Internet and Internet technologies. Possibilities of modern Internet technologies Innovative Internet technologies at the exhibition

The subject of this course is technology global network World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or simply Web). In Russian, a common option is the name "Web".

In particular, the course will cover issues such as:

1. Structure and principles of the Web (basic concepts, architecture, standards and protocols);
2. Web technologies (web page markup and programming languages, tools for developing and managing web content and applications for the Web, tools for integrating web content and applications into the Web).

The Web is a global information space, based on the physical infrastructure of the Internet and the HTTP data transfer protocol. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the Web.

What is the Internet?

Since the physical OS new network The Web is the Internet, so to gain a deeper understanding of many of the issues in this course, you will need to briefly familiarize yourself with the structure and protocols of the Internet.

What is the Internet?

In fact, this is the world's largest network that does not have a single control center, but operates according to the same rules and provides its users with a single set of services. The Internet can be thought of as a "network of networks", each of which is operated by an independent operator - an Internet service provider (ISP, Internet Service Provider).

From the point of view of users, the Internet is a set of information resources dispersed across various networks, including ISP networks, corporate networks , networks and individual computers of home users. Each individual computer on a given network is called host(from the English term host).

Today's Internet owes its existence to the ARPANET, which began as a modest experiment in the then new technology of packet switching (Table 1.1). The ARPANET was deployed in 1969 and initially consisted of just four packet-switched nodes used to communicate with a handful of hosts and terminals. The first communication lines connecting the nodes operated at a speed of only 50 Kbps. ARPANET was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense and was intended to study packet switching technology and protocols that could be used for cooperative distributed computing.

Table 1.1. Timeline of Internet development (1966 to 2000)

Year	Event
1966	ARPA Control Packet Switching Experiment
1969	The first operational nodes of the ARPANET network
1972	Invention of distributed email
1973	The first computers connected to the ARPANET outside the United States
1975	The ARPANET network is transferred to the US Department of Defense Communications Directorate
1980	Experiments with TCP/IP begin
1981	Every 20 days a new host is added to the network
1983	Transition to TCP/IP completed
1986	NSFnet backbone created
1990	ARPANET has ceased to exist
1991	Gopher Appears
1991	Invention of the World Wide Web. PGP system released. The emergence of Mosaic
1995	Privatization of the Internet backbone
1996	The OS-3 highway (155 Mbit/s) was built
1998	The number of registered domain names has exceeded 2 million.
2000	The number of indexed web pages has exceeded 1 billion.

Rice. 1.2.

A hierarchically organized set of protocols sufficient to organize the interaction of nodes in a network is called protocol stack.

In the early 80s, international standardization organizations ISO (International Organization for Standardization), ITU (International Telecommunications Union) and others developed a standard open systems interaction model OSI (Open System Interconnection). The purpose of this model is to provide a generalized representation of network interaction tools. It can also be considered as a universal language for network professionals ( reference model).

Since a network is a connection of heterogeneous equipment, the problem of compatibility is relevant, which in turn requires the agreement of generally accepted standards by all manufacturers. Open is a system built in accordance with open specifications.

Specification is a formalized description of hardware (software) components, methods of their operation, interaction with other components, operating conditions, and special characteristics. Under open specifications refers to published, publicly available specifications that conform to standards and are agreed upon after full discussion by all interested parties. The use of open specifications when developing systems allows third parties to develop hardware and software extensions and modifications for these systems, as well as create software and hardware systems from products from different manufacturers.

If two networks are built in an open manner, the benefits are:

• Ability to build a network from hardware and software various manufacturers, adhering to the standard;
• Painless replacement of individual network components with other, more advanced ones;
• Ease of pairing one network with another.

Within the OSI model, communications are divided into seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, link and physical. Programmers are provided with applied software interface , allowing you to make requests to yourself upper level, namely, at the application level.

The Internet was built in full accordance with the principles of open systems. Thousands of specialist network users from universities, scientific organizations and companies took part in the development of the standards of this network. The result of standardization work is embodied in documents RFC.

RFC(eng. Request for Comments) - a document from a series of numbered information documents Internet, containing technical specifications and Standards widely used on the World Wide Web. Currently, the primary publication of documents RFC is engaged IETF under the auspices of the open organization Internet Society ( ISOC). Rights to RFC It is the Internet Society that has it. Format RFC appeared in 1969 during a discussion of the project ARPANET. The first RFCs were distributed in printed form on paper in the form regular letters, but already in December 1969, when the first ARPANET segments started working, documents began to be distributed in electronic form. Table 1.2 lists some of the most well-known RFCs.

Table 1.2. Examples of popular RFC documents.

RFC number	Subject
RFC 768	UDP
RFC 791	IP
RFC 793	TCP
RFC 822	Email format, superseded by RFC 2822
RFC 959	FTP
RFC 1034	DNS concept
RFC 1035	DNS - implementation
RFC 1591	Domain name structure
RFC 1738	URL
RFC 1939	POP protocol version 3 (POP3)
RFC 2026	Internet standardization process
RFC 2045	MIME
RFC 2231	Character encoding
RFC 2616	HTTP
RFC 2822	Email Format
RFC 3501	IMAP version 4 edition 1 (IMAP4rev1)

The main organizational unit coordinating the work

1.2 Basic Internet services

1.3 Internet protocols

2. Internet browsers and messaging programs

2.1 Internet browsers.

2.2 Working with OutlookExpress

2.3 Programs for online electronic communication

Conclusions and suggestions

List of used literature

Introduction

Internet is a global computer network covering the whole world. Today the Internet has about 15 million subscribers in more than 150 countries. The network size increases monthly by 7-10%. The Internet forms a kind of core that connects various information networks belonging to various institutions around the world with one another.

If previously the network was used exclusively as a medium for transferring files and email messages, today more complex problems of distributed access to resources are being solved. About two years ago, shells were created that support network search functions and access to distributed information resources and electronic archives.

The topic I have chosen is quite relevant in these days. Almost everyone uses the Internet. Some are online every day, while others occasionally find information and check their email. Online messaging has also become widespread. A huge number of people use email, chat and instant messaging programs while being at a distance from each other.

The purpose of this course work is to examine the theoretical foundations of Internet technologies and basic Internet services.

The objectives of the course work are:

· familiarization with the possibilities of connecting to the Internet;

· consideration of the main Internet services

· studying the principles of information search on the WWW

· overview of modern Internet browsers

· consider various programs for online communication

The object of study is the global telecommunications network of information and computing resources. As well as browsers and messaging programs.

Hardware: ADMAthlon(tm)64 Processor 3200+, 2009 MHz, 1GB, SONYDVDRWDW-Q30AATADevice.

1.Basics of working on the Internet

1.1 Internet connection

In 1969, the US Department of Defense created a network that was the predecessor of the Internet - ARPANET. ARPANET was an experimental network. It was designed to research methods for constructing networks that would be resistant to partial damage, such as from bombing, and capable of continuing normal functioning under such conditions. In ARPANET, communication between the source computer and the destination computer (destination station) is constantly present. The creators initially assumed that the network would be unreliable, i.e. any part of the network can disappear at any moment. Maintaining the network in working order is the responsibility of the connecting computers. The basic principle of building a network: any computer communicates as an equal to an equal with any other computer.

The International Standards Organization (ISO) took years to create a definitive standard for computer networks, but users acted rather than wait. Active users began to install software on all possible types of computers. A few years later, the Internet became the only acceptable way to connect multi-platform computers. This scheme suited the government and universities, which purchased computers from various manufacturers. Everyone bought the computers that he liked and had the right to expect that he would be able to work on the network together with computers from other manufacturers.

The process of improving the network is ongoing. Most of these changes happen unnoticed by users. In fact, the Internet is not just a network - it is a structure that unites ordinary networks. The Internet is a "network of networks." The Internet includes: all networks operating over the IP protocol and united to form unified network its users. Initially, the Internet included various departmental networks, many regional networks, educational networks, and some foreign (located outside the United States) networks.

In the late seventies, the Internet attracted users of other non-IP networks (for example, BITNET, DECnet, Fidonet, etc.). They decided to provide Web services to their customers and developed methods to connect these networks to the Internet. At first, these connections, called gateways, served only to transmit email. However, some of them have developed methods for transmitting other services.

The World Wide Web (WWW) appeared much later, in 1991. Its author is Tim Berners Lee from the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), located in Geneva (Switzerland). A little-known technology that appeared due to enthusiasm ensured an avalanche-like growth in the popularity of the Internet and the emergence of the ocean of information that we see now. The milestone can be considered in 1993, when the number of connected servers exceeded a million. After this, the last doubts about the prospects of the network of networks disappeared.

For most users of the world wide web, there are three main Internet information technologies: electronic mail (e-mail), file FTP archives and WorldWideWeb. To take advantage of these useful services, you must become an Internet user. Nowadays, there are many ways to connect to the network. The access method directly depends on the user's needs. Network connection services are offered by a huge number of providers, but they cannot always meet the needs of users.

The most common way for a typical user to connect to a network service provider (ISP) is through dial-up lines. Access via dial-up lines of telephone networks is currently the most accessible, cheapest and most widespread. There are two connection methods: dial-upconnection (connection to the provider through a telephone operator with a maximum throughput of 56Kbit/s) and DSL (digitalsubscriberline - digital subscriber line). DSL bandwidth is high and this connection method is currently very popular. The download speed of electronic resources today does not depend on the quality of the computer, but is directly determined by the characteristics of the modem and dial-up line. It should immediately be noted that digital (sometimes analog-to-digital) telephone lines are significantly better than conventional analog telephony.

Radical improvement refers to the use of cellular, satellite or fiber optic communications. The latter today realizes throughput up to 1 Gbit/sec. In the future, Radio-Ethernet services will become widespread. The use of this type of service at the subscriber access level makes it possible to conveniently access the Internet via a 2 Mbit/s radio channel, which, although located in sharing several subscribers, gives everyone enough easy access, and with the possibility voice communication. The subscriber is constantly connected to the network, a request for the necessary information is sent and serviced immediately. It is clear that for the solutions mentioned here, at a completely different level (than indicated above), the issue of choosing transmitting and receiving hardware and computer tools is being resolved. But for all that, for an individual user in educational technologies it is still appropriate to focus on the use of dial-up channels and, partly, cellular telephony. At the same time, it is sometimes possible to achieve a guaranteed transmission speed of up to 64-128 Kbps. on the main line and 1980 Kbps. along the primary access line.

Before talking about the information resources of the Internet, you should figure out how you can connect to the World Wide Web. Below are the main methods. (Diagram 1)

Scheme 1.Basic methods of accessing the Internet

Direct (immediate) access to the Internet allows you to use the fullest range of Global Network services. Direct access is a direct connection local network enterprises with the Internet as a domain. An organization with direct access uses the Network with high speed and high efficiency constantly, around the clock and almost 356 days a year. A direct connection can be established by connecting a local network or workstation to a fiber optic backbone or dedicated communication channel using the appropriate network equipment. There are many companies offering this type of access. Almost all Internet servers are connected to the World Wide Web using this technology.

1.2 Basic Internet services

Initially, the Internet had three main services: remote access, file transfer, and e-mail (messaging). Then other services appeared and new ones continue to appear. Almost all services use client-server technology, in which each service must have a server(s) to function, and clients must use special client software to access the server.

Remote access(TELNET)

Telnet allows you to connect from your computer to remote computer(on which the telnet server runs) and become its terminal (input/output device). In this case, all information processing occurs on a remote computer (its processor and its RAM), commands are entered from your keyboard, and results are output to your display. When connecting to a remote computer, you must register in its OS - enter the correct name and password.

Remote access allows you to work on your computer system using any computer connected to the Internet. The use of supercomputers in the network is implemented in the same way.

Internet technologies are various types of technologies and services that allow all activities to be carried out in computer network Internet.

To put it simply, Internet technologies are everything we work with on the Internet. First of all, these are all kinds of sites, forums, blogs. Internet technologies also include software and all kinds of mechanisms for working with the World Wide Web.

Internet technologies are based on hypertexts (texts with hyperlinks to other hypertexts) and sites located on the global Internet or local computer networks.

As soon as the first computers appeared, the first Internet technologies appeared. They were designed for computers to communicate with each other. A turning point in the development of these technologies was the creation of the Internet and the first browser in the early 90s.

Now Internet technologies have enveloped all spheres of human life, but most of all they have become stronger in the information sphere.

The main properties of information technologies are:

Development of information resources of society.

Optimization of information processes.

Communication of information and information impact between people.

Accelerating the intellectual development of society.

Impact on all areas of society.

Internet technologies are a complex system of interaction between two components: physical and logical.

The physical component of Internet technologies includes:

1) Internet network

TCP/IP protocols.

Hierarchy of Internet domain names.

The backbone of the Internet. Routing.

2) Internet software

Network operating systems.

Special software for connecting to the Internet.

Application protocols.

3) Computers (servers and clients) on the Internet

Email servers

Web servers.

FTP servers.

Teleconference servers.

Instant messaging servers.

4) Digital lines communications

Choosing a provider.

Internet connection

5) Internet access

Compound network card with local network.

Ethernet cabling systems.

6) Remote access to global networks.

Access "computer - network".

Site-to-site access.

The logical component of Internet technologies includes:

1) Internet services

WWW - World Wide Web

E-mail. Teleconferencing systems.

Data transfer.

Online chat.

Send quick messages.

Audio and Video conferences.

2) Working on the Internet

Browsers.

Search engines. Internet navigation.

Viewing pages in a browser.

3) Information resources on the Internet

Web pages, online stores, online portals. Web space.

URL and data transfer protocols, addressing.

Creation of Web sites. Web programming languages.

Online entries. Representation.

This list may not be complete, since every day Internet technologies are developing faster and faster and new types of both technical and logical components are emerging.

Thus, Internet technologies undeniably have a huge impact on both life and human development in all spheres of his existence, so there is a huge prospect for development.

GBPOU KK

"Krasnodar Assembly College"

LECTURE:

Modem. Units of measurement.

Internet technologies.

Teacher

information technology

Nesmelova A.R.

Krasnodar2015

Modem. Units of measurement.

Internet technologies.

Explanatory note

Given methodological manual intended for studying theoretical knowledge on the topic “Modem. Units of measurement. Internet technologies." in the course of the discipline “Informatics and ICT” for the first years of technical specialties, focused on the implementation of the federal component of the state educational standard (hereinafter referred to as the Federal State Educational Standard) of secondary (complete) general education in computer science at a basic level within the main educational program secondary vocational education, taking into account the profile of the vocational education received.

Contents of the main sections of the lecture:

Introduction

Modem

Units of measurement

The history of the Internet

Offline technologies

Online technologies

Conclusion

Target: familiarizing students with theoretical foundations creation and operation of the Internet, disclosure of the basic concepts of the global network, study of the features of various Internet technologies.

Tasks: give the concept of the Internet and study its capabilities, basic means and methods of organizing communication, compare the features of various Internet technologies, study the basic units of measurement of data transfer speed, learn to calculate the volume of transmitted information

Introduction

The Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks that are interconnected and operate using data packet routing and protocolsIP. Based on the Internet, a global information space has been created andWorldWideWeb(World Wide Web). By the way, very often the Internet is also called the World Wide Web, but this is a mistake, since “Internet” and “World Wide Web” mean completely different concepts. Also, based on Internet technologies, many other data transfer protocols have been created. Without the Internet, the information development of society would not be as rapid and fruitful as it can be observed today. More than 1.5 billion people a day regularly use the Internet, although this figure is very approximate, because every day the number of network users is steadily growing.

Considering the principle of operation of the Internet and, accordingly, answering the question of what the Internet is, it should be noted that its main components are government and home computer networks. To connect all these networks, the Internet Protocol was invented (IP) and the principle of routing data packets.

The task of routers at the interface of networks, regardless of whether they are software or hardware, is automatic mode sort and redirect data packets based onIP- address of the package recipient. Thanks to the protocolIP, a single address space is formed throughout the world, but its own subspace exists in each individual network. This address organization allows you to avoid conflicts between separate networks in a single world space, which allows you to transfer data smoothly and accurately.

For contact remote friend regular computers can be used with each other telephone networks, which to one degree or another cover the territories of most states.Telecommunications – remote data transmission based on computer networks and modern technical means of communication. The only problem in this case is the conversion of digital (discrete) information that the computer operates with into analog (continuous) information.

Modem – a device connected to a personal computer and intended for sending information (files) over a network (local, telephone). The modem converts analog information into discrete information and vice versa. The modem modulator works by converting a stream of bits from a computer into analog signals suitable for transmission over a telephone communication channel. The modem demodulator performs the inverse task. Fax modem is a device that combines modem capabilities and a means for exchanging fax images with other fax modems and conventional telefax machines.

Thus, the data to be transmitted is converted into an analog signal by the modem modulator of the “transmitting” computer. The receiving modem, located at the opposite end of the line, “listens” to the transmitted signal and converts it back to digital using a demodulator. Once this work is done, the information can be transferred to the receiving computer.

Both computers, as a rule, can simultaneously exchange information in both directions. This mode of operation is called full duplex.

Duplex data transmission mode is a mode in which data is transmitted simultaneously in both directions.

Unlike full-duplex data transmission mode,half duplex This implies transmission in only one direction at a time.

In addition to the actual modulation and demodulation of signals, modems can perform compression and decompression of sent information, as well as search for and correct errors that arise during data transmission over communication lines.

Units of measurement. One of the main characteristics of a modem is the modulation speed, which determines the physical data transfer rate without taking into account error correction and data compression. The unit of measurement for this parameter is the number of bits per second (bps), called baud.

Bits per second (bps) is a basic unit of measurement of information transmission speed used in physical level OSI or TCP/IP network model.

At higher levels network models As a rule, a larger unit is used - bytes per second (B/c or Bps, from the English bytes per second) equal to 8 bits/s.

Unlike baud (baud; in binary encoding, baud also denotes the number of bits per second), bits per second measures the effective amount of information, without taking into account the service bits (start/stop/parity) used when asynchronous transmission. In some cases (synchronous binary transmission) the baud rate may be equal to the bits per second.

Any communication channel has a limited capacity (information transmission speed), this number is limited by the properties of the equipment and the line (cable) itself.

The volume of transmitted information is calculated using the formula Q=q*t, where q– throughput channel (in bits per second), and t is the transmission time.

The history of the Internet

The first mentions of the Internet, as reliable system transfers of information were made by the US Department of Defense in1957 year. The American military was concerned that America should have a system for relaying military information if war were to occur.

All developments were financed by the Ministry of Defense, and as a result a network appearedARPANET. Over the yearsARPANETimproved, which led to its use in the scientific world, but for the first timeARPANETwas installed at the University of California, Los Angeles, in1969 year, September 2. Almost two months passed between the installation of the first server and its first launch. The second network server was installed at the Stanford Research Center, and the distance between the two servers was 640 kilometers.

At 9 o'clock in the evening,October 29, 1969 year, the first attempt was made to transfer data from the first server to the second. Of course, not everything went smoothly with the useARPANET, in particular, the launch of the network failed the first time - scientists were only able to sendLOGinstead ofLOGON(means "login"). 1.5 hours later, at 22:30, the second attempt was successful. This day can be called the birth date of the Internet.

IN1971 year, the Americans offered the first program, which became very popular - it was the first e-mail. In principle, even today the most popular among Internet users is e-mail, but the modern user has the right to choose, since there are several programs on the network for sending emails.

IN1973 year the Internet becomes international, because it was in this year that Americans connected to their networkARPANETseveral foreign organizations located in Norway and Britain. Network usage was primarily based on forwarding emails. But at the same time, in the 70s the first bulletin boards and newsletters appeared. The active development of protocols began in the late 70s and early 80s, and already in 1983 protocolsIPwere standardized. Initially, the networkARPANETworked on the protocolNCP, but thanks to Jon Postel and some other programmers,ARPANETswitched toTCP/ IP, which met the hopes of its authors, because we still use it today. Since 1983, the world has been talking about the networkARPANET, how about the Internet.

The concept of “domain name system” came into use in 1984. At the same time,ARPANETgot the strongest opponent -NSFNet, a network founded by the US National Science Foundation.NSFNetis an extensive inter-university network with more opportunities thanARPANET. NetNSFNetwas able to connect 10,000 computers to itself in a year, which led to the renaming of the network to the Internet. After 4 years, Internet users were able to communicate live, that is, in a chat, thanks to the developed protocolInternetRelayChat.

British scientist Tim Berners Lee can rightfully be called the “godfather” of the concept of the World Wide Web, since it was this man who proposed the World Wide Web in 1989 at the European Council for Nuclear Research. By 1991 Tim Berners Lee developsURI, protocolHTTPAndHTML. A year earlier, in 1990, the first network ceased to exist, due to competition fromNSFNetbecame forARPANETlosing. Since 1990, the Internet began to use a telephone line for connection.

20 years later, many experts agree that the history of the Internet can be divided into two eras. The first - before the advent of the web browserNCSAMosaic, which was introduced in 1993; the second - after the appearanceNCSAMosaic. Within a year, the browser allowed the Internet to spread throughout the world. Since 1995, the World Wide Web has been the main provider of information on the Internet, surpassing File Transfer Protocol by a significant margin.FTP. The concept of “World Wide Web” firmly occupied a leading position in 1996, leaving behind the definition of “Internet”.

Review of basic Internet technologies

Internet technologies, as well as industrial or financial technologies, determine the means and form in which the joint activities of people are realized to achieve certain goals.

Internet technologies combine information flows from a large number of actors to achieve greater consistency in their actions, as well as more accurately determine the content of their future actions. Internet technologies open up broad new horizons for improving communications and information exchange between people on a global scale.

These technologies can be divided into two main categories:

1) offline technologies - means of message dissemination that provide off-line communications (i.e., allowing significant asynchrony in the exchange of messages);

2) online technologies for synchronous communications in real time (on-line).

Offline technologies

The most static representative of the pen type are classic web pages, which carry information (possibly updated quite often) from source to consumer, but do not contain convenient means for two- or multi-way interaction between authors and users of information (in later modifications of web page technology this deficiency is gradually being eliminated).

A more dynamic representative of the first type of technology are teleconferencing, or as they are also called “newsgroups”, and closely related “mailing lists”, which allow messages from individuals to be distributed among a gigantic audience within a few hours and provide quite convenient opportunities for holding mass discussions and exchanging opinions.

Let's take a closer look at the three most used ways to implement asynchronous communications:

Mailing lists (mailing list) are the oldest representative of interactive Internet technologies. To participate in them it is enough to have own address email and know the address of the desired mailing list. A letter is sent to this address, the text of which consists of some commands or a message for users of this mailing list. To receive a list of commands, as a rule, it is enough to send a letter containing one word help to the mailing list address. Mailing list command emails should usually have a blank header. If you sent an email with the command to subscribe to this list mailings (most often this command is subscribe), then your address, which is taken from the service headers of your letter, is placed in the list of addresses to which all incoming messages will be duplicated, with the exception of letters with commands.

Newsgroups (newsgroups), in Russia they are more often called teleconferences, are a technically more advanced means than mailing lists and therefore often include the capabilities of the latter.The main difference between news groups and mailing lists is that the user does not have to receive them on his computer via e-mail, but can view them directly on the so-called news servers. This requires special software. Browsing through various newsgroups becomes easier and faster than mailing lists. From a technical point of view, newsgroups exist due to the fact that all the world's news servers exchange messages from their users with each other through overlapping lists of newsgroups. Different servers can store different sets of newsgroups for their users and with different durations. For example, the Infotek news server stores about 1,500 news groups, and a similar NSU server has several hundred more groups. For different groups, the storage period for messages can vary from one day (the “test” group at NSU) to several months.

Web forums (web forums)are the next stage in the development of the technologies described above and represent the integration of the capabilities of mailing lists, news groups with web pages. As a result, familiar web pages, which are superior in expressiveness to other technologies, also gain quite powerful interactive properties.

Online technologies

The second type of technology that provides synchronous exchange of information in real time includes the so-called “chat channels”, as well as audio and video conferences that are still little used. There are estimates that approximately a third of the time users spend on the Internet is spent on “cyber conversations” carried out using “conversational channels”. The growing popularity of this technology of “live” communications is explained by its simplicity (the user receives on the screen of his computer the texts of remarks from all participants in a cyber conversation and can immediately enter his own text, which takes its place in the sequence of remarks of this conversation), a variety of expressive means (except texts, in the same way, pictures, audio and video clips, etc. can be embedded in a “conversation”, as well as the possible anonymity of the interlocutors, which gives such “conversations” liveliness and spontaneity. The number of conversation channels amounts to several thousand, many of which operate around the clock.

Cloud computing is a distributed data processing technology in which computer resources and power are provided to the user as an Internet service.”

Spline offices are applications implemented using the innovative Internet technology “software as a service” (English, Software as a Service - SaaS), in which the software is created and maintained as a web application on the developer’s server, providing users with access to the programs via the Internet. Examples of such offices include Microsoft Office 365. Another “cloud Google technology Docs, its functions: creation of office documents in the form of text, tables, presentations and dialog forms, provision of memory up to 1 gigabyte with the ability to create a hierarchy of folders and collections for storing files, export-import of documents in well-known formats (DOC, XLS, ODT , ODS, RTF, CSV, PPT, including MS Office 2007/2010 formats). the ability to save an office document in an HTML version for publication on the Internet, preview and print the document.

However, if the Internet and networks become more accessible, then Internet technologies are highly complex systems that combine both physical and logical components.

Physical components have material value, which makes it possible to develop the Internet technology business.

The physical elements of Internet technology include:

Network technologies. Servers. Data centers;

Internet software;

Internet topology (interaction of computers and servers on the network);

Network services (email, DNS service, FTP protocol, etc.);

Local and home networks, routers.

Logical components allow you to create almost any Internet resource on the network: website, web application, web portal.

Web technologies:

Markup languages ​​(HTML);

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS);

Scripting language(JavaScript);

Browsers;

Web pages DOM ( object model document (DOM);

Markup languageXML (Extensible Markup Language);

Search engines;

SEO(search engine optimization).

The division into physical and logical components is somewhat arbitrary, which is why they can only exist in conjunction and have no special purpose without each other.

You also need to understand that this, of course, is an incomplete list of elements of Internet technology. But it gives a general idea of ​​such a voluminous concept as Internet technology.

Conclusion.

Currently, the Internet is developing exponentially: every one and a half to two years its main quantitative indicators double. This refers to the number of users, the number of connected computers, the volume of information and traffic, and the number of information resources.

The Internet is developing qualitatively. The boundaries of its application in human life are constantly expanding, completely new types of network services and telecommunication technologies are appearing.

The life of modern society is becoming more and more computerized. Requirements for the efficiency and reliability of information services are growing. Scientists are developing fundamentally new forms of global networks.

References

1. Ugrinovich N.D. Computer Science and information Technology. Textbook 10–11 grades. – M., 2010.

2. Ugrinovich N.D. Teaching the course “Informatics and ICT” for grades 7–11. – M., 2010.

3. Beshenkov S.A., Kuzmina N.V., Rakitina E.A. Informatics. Textbook 11th grade. – M., 2009.

4. Beshenkov S.A., Rakitina E.A. Informatics. Textbook 10th grade. – M., 2009.

5. Maksimov N.V. Partyka T.P. Popov I.I. Modern information technologies - M:Forum, 2012

6. Mikheeva E.V. Titova O.I. Informatics. – M. Academy, 2012.

7. Guseva A. “All about the internet”, M, 2008

8. WikiKnowledge: hypertext electronic encyclopedia

9. http :// www . wikiznanie . ru

10. Wikipedia: free multilingual encyclopedia http://ru.wikipedia.org

11. Newspaper "Informatics"

12. The Internet is a collaborative learning environment

13. Institute of New Technologies

14. Collection of digital educational resources

The Federal Networking Council's definition of the Internet on October 24, 1995 states: “The Internet is a global information system, parts of which are logically interconnected through a unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions, capable of communicating through the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) complex, its subsequent extensions or other compatible with IP protocols, and publicly or privately providing, using or making available a communications service high level" In other words, the Internet can be defined as an interconnection of networks based on a single communication protocol – TCP/IP. Thus, the Internet can be defined as a collection of LANs that comply with the TCP/IP protocol, which has a common address space where each computer has its own unique IP address.

Thus, the basis of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol family.

Rice. 1 - General logic circuit building the Internet

The main and most common Internet access device for the end user is a computer. To expand its capabilities, it can be equipped with a microphone, video camera, sound speakers and other devices that turn it into a multimedia center. The computer can be located at home, in a company office, or in any other place that has modern means communications.

Internet access, which is provided by organizations called Internet Service Providers (ISPs), can be accessed by a user, for example, from home via a modem or from an office via the organization's local network. To connect to your Internet service provider, you can use regular telephone lines, cable television networks, radio communication channels or satellite communications.

The provider typically has one or more connections to backbones or large networks, which form the main circulatory system of the Internet.

The boundaries of the Internet are quite blurry. Any computer connected to it can already be considered part of it, and even more so this applies to the local network of an enterprise with Internet access.

Web servers on which information resources are located can be located in any part of the Internet: at a service provider, in the local network of an enterprise, etc., only the main condition must be met - they must be connected to the Internet so that Internet users can access to their services. The services can be email, FTP, WWW, etc.

The information component of the services comes from a wide variety of sources. This may be data coming from news agencies and financial markets, photographs, documentation, sound bites, user submitted information, etc. Services, together with their information component, are the main goal that users strive for and which they achieve through connecting to the Internet.

TCP/IP protocol family. Within each physical computer network, the computers connected to it use one or another network technology: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ISDN, point-to-point connection, and recently ATM network and wireless technologies have been added to this list. Software is embedded between the communication mechanisms that depend on physical network data and the application systems to make it possible to connect different physical networks to each other. Moreover, the details of such a connection are “hidden” from users, who are given the opportunity to work as if in one large physical network.

To connect two or more networks, routers are used - computers that physically connect networks to each other and using a special software transmit packets from one network to another.

Internet technology does not impose any particular interconnection topology. Adding a new network to the Internet does not entail connecting it to some central switching point or establishing direct physical connections to all networks already on the Internet. The router “knows” the Internet topology beyond the physical networks it connects and, based on the address on the destination network, forwards the packet along a particular route.

The Internet uses universal identifiers (addresses) for computers connected to the Internet, so any two machines can communicate with each other. It also implements the principle of independence of the user interface from the physical network, that is, there are many ways to establish connections and transfer data, the same for all physical network technologies.

From the point of view of end users, the Internet is a single virtual network, to which all computers are connected, regardless of their actual physical connections.

The fundamental principle of the Internet is the equivalence of all physical networks connected through it: any communication system is considered as a component of the Internet, regardless of its physical parameters, the size of transmitted data packets and geographic scale.

The TCP/IP protocol family makes it possible to build a universal network that implements the above principles. It includes protocols of 4 levels of communications (Table 1).

Table 1 - Layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack