreviations and special "Q" are often used to speed up radio communications. -codes" best wishes. 55 - I love a handshake, I don’t want to kiss you, I don’t want to work with you.

THE BIRTH OF A MASS MOBILE The first “mass” development proposed by the Swedes was called MTA - Mobiltelefonsystem A (mobile telephony system A). In 1956 it entered commercial operation. True, the MTA operated only in Stockholm and Gothenburg, and it can only be considered widespread: by the end of 1956, there were only 26 subscribers in all of Sweden. This is not surprising, since at that time a mobile phone cost twice as much as a car. In the mid-60s, the MTA was replaced by an improved communications system. Although it did not gain widespread popularity, the developers managed to make some progress. For example, thanks to new transistor technology, the devices have noticeably lost weight - from 35 to 11 kg!

MOBILE EVOLUTION In 1969, telecommunications companies became seriously concerned about creating unified network mobile communications. It was assumed that its subscribers would be able to use one phone and number, even crossing state borders. The first to propose such a solution was Esten Myakitolo, a graduate of the Stockholm Technical School, who is considered the father of modern mobile telephony. His project was called NMT - Nordisk MobilTelefon (Scandinavian mobile telephony). However, before practical implementation This tempting idea was not realized right away.

Instead of NMT, a network was launched, the operation of which was ensured by telephone operators who maintained communications between individual users using an ordinary switch. Such a measure was considered as a transitional one, and no one paid much attention to the attendant inconveniences. Let’s say that in order to make a call, a person had to explain exactly where he was. Meanwhile, work in the laboratories continued. The inventors sought to create a communication system with a large coverage area. And hopes were pinned primarily on NMT. However, the existing technology clearly did not reach the required level.

ARABIA PREMIERE The NMT project was initially open source. Even at the start, over 40 companies took part in it. Thanks to their cooperation, it was possible to quickly begin developing base stations for the new communication system, linear switches and the mobile phones themselves. One of the most active players was Ericsson. In those days, the current giant of the cellular industry was fighting with Philips to obtain a contract in Saudi Arabia. This country had an urgent need for a new type of telephone network and could afford such a luxury. Winning the tender meant a huge success for any company (and not only moral!), and Ericsson managed to offer the most favorable conditions. A couple of months later, the world's first contract to create an NMT network became a reality. Be that as it may, in 1981 the history of first generation mobile communications (G1) began.

THE ROAD TO THE FUTURE In the early 80s, all telecommunications companies were raving about a pan-European communications network. However, in other respects their opinions differed: Scandinavia, the Benelux countries and Saudi Arabia were on the side of NMT, the UK had its own TAGS system, and the then Federal Republic of Germany had C-Netz, residents of France used the services of Radiocom 2000, and Italians used RTMI/RTMS. And in order to finally come to a common denominator, state telecommunications companies in Western Europe organized GSM group- Groupe Speciale Mobile. Quite naturally, with the large number of parties involved, many difficulties arose. The issue of prestige played an important role.

Nevertheless, the GSM participants managed to develop a unified conceptual approach. At the same time, each of the parties retained the right to make proposals to improve the joint brainchild. The process of pan-European unification of communications reached its climax in 1986, when a decision was made in Paris on which system to rely on in the future. New system absorbed all the best that its predecessors had. This is how the GSM standard came into being. It took several more years to implement it, and only in 1990 did the Finnish Radtolinia launch the world's first GSM network. A year later, similar networks appeared in other Scandinavian countries.

CELLULAR METAMORPHOSIS At first, the services of GSM operators and subscriber terminals were very expensive. However, the pipes soon became cheaper and ceased to be rare. Only in the first year of existence GSM networks in Scandinavia, more than 1 million people connected to them. Phones progressed rapidly, with more and more improvements leading to a reduction in their size and weight, and an expansion of capabilities. In 1996, Nokia introduced the first Communicator - no one had ever dreamed of using a miniature device to send email, fax, call friends and surf the Internet. In the same year, Motorola released the legendary StarTac GSM flip phone, weighing only 90 g. A year later, Philips demonstrated to the amazed public the Philips Spark with a standby time of 350 hours. In 1998, Sharp surprised everyone with a mobile phone with a touch screen - Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone. It was supposed to be a rival to Nokia's Communicator (but didn't). In 1999, a 3-band device Motorola L7089 and Ericsson T28 appeared. At the same time, WAP technology was implemented for the first time in the Nokia 7110 model. During 2000, more mobile phones were introduced than ever before, but then it turned out that GSM... had become obsolete! But that's a completely different story.

Phones in pictures From PDA to phone: Handspring Treo 180 (2001) In the recent past, when Palm and Handspring were still fiercely competing with each other, the latter shocked the mobile community with the new Treo 180. More of a PDA than a phone, the Treo 180 was introduced in two versions: one with a QWERTY keyboard (in the picture), and the other (Treo 180g) with the Graffiti handwritten character recognition program + 16 MB of memory.

Durable and reliable: Nokia 6160 (1998) or Nokia 8260 (2000) The peak popularity of these all-in-one PCs from Nokia occurred at the end of the 90s of the last century. Monochrome screen, external antenna, a durable body just over 13.2 cm long - Nokia 6160 became the company's best-selling mobile phone in the nineties. And the Nokia 8260, introduced in 2000, could already boast a screen, although still black and white, but with color backlighting, and a slightly smaller thickness: about 10.1 cm in length and weighing about 96 grams, compared to 169 grams of the 6160 .

The Dawn of Smartphones: Kyocera QCP6035 (2000) If you belong to the large community of fans of Palm OS-based Treo mobile phones, then you will be interested to know that the Kyocera smartphone, which went on sale in early 2001, cost between $400 and $500 (depending on from the operator), was the first publicly available Palm OS phone. Of course, 8 MB of memory and a weak one-color screen are far from the perfection of today's models, but it was this first smartphone that laid the foundation for their improvement.

Science and technology records Telephone Country with the largest number telephone lines are the United States of America, which had lines on January 1, 1989. The most a large number telephone subscribers (as of January 1, 1989) are located in Tokyo, Japan. In New York, USA, there were telephone subscribers on January 1, 1989. In 1983, in Washington, DC, USA, the level of 1,730 telephone sets per 1 thousand people was reached.

The longest telephone cable. The world's longest submarine cable, ANZCAN, stretches over kilometers from Port Alberni, Canada, to Auckland, New Zealand, and Sydney, Australia, passing through the islands of Fiji and Norfolk Island. The entire project cost approximately $379 million. The cable opened in November 1984.

The longest distance telephone conversation took place on December 28, 1985 telephone conversation at a distance of about km. Both callers were located in the Royal Society building in London. The experiment was carried out during one of the Christmas lectures given by Professor of Zoology David Pye from London College. Queen Mary. For the sake of this record achievement, the rule of international telecommunications was violated, according to which subscribers are allowed to use only one communication satellite at a time. Both geostationary satellites of the Intelsat system were used - one over the Indian Ocean, the other over the Pacific Ocean. Both callers, Anieka Russell and Alice Risk, experienced a time delay of 530 milliseconds during the conversation.

The largest and smallest telephone set The world's largest working telephone set was exhibited at a festival in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, organized on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Dutch insurance company Central Becher on September 16, 1988. Its height is 2.74 m, length - 6.06 m, weight - 3.5 tons. The telephone receiver, 7.14 m long, was lifted into a vertical position by a crane. The smallest working telephone was made by Jeff Smith, an employee of the Northwestern branch of General Telephone and Electronics Corporation from Everett, Washington, USA, in 1988. Its dimensions are 10.48 x 1.9 x 3.81 cm.

New features of an office PBX The pre-modern telephone set connected to an office PBX has moved far from its “grandfather” with a simple dial. The class of an office PBX is determined by the set of additional functions available to the subscriber, and the class of a telephone is determined by the ease of their use. In the simplest case, the telephone has a couple of additional buttons, Redial and Flash, to access the functions of the PBX. After pressing Flash, the subscriber usually hears a voice menu listing functions that can be accessed by pressing the “09” keys, as well as “#” and “*”. The list of functions depends on the specific situation: for example, when a call arrives, the subscriber may be asked to transfer it to another subscriber or create a conference. Of course, listening to the voice menu every time is quite tedious, but the only alternative to this is remembering special combinations of buttons that allow you to activate this or that function.

Call management The subscriber most often simply makes outgoing calls or answers incoming calls. Additional functions such as recording a call, organizing a conference, or putting a call on hold are relatively rare. It doesn't require fast processing. In most cases, there is no point in setting such a subscriber system telephone, so to access additional functions, he will have to type “magic” key combinations. And here the program wins. Finding the Park button on the screen is certainly easier than remembering the key combination.

CALL HISTORY To be honest, I've never heard of being able to view call history from a landline phone. Even on mobile phones, using this feature is not very convenient due to the limited screen size. Computers are specifically designed to work with this kind of data. For comparison, just imagine a list of outgoing calls on a mobile phone screen and on a computer screen. Call logging is one of the most useful and convenient functions, which is implemented by the computer telephony server client. You can: view the call list for a period of time from several days to several months; provide individual entries with comments; search for calls by subscriber name or number; receive messages about missed calls indicating the time and subscriber number; call back based on journal entries.

Phone book In addition to logging, another useful and convenient feature is integration with software electronic organizers (Personal Information Manager, PIM), like Outlook or Lotus Notes. So far, no phone can provide this functionality. Let us explain what it does with a few examples. When a call comes in, the number and name of the caller are immediately displayed on the computer screen. After a conversation with a new client, a record of incoming call is automatically saved in the log, and to create a contact in Outlook, you only need to enter the client's name, since the phone number field is already filled in. Remember telephone numbers your customers don't just need to know their name and type it. The program itself will find the entry in Outlook and make the call

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1832 The electric telegraph was created by the Russian physicist P.L. Schilling in 1832. The design of the fruit of his efforts was as follows: five magnetic needles suspended on silk threads moved inside the “multipliers”. Depending on the direction of the current, the magnetic arrow went in one direction or another, and a small cardboard disk turned along with the arrow. Using two directions of current and original code, it was possible to transmit all the letters of the alphabet and even numbers. Devices with magnetic needles

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1837 Writing telegraph instruments Morse telegraph The transmitter of the Morse apparatus is a telegraph key, the receiver is an electromagnet that controls the operation of the writing mechanism. Morse code is a telegraph code or conventional notation system.

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1861 Reis' apparatus - starting point Johann Philipp Reis demonstrated a device that could also transmit musical tones and human speech over wires. The device had a microphone of an original design, a power source (galvanic battery) and a speaker. Reis himself named the device he designed Telephon.

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1854 In the beginning there was an idea by Charles Boursel (mechanical engineer) - the idea of ​​​​telephony, but he did not reach the practical implementation of telephone communication. C. Boursel was also the first to use the word “telephone” IDEA: at a station that receives electrical signals, it is enough to reproduce them properly. And then you get the sound of human speech. The same as at the transmitting station.

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The time of the “talking” telegraph The beginning of the telephone era 1876 1877 1878 A. Bell and his telephone Siemens and Halske and its telephones Thomas Edison and his carbon microphone

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Time for new technologies “Here we go” Electric microphone Speakerphone Tone dialing IP – telephony, ISDN, DSL Cellular connection DEST

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And finally, the Time of Smartphones. In 2012, Nokia Lumia 800 appeared, which runs on operating system Windows 7 Mobile Edition OS. In 2007, Apple company Inc introduced the world to the first iPhone, which became the world's first touchscreen smartphone using advanced technology.

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We can only wait and be surprised. No one could have imagined that in such a short time of evolution, the phone would make a leap from a simple alternative landline phone, to a full-fledged mini-computer with a GPS module and FM radio, which has the ability to surf sites on the Internet, and at the same time fits easily in our pocket. Yes, mobile phones have evolved greatly in terms of their form, performance and functionality and will continue to evolve further and further in the future.

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